Comprehensive Symptom Navigator

Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Hematologic and Oncologic Disorders

Symptoms:
painless swelling of lymph nodes; fever; night sweats; unexplained weight loss; fatigue; itchy skin; abdominal pain or swelling (in non-hodgkin lymphoma); cough or difficulty breathing (in cases affecting the chest)

Root Cause:
Malignant transformation of lymphocytes; Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells, whereas non-Hodgkin lymphoma involves a broader range of lymphocyte subtypes.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Lymph node biopsy, imaging (CT, PET scans), bone marrow biopsy, and blood tests.

Treatment:
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy (e.g., rituximab for CD20-positive lymphomas), and stem cell transplantation for refractory cases.

Medications:
Chemotherapy regimens include agents such as doxorubicin (anthracycline), bleomycin (antitumor antibiotic), vinblastine (microtubule inhibitor), and dacarbazine (alkylating agent) for Hodgkin lymphoma, and combinations like cyclophosphamide , prednisone , vincristine , and doxorubicin (CHOP) for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for about 6% of childhood cancers, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma represents 5-7%. Both are more common in adolescents than younger children.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, immunosuppression, Epstein-Barr virus infection (in Hodgkin lymphoma), and certain genetic conditions (e.g., Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent for early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma, with 5-year survival rates exceeding 90%. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma prognosis depends on subtype and stage, with survival rates ranging from 70-90%.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications include secondary malignancies, organ toxicity (from chemotherapy or radiation), infections, and relapse.

Bacterial Endocarditis

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Cardiovascular Infections

Symptoms:
fever; heart murmur; fatigue; night sweats; unexplained weight loss; skin lesions on hands or feet (janeway lesions); painful nodules (osler's nodes); shortness of breath; swelling in legs or abdomen

Root Cause:
Infection of the heart's inner lining or valves caused by bacteria, commonly Streptococcus or Staphylococcus species, entering the bloodstream.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood cultures, echocardiogram, and clinical evaluation of symptoms.

Treatment:
Long-term intravenous antibiotics and sometimes surgical valve repair or replacement.

Medications:
Antibiotics such as vancomycin or ceftriaxone (antibacterials), depending on the causative organism and susceptibility.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 3–10 cases per 100,000 population annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prosthetic heart valves, previous endocarditis, congenital heart defects, intravenous drug use, and invasive dental or medical procedures.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies; good with early treatment but high risk of complications if delayed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart failure, stroke, septic emboli, and valve damage.

Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Systemic Conditions

Symptoms:
persistent fever lasting more than three weeks; weakness; night sweats; weight loss; anorexia

Root Cause:
FUO can result from various causes, including infections, malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and other systemic disorders.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Comprehensive history, physical examination, laboratory tests (CBC, blood cultures, ESR/CRP), imaging (CT, MRI, PET), and biopsy if indicated.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the identified cause; empirical therapy may be used in select cases while diagnostic efforts are ongoing.

Medications:
Antibiotics (broad-spectrum, such as vancomycin or ceftriaxone ), corticosteroids, or immunosuppressants depending on the cause. These belong to anti-infectives, anti-inflammatory agents, or immunomodulators.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
FUO accounts for about 2-3% of hospital admissions in tertiary care settings.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, immunosuppression, travel history, or recent surgeries.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis varies widely and depends on the underlying cause. Many cases resolve with appropriate treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent fever can lead to dehydration, organ dysfunction, or worsening of the underlying condition.

Tuberculosis of the Spine (Pott’s Disease)

Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology

Category: Conditions with Overlap

Sub-category: Infections

Symptoms:
back pain; fever; night sweats; weight loss; fatigue; difficulty moving or bending; neurological symptoms if nerves are affected

Root Cause:
A form of tuberculosis that affects the spine, typically caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It often spreads from the lungs via the bloodstream to the vertebrae, leading to bone destruction and abscess formation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, imaging (X-rays, MRI, CT scans), positive tuberculosis skin test (TST), blood tests (e.g., TB-PCR, culture), and biopsy of the infected vertebrae.

Treatment:
Treatment includes long-term antibiotic therapy (often a combination of anti-TB drugs) and sometimes surgical intervention to stabilize the spine and drain abscesses if necessary.

Medications:
First-line anti-TB drugs include isoniazid , rifampin , pyrazinamide , and ethambutol . In some cases, corticosteroids are prescribed to reduce inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Tuberculosis of the spine is a rare complication, with Pott's disease occurring in less than 1% of all TB cases. It is more common in individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Active pulmonary tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, weakened immune system, and living in or traveling to areas with high rates of TB.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate and prolonged treatment, the prognosis is generally good, but delayed treatment can lead to deformities, neurological impairment, or even paraplegia.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spinal deformities (e.g., kyphosis), neurological damage, paraplegia, chronic pain, and recurrent infections.

Active TB

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Sub-category: Tuberculosis (TB)

Symptoms:
persistent cough; hemoptysis (coughing up blood); night sweats; weight loss; fatigue; fever; chest pain

Root Cause:
Active TB occurs when the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria multiply and spread, causing symptoms and tissue damage, most commonly in the lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed with sputum smear microscopy, culture, chest X-ray, and molecular testing (e.g., GeneXpert). A positive tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) may indicate latent TB or recent exposure.

Treatment:
Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics for 6-9 months, often including Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol.

Medications:
The main medications used are Isoniazid (a bactericidal antibiotic), Rifampin (an antitubercular), Pyrazinamide (a bactericidal drug that targets dormant bacteria), and Ethambutol (an antimycobacterial). All are classified as antituberculars.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
TB remains a significant global health issue with over 10 million people affected each year. It is more common in developing countries and among individuals with compromised immune systems.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
HIV infection, immunosuppressive therapy (e.g., corticosteroids, chemotherapy), living in or traveling to high-risk areas, close contact with someone with active TB, malnutrition, and poor living conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If diagnosed early and treated appropriately, the prognosis is generally good, with a high cure rate. However, drug-resistant TB can complicate treatment and worsen prognosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications may include drug-resistant TB, lung damage, pneumonia, pleural effusion, hemoptysis, and dissemination of TB to other organs (e.g., kidneys, bones, brain).

Histoplasmosis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Fungal Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; chest pain; fatigue; shortness of breath; night sweats; weight loss

Root Cause:
Infection by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, commonly through inhalation of spores from contaminated soil or bird/bat droppings.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Antigen detection in blood or urine, fungal cultures, histopathology, and imaging studies like chest X-rays or CT scans.

Treatment:
Antifungal medications such as itraconazole (first-line for mild cases) or amphotericin B (for severe cases).

Medications:
Itraconazole (triazole antifungal) and amphotericin B (polyene antifungal) for more severe infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic in certain areas like the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys in the United States; affects 500,000 people annually in the U.S.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living in or traveling to endemic areas, immunosuppression, occupational exposure to bird/bat droppings.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable in mild cases; chronic or disseminated histoplasmosis can be life-threatening without treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis, disseminated histoplasmosis, pericarditis, or adrenal insufficiency in severe cases.

Blastomycosis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Fungal Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; chest pain; fatigue; night sweats; skin lesions; muscle and joint pain

Root Cause:
Infection caused by the Blastomyces fungus, typically found in moist soil and decomposing organic matter; affects the lungs and can disseminate to other body parts.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Fungal culture, microscopy of sputum or tissue, urine antigen tests, chest X-rays, and biopsy.

Treatment:
Long-term antifungal therapy; severe cases may require intravenous medications.

Medications:
Itraconazole (antifungal triazole) for mild-to-moderate cases; Amphotericin B (antifungal polyene) for severe or disseminated disease.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common in areas near the Great Lakes, Mississippi, and Ohio River valleys; primarily affects people exposed to soil and vegetation.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupational or recreational exposure to soil and decomposing wood, immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good if treated early; untreated disseminated blastomycosis can be fatal.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pulmonary disease, dissemination to the skin, bones, and central nervous system.

Lung Abscess

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
persistent cough with foul-smelling sputum; fever; chills; night sweats; chest pain; fatigue; weight loss; shortness of breath

Root Cause:
Localized collection of pus in the lung tissue due to necrosis caused by bacterial infection, often following aspiration or obstruction of airways.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves imaging studies (chest X-ray, CT scan) to identify cavities with air-fluid levels, sputum culture, bronchoscopy, and blood tests to detect infection markers.

Treatment:
Treatment typically involves prolonged antibiotic therapy, drainage of the abscess if needed, and supportive care such as oxygen therapy.

Medications:
Antibiotics - Beta-lactam antibiotics combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., amoxicillin-clavulanate), clindamycin , or carbapenems. These are used for anaerobic and polymicrobial infections. Adjunct medications - Analgesics for pain management and antipyretics for fever.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively rare; accounts for less than 1% of cases of pneumonia in developed countries, more common in individuals with risk factors like aspiration or immunosuppression.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aspiration due to impaired swallowing or altered consciousness (e.g., alcohol use, anesthesia), poor dental hygiene, chronic lung diseases, or immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most patients recover with appropriate antibiotic therapy; however, untreated cases can lead to severe complications. Mortality is higher in immunocompromised patients.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Empyema, bronchopleural fistula, sepsis, hemorrhage, and chronic lung disease.

Lymphomas

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Neoplastic Conditions

Sub-category: Mediastinal Tumors (Primary or secondary involvement of the mediastinum)

Symptoms:
enlarged lymph nodes (in the chest or other areas); persistent cough; shortness of breath; chest pain; fever; night sweats; unexplained weight loss; fatigue

Root Cause:
Malignancies of the lymphatic system involving abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, often in the lymph nodes or extranodal lymphatic tissues such as the thymus. Common types include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through imaging (CT, PET scan, or MRI), lymph node biopsy, and laboratory tests such as blood counts and immunophenotyping. Bone marrow biopsy may also be performed for staging.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the type and stage. It may include chemotherapy (e.g., R-CHOP regimen for non-Hodgkin lymphoma or ABVD for Hodgkin lymphoma), radiation therapy, targeted therapies like rituximab (monoclonal antibody), and stem cell transplantation in refractory or relapsed cases.

Medications:
Chemotherapy regimens include cyclophosphamide (alkylating agent), doxorubicin (anthracycline), vincristine (vinca alkaloid), and prednisone (corticosteroid). Targeted therapy such as rituximab (monoclonal antibody against CD20) or brentuximab vedotin (antibody-drug conjugate) may also be prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Hodgkin lymphoma represents about 10% of all lymphomas, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most common cancers globally. Mediastinal involvement occurs in 60-80% of Hodgkin cases and in certain subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, immunosuppressive conditions (e.g., HIV/AIDS), exposure to Epstein-Barr virus (for Hodgkin lymphoma), exposure to herbicides or pesticides, and prior chemotherapy or radiation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis varies depending on type and stage. Hodgkin lymphoma has an overall 5-year survival rate of approximately 85-90%, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma varies widely from 40-90%, depending on subtype and stage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Potential complications include organ infiltration, immune system dysfunction, infections, secondary malignancies (due to chemotherapy or radiation), and complications from treatment (e.g., cardiotoxicity, pulmonary fibrosis).

Acute and Chronic Beryllium Disease

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; cough; chest pain; fatigue; fever; weight loss; night sweats; skin rash (in some cases)

Root Cause:
Exposure to beryllium, a lightweight metal found in certain industries (e.g., aerospace, electronics, and nuclear sectors), triggers an immune-mediated response. Acute beryllium disease results from high-level exposure causing chemical pneumonitis, while chronic beryllium disease (CBD) arises from prolonged low-level exposure leading to granulomatous inflammation and scarring in the lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves a detailed occupational history, chest imaging (e.g., X-rays or CT scans), pulmonary function tests, and the beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT), which detects sensitization to beryllium. Bronchoscopy with biopsy may be used to confirm granulomatous inflammation.

Treatment:
Acute cases typically involve supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and avoiding further exposure. Chronic beryllium disease is treated with corticosteroids to reduce lung inflammation and immunosuppressive drugs in severe cases. Pulmonary rehabilitation and supplemental oxygen may also be necessary.

Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) - Used to reduce inflammation in chronic beryllium disease. Immunosuppressive agents (e.g., methotrexate or azathioprine ) - Prescribed in cases where corticosteroids are insufficient or contraindicated. Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ) - Used to alleviate symptoms such as wheezing and airway constriction. Supplemental oxygen - Not a medication but often required in advanced disease stages to improve oxygenation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
The exact prevalence is unknown but primarily affects workers exposed to beryllium, with approximately 2-10% of exposed individuals developing sensitization and a smaller subset progressing to chronic beryllium disease.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged occupational exposure to beryllium, genetic predisposition (HLA-DPB1 gene mutations), inadequate workplace safety measures, smoking, and pre-existing lung conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Acute beryllium disease has a good prognosis with prompt removal from exposure and treatment, while chronic beryllium disease is a lifelong condition with variable progression. Early detection and management can improve quality of life, but severe cases may lead to respiratory failure or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary fibrosis, progressive lung dysfunction, cor pulmonale (right-sided heart failure due to lung disease), and increased risk of infections due to impaired lung function.

Takayasu Arteritis

Specialty: Cardiovascular

Category: Vascular Diseases

Sub-category: Vasculitis

Symptoms:
fatigue; arm or leg claudication; diminished or absent pulses; blood pressure discrepancies; fever; night sweats; weight loss

Root Cause:
Chronic inflammation of large vessels, particularly the aorta and its major branches, causing stenosis, occlusion, or aneurysms.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Angiography (CT or MRI); vascular ultrasound; elevated ESR and CRP; clinical findings such as pulse deficits

Treatment:
Corticosteroids for inflammation control and immunosuppressants in refractory cases.

Medications:
Prednisone (corticosteroid), methotrexate or azathioprine (immunosuppressants), and biologics like tocilizumab or infliximab (TNF inhibitors) in severe cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated incidence of 1-3 cases per million annually; more common in women of Asian descent aged 10–40 years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female sex; Asian or Indian ancestry; young age (10–40 years); genetic predisposition

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; most cases respond to treatment, but some experience relapses or vascular complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Aneurysms; vascular stenosis; ischemic stroke; aortic regurgitation

Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)

Specialty: Diabetes and Endocrinology

Category: Reproductive Endocrinology

Sub-category: Female Disorders

Symptoms:
irregular or missed periods; hot flashes; night sweats; vaginal dryness; infertility; mood changes; fatigue

Root Cause:
Loss of normal ovarian function before age 40 due to genetic factors, autoimmune disorders, or unknown causes.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (e.g., FSH, estradiol, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)), pelvic ultrasound, and karyotype analysis for genetic evaluation.

Treatment:
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), fertility preservation techniques, and emotional support or counseling.

Medications:
Hormone replacement therapy (e.g., estradiol and progestin combinations) to manage symptoms and reduce risks of osteoporosis, calcium, and vitamin D supplements.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1% of women under age 40.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of POI, autoimmune diseases, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Hormonal and symptom management improve quality of life, but fertility is often significantly reduced.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, infertility, and psychological distress.

Lymphoma of the Stomach

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Stomach Disorders

Sub-category: Stomach Lymphomas

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; bloating; weight loss; nausea; vomiting; fatigue; fever; night sweats; loss of appetite

Root Cause:
Malignant proliferation of lymphoid tissue in the stomach, often linked to chronic H. pylori infection or immune suppression.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Endoscopy with biopsy, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, imaging (CT, PET scan), and bone marrow biopsy for staging.

Treatment:
Eradication of H. pylori with antibiotics if associated, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy (e.g., rituximab), or a combination depending on the lymphoma type.

Medications:
Antibiotics (for H. pylori-associated cases, e.g., amoxicillin and clarithromycin ), rituximab (CD20 monoclonal antibody), and chemotherapy agents like cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincristine , and prednisone (CHOP regimen).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Represents less than 5% of all stomach cancers, with a higher prevalence in individuals with chronic H. pylori infection.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
H. pylori infection, autoimmune disorders, immunosuppression, and family history of lymphoma.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies by type and stage; early-stage cases have a good prognosis, particularly with H. pylori eradication, while advanced cases depend on response to chemotherapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction, perforation, and spread to lymph nodes or other organs.

Lymphoma of the Small Intestine

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Small Intestine Disorders

Sub-category: Tumors

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; nausea; weight loss; diarrhea; intestinal obstruction; fever; night sweats

Root Cause:
Malignant proliferation of lymphocytes in the small intestine, often associated with immune dysregulation or infections.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Endoscopic biopsy, imaging (CT scans, PET scans), blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and immunophenotyping.

Treatment:
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy; surgery may be required in some cases of localized disease.

Medications:
Chemotherapy agents like CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincristine , prednisone ), and monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab (anti-CD20 agent).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; accounts for 1-4% of gastrointestinal malignancies and 30-40% of primary gastrointestinal lymphomas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Immunodeficiency (e.g., HIV/AIDS, post-transplant), chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., celiac disease), and infections (e.g., Helicobacter pylori, Epstein-Barr virus).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on subtype and stage; indolent types have a good prognosis (5-year survival rate ~80%), while aggressive types have lower survival rates (~30-50%).

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Intestinal perforation, obstruction, bleeding, malabsorption, and systemic spread to other lymphoid or non-lymphoid tissues.

Lymphoma (affecting oral tissues)

Specialty: Dental and Oral Health

Category: Oral Cancer and Precancerous Conditions

Sub-category: Oral Cancer

Symptoms:
painless swelling in the oral cavity; ulceration or mass in the gums, palate, or tonsils; difficulty swallowing; weight loss; night sweats

Root Cause:
Malignancy of lymphatic cells; may be non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or, less commonly, Hodgkin lymphoma.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Biopsy of the lesion, immunohistochemical analysis, and imaging (CT, PET scan) for staging.

Treatment:
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy depending on the type and stage.

Medications:
Rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for NHL). CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincristine , prednisone ). Brentuximab vedotin (for specific subtypes of lymphoma).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for less than 5% of all oral cancers; more common in individuals with immunosuppression.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
HIV/AIDS, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, immunosuppressive therapy, and autoimmune diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable depending on subtype and stage; low-grade lymphomas may have prolonged survival with treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spread to lymph nodes or distant organs, systemic symptoms, and treatment-related toxicity.

Immunodeficiency due to HIV/AIDS

Specialty: Allergies and Immunology

Category: Immunologic Disorders

Sub-category: Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders

Symptoms:
persistent fatigue; frequent infections; weight loss; swollen lymph nodes; night sweats; fever; opportunistic infections like pneumocystis pneumonia or kaposi's sarcoma

Root Cause:
HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to a weakened immune system and vulnerability to infections and cancers.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HIV antibody/antigen tests; CD4+ T cell count; Viral load testing; AIDS diagnosis based on specific opportunistic infections or CD4 count below 200 cells/mm³

Treatment:
Array

Medications:
Antiretroviral therapy (ART), prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole), and vaccines as appropriate.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 39 million people living with HIV globally as of 2022.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unprotected sexual activity; IV drug use; Mother-to-child transmission; Contaminated blood transfusions

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With ART, individuals can lead near-normal life spans; untreated HIV progresses to AIDS, leading to high mortality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Opportunistic infections; Cancers (e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma); Neurological disorders; Wasting syndrome

Tuberculosis of the Kidney

Specialty: Nephrology

Category: Infections and Infectious Conditions

Sub-category: Tuberculosis

Symptoms:
persistent flank pain; hematuria (blood in urine); dysuria (painful urination); fever; night sweats; weight loss

Root Cause:
Reactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection within the kidney, often secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Urine culture for acid-fast bacilli, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for M. tuberculosis, imaging (CT or ultrasound showing calcifications, strictures, or cavitations).

Treatment:
Antitubercular therapy (ATT) using a combination of first-line drugs, typically for 6-9 months.

Medications:
Rifampin , isoniazid , pyrazinamide , ethambutol . These are classified as antitubercular drugs.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively rare in developed countries but more common in regions with high rates of tuberculosis.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of pulmonary tuberculosis, immunosuppression, HIV infection, diabetes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt and appropriate treatment. Delayed treatment may lead to chronic kidney damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic kidney disease, renal failure, strictures in the urinary tract, and infertility in severe cases.

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
swollen lymph nodes; fatigue; frequent infections; fever; night sweats; unexplained weight loss; easy bruising or bleeding

Root Cause:
Accumulation of abnormal, mature-appearing but dysfunctional B-lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Complete blood count (CBC), flow cytometry, bone marrow biopsy, genetic testing (FISH), and imaging studies.

Treatment:
Targeted therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation in advanced cases.

Medications:
Ibrutinib (BTK inhibitor)

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common leukemia in adults in Western countries, typically diagnosed in individuals over 60 years old.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, male gender, family history, exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., Agent Orange).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; many cases are slow-progressing and managed without treatment for years. Advanced cases may require aggressive therapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infections, anemia, transformation to aggressive lymphoma (Richter's syndrome), and immune system dysfunction.

Hodgkin Lymphoma

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin; fever; night sweats; unexplained weight loss; fatigue; itchy skin; persistent cough or chest pain if mediastinal nodes are involved

Root Cause:
Malignant proliferation of Reed-Sternberg cells (abnormal B lymphocytes) in lymphatic tissue.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Lymph node biopsy (showing Reed-Sternberg cells), imaging (CT, PET scan), and blood tests (CBC, ESR).

Treatment:
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and in some cases, autologous stem cell transplantation.

Medications:
ABVD regimen (Adriamycin /doxorubicin , Bleomycin , Vinblastine , Dacarbazine ); brentuximab vedotin (anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody); nivolumab or pembrolizumab (immune checkpoint inhibitors). These include chemotherapy drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and immunotherapy agents.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 8,500 cases diagnosed annually in the U.S.; most common in individuals aged 15–40 or over 55.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Epstein-Barr virus infection, family history, weakened immune system, and HIV infection.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly treatable; five-year survival rate exceeds 85% with modern therapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary malignancies, infertility, cardiotoxicity, and lung damage from treatment.

Mesothelioma

Specialty: Oncology

Category: Thoracic Cancers

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; chest pain (pleuritic pain); persistent dry cough; fatigue; unexplained weight loss; night sweats; difficulty swallowing

Root Cause:
Mesothelioma is a rare but aggressive cancer that affects the mesothelial cells lining the lungs (pleural mesothelioma), abdomen (peritoneal mesothelioma), or heart (pericardial mesothelioma). It is most commonly caused by exposure to asbestos.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray or abdominal X-ray. CT scan or MRI. Biopsy (thoracoscopic or peritoneoscopic). PET scan for staging. Blood tests (e.g., for markers like mesothelin, but these are not definitive).

Treatment:
Surgical resection (pleurectomy/decortication or extrapleural pneumonectomy). Radiation therapy, particularly for symptom control. Chemotherapy, often with drugs like cisplatin and pemetrexed. Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., nivolumab, ipilimumab). Palliative treatments to improve quality of life (e.g., pleurodesis for fluid buildup).

Medications:
Chemotherapy medications such as cisplatin and pemetrexed are commonly used to treat mesothelioma. Immunotherapy agents like nivolumab and pembrolizumab may be used for advanced stages of mesothelioma. Pain management drugs like opioids (e.g., morphine ) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Mesothelioma is rare, with approximately 3,000 new cases per year in the U.S. The prevalence is expected to rise due to the long latency period after asbestos exposure (20-50 years).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to asbestos, especially in occupational settings (e.g., construction, shipbuilding, mining). Family history of mesothelioma. Living with someone exposed to asbestos. Genetic mutations (in some cases).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Mesothelioma has a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Survival rates are higher in patients with localized disease treated with surgery.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pleural effusion (fluid buildup in the lungs). Difficulty breathing (dyspnea). Spread to other organs (e.g., liver, peritoneum). Blood clotting disorders. Cachexia (severe weight loss and muscle wasting).

Pediatric Lymphomas

Specialty: Oncology

Category: Sarcomas

Sub-category: Pediatric Cancers

Symptoms:
swollen lymph nodes; fever; night sweats; weight loss; fatigue; itching

Root Cause:
Cancer of the lymphatic system; can be either Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Lymph node biopsy, imaging (CT, PET, MRI), blood tests.

Treatment:
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant.

Medications:
Chemotherapy agents like doxorubicin , vincristine , cyclophosphamide , etoposide ; targeted therapies like rituximab .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Lymphomas make up 5-7% of all pediatric cancers.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic syndromes, compromised immune system, Epstein-Barr virus infection (for HL).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
High cure rates for Hodgkin lymphoma (over 90% for localized disease), while non-Hodgkin lymphoma prognosis depends on subtype and staging.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary cancers, organ damage from treatment, fertility issues, infections.

Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors

Specialty: Oncology

Category: Sarcomas

Sub-category: Rare Cancers

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; swelling or mass; chest pain; coughing; shortness of breath; unexplained weight loss; fever; night sweats

Root Cause:
Extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCTs) arise from germ cells that are typically found in the gonads (ovaries or testes) but develop in areas outside of these organs, such as the mediastinum, retroperitoneum, or pineal gland. These tumors are believed to be the result of abnormal migration of germ cells during fetal development.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques such as CT scans, MRIs, or chest X-rays to locate the tumor. Blood tests to measure tumor markers like alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are also used. A biopsy is necessary for histological confirmation.

Treatment:
Treatment for extragonadal germ cell tumors often involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy. The standard chemotherapy regimen includes bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP). Surgery is used to remove the primary tumor when feasible.

Medications:
Chemotherapy agents such as bleomycin (an antibiotic used as a chemotherapy agent), etoposide (a plant alkaloid), and cisplatin (a platinum-based chemotherapy drug) are used to treat extragonadal germ cell tumors. These drugs are classified as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, and plant alkaloids , respectively.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extragonadal germ cell tumors are rare, representing about 1-5% of all germ cell tumors. The incidence is lower than gonadal germ cell tumors, with approximately 2-3 cases per million people per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Risk factors include age (most common in adolescents and young adults), history of gonadal germ cell tumors, and certain genetic syndromes like Klinefelter syndrome. In rare cases, a family history of germ cell tumors or other related conditions may increase risk.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis for extragonadal germ cell tumors depends on the tumor's location, stage at diagnosis, and response to treatment. If caught early and treated aggressively, the 5-year survival rate can be around 70-90%, but survival rates drop significantly for metastatic or advanced disease.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Potential complications include metastasis to the lungs, liver, or other organs, recurrence after treatment, and side effects of chemotherapy such as organ toxicity (e.g., to the lungs or kidneys), fertility issues, and secondary cancers.

Kikuchi Disease

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Immune System and Disorders

Symptoms:
fever; lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes); night sweats; fatigue; weight loss

Root Cause:
Self-limiting inflammatory disorder, likely triggered by viral or autoimmune mechanisms, characterized by histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Lymph node biopsy showing characteristic histopathological findings; exclusion of malignancies and infections.

Treatment:
Supportive care; anti-inflammatory medications (e.g., NSAIDs, corticosteroids for severe cases).

Medications:
NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen for pain and inflammation), corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone for severe or refractory cases).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; most common in young adults, particularly females, in Asian populations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Viral infections, autoimmune predisposition.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; resolves spontaneously in most cases within 1–6 months.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare but may include recurrence or association with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Burkitt Lymphoma and Burkitt-like Lymphoma

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Symptoms:
rapidly enlarging tumor masses; fever; night sweats; weight loss; abdominal pain or swelling; jaw or facial bone tumors in endemic cases; intestinal obstruction

Root Cause:
Abnormal and rapid proliferation of B-lymphocytes due to genetic mutations, often involving the MYC gene. Frequently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in endemic cases.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through biopsy and histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetic analysis (identification of MYC gene translocation), and imaging studies (e.g., CT or MRI for tumor localization).

Treatment:
Treatment typically involves aggressive chemotherapy regimens, such as the CODOX-M/IVAC protocol, supportive care, and in some cases, intrathecal chemotherapy for CNS prophylaxis.

Medications:
Cyclophosphamide (alkylating agent). Doxorubicin (anthracycline antibiotic). Vincristine (vinca alkaloid). Methotrexate (antimetabolite). Cytarabine (antimetabolite). Rituximab (monoclonal antibody targeting CD20 on B cells)

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; accounts for approximately 1–2% of all adult lymphomas and 30–50% of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV infection, malaria (in endemic regions), and genetic predisposition (e.g., MYC gene translocation).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis is highly dependent on early diagnosis and treatment. Cure rates exceed 80% in localized cases but decrease significantly in advanced stages or relapsed cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Potential complications include tumor lysis syndrome, CNS involvement, intestinal perforation, and relapse after treatment.

Castleman Disease

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Symptoms:
enlarged lymph nodes; fatigue; fever; night sweats; unintended weight loss; weakness; nausea; abdominal or chest pain

Root Cause:
Lymph node hyperplasia due to dysregulated immune responses. May be idiopathic or associated with viral infections such as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves lymph node biopsy, imaging studies (CT or PET scans), blood tests to detect inflammation markers, and tests for HHV-8 and HIV.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the subtype (unicentric or multicentric). Unicentric disease is treated with surgical removal of the affected lymph node, while multicentric disease often requires systemic therapy.

Medications:
Siltuximab (monoclonal antibody targeting IL-6). Rituximab (monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, especially for HHV-8–positive cases). Corticosteroids (to reduce inflammation). Chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin ). Antiviral medications (e.g., ganciclovir for HHV-8 infections). These medications include biologics, immunomodulators, and chemotherapeutic agents.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; incidence is estimated at 21–25 cases per million per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), HIV infection, and possibly autoimmune conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis for unicentric disease is excellent after surgical excision, while prognosis for multicentric disease varies based on the underlying cause, age, and treatment response.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications may include organ dysfunction, infection due to immunosuppression, progression to lymphoma, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Gamma Heavy Chain Disease

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Plasma Cell Disorders

Symptoms:
lymphadenopathy; splenomegaly; fatigue; weight loss; fever; night sweats

Root Cause:
Abnormal production of truncated gamma heavy chains by plasma cells, often associated with lymphoproliferative disorders.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), immunofixation electrophoresis, biopsy of lymphoid tissue, and imaging studies (e.g., CT or PET scan).

Treatment:
Chemotherapy (e.g., CHOP regimen) or targeted therapy depending on the underlying lymphoproliferative disorder; supportive care.

Medications:
Chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincristine , prednisone ) and monoclonal antibodies (e.g., rituximab for associated B-cell lymphomas).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare; predominantly reported in middle-aged and older individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, underlying lymphoproliferative disorders, and possibly genetic predisposition.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; dependent on the associated condition. Prognosis improves with effective treatment of the underlying disorder.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Transformation to aggressive lymphoma, systemic amyloidosis, or organ dysfunction.

Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Plasma Cell Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; weakness; anemia; enlarged lymph nodes; hyperviscosity syndrome; bleeding tendencies; night sweats

Root Cause:
A type of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma characterized by excess production of IgM monoclonal protein, leading to hyperviscosity and other systemic issues.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves serum protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, bone marrow biopsy, and clinical evaluation for symptoms of hyperviscosity or organ involvement.

Treatment:
Plasmapheresis for hyperviscosity, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies.

Medications:
Common options include rituximab (monoclonal antibody), ibrutinib (Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor), and bendamustine (alkylating agent).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an incidence of about 3 per million annually. More common in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, male sex, family history, and MGUS.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Slowly progressive but treatable; median survival ranges from 5–10 years, depending on response to therapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hyperviscosity syndrome, neuropathy, bleeding, infections, and secondary amyloidosis.

AIDS-Related Lymphomas

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Immune System Disorders

Symptoms:
swollen lymph nodes; night sweats; fever; weight loss; fatigue; abdominal pain; chest pain or shortness of breath

Root Cause:
Immunosuppression from HIV/AIDS leading to the proliferation of malignant lymphocytes, often associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Lymph node biopsy, imaging (CT, PET), blood tests, HIV viral load, and EBV testing.

Treatment:
Combination chemotherapy (e.g., CHOP regimen), antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV, and targeted therapies (e.g., rituximab).

Medications:
Rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody), doxorubicin (anthracycline), vincristine , and prednisone (corticosteroid).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Increased risk in people with untreated HIV/AIDS; accounts for 3–5% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced HIV, low CD4 counts, and co-infection with EBV.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly variable depending on HIV control and lymphoma type; overall 5-year survival ~30–50%.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Opportunistic infections, relapse, and progression to other AIDS-defining illnesses.

Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALCL)

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Lymphoid Neoplasms

Sub-category: T-Cell Lymphomas

Symptoms:
swollen lymph nodes; fever; night sweats; fatigue; skin lesions; weight loss; abdominal or chest pain

Root Cause:
Proliferation of T-cells expressing anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), driven by genetic mutations or translocations.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Lymph node biopsy, immunohistochemistry (CD30-positive cells), ALK gene rearrangement testing, and imaging (CT, PET).

Treatment:
Chemotherapy (CHOP or brentuximab-containing regimens), targeted therapy (e.g., ALK inhibitors), and sometimes stem cell transplantation.

Medications:
Brentuximab vedotin (anti-CD30 antibody-drug conjugate), crizotinib (ALK inhibitor), and CHOP components (cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincristine , prednisone ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, accounting for about 2% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas; more common in children and young adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic mutations, compromised immune system, and family history.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good for ALK-positive ALCL (5-year survival ~70–80%), poorer for ALK-negative subtypes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Relapse, secondary malignancies, and long-term chemotherapy effects.

B-Cell Lymphoma

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
swollen lymph nodes; fever; night sweats; unexplained weight loss; fatigue; abdominal or chest pain; skin rashes or lumps

Root Cause:
Uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal B-lymphocytes, typically originating in the lymphatic system.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical exam, lymph node biopsy, imaging tests (CT, MRI, PET scans), blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry.

Treatment:
Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation, and in some cases, surgery.

Medications:
Rituximab (monoclonal antibody)

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma, accounting for about 85% of cases globally.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, male gender, family history of lymphoma, immunosuppression, viral infections (e.g., EBV, HIV), and chronic inflammation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on subtype and stage; early-stage localized lymphoma often has a good prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate exceeding 70% in some cases. Advanced-stage lymphoma is more challenging but can respond well to modern therapies.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary cancers, organ damage due to metastasis, infections, anemia, and treatment-related toxicities.

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; weight loss; night sweats; splenomegaly; easy bruising or bleeding; bone pain; feeling of fullness in the abdomen

Root Cause:
Unregulated proliferation of myeloid cells due to a genetic translocation forming the Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL fusion gene).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
CBC, bone marrow biopsy, genetic testing for BCR-ABL, and quantitative PCR.

Treatment:
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as first-line therapy; advanced cases may require stem cell transplantation.

Medications:
Imatinib (TKI)

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for about 15% of adult leukemias; most common in individuals aged 50-60.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, radiation exposure, and rare genetic predispositions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with early diagnosis and TKI therapy; most patients achieve long-term remission.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Blast crisis (progression to acute leukemia), infections, and TKI-related side effects.

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
swollen lymph nodes; unexplained fever; night sweats; weight loss; fatigue; loss of appetite; shortness of breath; chest pain

Root Cause:
Rapid and abnormal growth of large B-cells (a type of white blood cell), leading to tumor formation in lymph nodes and/or extranodal sites.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, blood tests, lymph node biopsy, imaging studies (e.g., PET or CT scans), and molecular testing to identify genetic markers and cell surface proteins.

Treatment:
Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy (if localized), and stem cell transplantation in refractory or relapsed cases.

Medications:
Commonly prescribed medications include R-CHOP regimen (Rituximab – a monoclonal antibody, Cyclophosphamide – an alkylating agent, Doxorubicin – an anthracycline, Vincristine – a vinca alkaloid, and Prednisone – a corticosteroid).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
DLBCL is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, accounting for about 30-40% of cases worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, male sex, family history of lymphoma, weakened immune system, exposure to certain infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus), and previous cancer treatments.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis varies; approximately 60-70% achieve remission with R-CHOP therapy. Advanced stage, high-risk genetic markers, and refractory disease worsen outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Relapse, tumor lysis syndrome, secondary infections, organ dysfunction, and therapy-related secondary cancers.

Follicular Lymphoma

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
painless swollen lymph nodes; fatigue; night sweats; fever; weight loss

Root Cause:
Slow-growing cancer of B lymphocytes characterized by genetic alterations (e.g., t(14;18) translocation) leading to deregulated cell survival.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical exam, lymph node biopsy, imaging studies (CT, PET), and blood tests for LDH and beta-2 microglobulin levels.

Treatment:
Watchful waiting for asymptomatic cases, chemotherapy, immunotherapy (e.g., rituximab), and targeted therapies.

Medications:
Rituximab (monoclonal antibody), bendamustine (alkylating agent), and lenalidomide (immunomodulatory agent) are commonly used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for 20-30% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas; more common in middle-aged and older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, family history, immune system dysfunction, and certain infections (e.g., HCV).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often indolent but incurable; median survival is over 10 years with appropriate management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Transformation to a more aggressive lymphoma (e.g., DLBCL), infections, and therapy-related side effects.

Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
rapidly enlarging lymph nodes; shortness of breath or chest pain due to mediastinal mass; fatigue; fever; night sweats; unexplained weight loss

Root Cause:
Aggressive cancer arising from immature T or B lymphoblasts, closely related to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Biopsy of lymph nodes or affected tissue, immunophenotyping, and imaging studies (CT, PET scan).

Treatment:
Intensive chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and, in some cases, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Medications:
Hyper-CVAD regimen (cyclophosphamide , vincristine , doxorubicin , dexamethasone ); asparaginase ; rituximab for B-cell types. These are chemotherapy drugs and monoclonal antibodies.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, accounting for 2–4% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases, most common in young adults and children.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, prior radiation or chemotherapy, and immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; five-year survival rates range from 40–70%, depending on age and response to treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Disease relapse, tumor lysis syndrome, and treatment-related toxicity.

Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
painless lymph node swelling; fatigue; night sweats; fever; unexplained weight loss; gastrointestinal symptoms like abdominal pain or diarrhea

Root Cause:
Malignancy of B lymphocytes originating in the mantle zone of lymph nodes, associated with a t(11;14) chromosomal translocation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Lymph node biopsy, immunohistochemistry (cyclin D1 overexpression), and imaging studies.

Treatment:
Combination chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and autologous stem cell transplantation.

Medications:
R-CHOP (rituximab , cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincristine , prednisone ); BTK inhibitors like ibrutinib or acalabrutinib . These are chemotherapy drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and targeted inhibitors.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for 6–8% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases, more common in men over 60.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, male gender, and genetic mutations (e.g., cyclin D1 overexpression).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor without treatment; median survival of 3–5 years, but targeted therapies and stem cell transplantation improve outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Relapse, resistance to therapy, and secondary malignancies.

Mediastinal Lymphoma

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
persistent cough; shortness of breath; chest pain; swelling in the face or arms (superior vena cava syndrome); fatigue; fever; night sweats

Root Cause:
A subtype of lymphoma originating in the thymus or mediastinal lymph nodes, commonly associated with primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) or Hodgkin lymphoma.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Imaging (CT or PET scans), biopsy of the affected tissue, and immunohistochemistry to determine cell type.

Treatment:
Combination chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy.

Medications:
R-CHOP regimen (rituximab , cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincristine , prednisone ); checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab for refractory cases. These include chemotherapy drugs and immunotherapy agents.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for 2–4% of all lymphomas, more common in young women aged 20–40.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender, Epstein-Barr virus, and genetic abnormalities in tumor suppressor genes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with modern treatment; five-year survival rates exceed 80% for most patients.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Superior vena cava syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, and relapse.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
swollen lymph nodes; fever; night sweats; unintended weight loss; fatigue; itchy skin; abdominal pain or swelling

Root Cause:
Abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, often linked to genetic mutations, immune system dysfunction, or exposure to certain infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, blood tests, imaging studies (CT, PET), lymph node biopsy, bone marrow biopsy.

Treatment:
Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplant in advanced cases.

Medications:
Rituximab (monoclonal antibody), CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincristine , prednisone ), other targeted therapies like ibrutinib or lenalidomide .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 4% of all cancers in the U.S.; more common in men and older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age over 60, weakened immune system, infections (HIV, EBV, H. pylori), exposure to chemicals or radiation, family history of lymphoma.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies widely based on subtype and stage; 5-year survival rate is around 73% overall but higher for indolent forms.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of infections, secondary malignancies, organ dysfunction due to metastasis, treatment-related side effects.

Primary Myelofibrosis

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; anemia; bone pain; abdominal discomfort from splenomegaly; night sweats; weight loss

Root Cause:
Abnormal stem cell proliferation leads to fibrosis of bone marrow, reducing its ability to produce blood cells.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
CBC, bone marrow biopsy, JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutation testing.

Treatment:
JAK2 inhibitors (e.g., ruxolitinib), blood transfusions, stem cell transplant in advanced cases.

Medications:
Ruxolitinib (JAK2 inhibitor), thalidomide (antiangiogenic agent), lenalidomide (immunomodulator).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1.5 cases per 100,000 annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age over 50, mutations in JAK2, CALR, or MPL genes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Median survival 5-7 years; better outcomes with stem cell transplantation.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe anemia, infections, progression to acute myeloid leukemia.

Thyroid Lymphoma

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
rapidly enlarging thyroid mass; difficulty swallowing; difficulty breathing; hoarseness; weight loss; fever; night sweats

Root Cause:
Malignant lymphocytes infiltrate the thyroid, often associated with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's thyroiditis).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Fine needle aspiration (FNA) or core biopsy of thyroid mass, imaging (CT or PET scans), immunohistochemistry.

Treatment:
Combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy; sometimes surgery for airway obstruction.

Medications:
Rituximab (monoclonal antibody), CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincristine , prednisone ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; accounts for less than 5% of all thyroid malignancies.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, female sex, underlying Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, family history of lymphoma.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good if detected early; 5-year survival rate is over 80% with appropriate treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Compression of trachea or esophagus, metastasis to other organs, treatment-related toxicities.

Cardiobacterium Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; malaise; fatigue; weight loss; night sweats; heart murmur

Root Cause:
Caused by Cardiobacterium hominis, a member of the HACEK group, leading to endocarditis or bloodstream infections.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood cultures, echocardiography, and molecular testing (e.g., PCR).

Treatment:
Prolonged antibiotic therapy tailored to susceptibility testing.

Medications:
Ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporin), ampicillin (beta-lactam antibiotic), or gentamicin (aminoglycoside antibiotic).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; typically occurs in patients with predisposing heart conditions or prosthetic valves.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Pre-existing heart valve disease, dental procedures, or poor dental hygiene.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment, but complications may arise if untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Valve damage, heart failure, and systemic embolism.

HACEK Group Infections

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; fatigue; heart murmurs; shortness of breath; night sweats; weight loss

Root Cause:
Infections caused by a group of fastidious Gram-negative bacteria (Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium, Eikenella, Kingella) commonly associated with infective endocarditis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood cultures (may require prolonged incubation), echocardiography for suspected endocarditis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for specific bacterial identification.

Treatment:
Empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics followed by targeted antimicrobial therapy based on blood culture results; surgical intervention for complications such as heart valve damage.

Medications:
Antibiotics such as ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporin) or ampicillin (beta-lactam antibiotic) are the main treatments. In cases of penicillin allergy, fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin may be used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, accounting for approximately 1–3% of cases of infective endocarditis.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Pre-existing heart valve disease, prosthetic heart valves, poor dental hygiene, immunocompromised state.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment, though complications like heart valve damage can occur. Long-term outcomes depend on the presence of comorbidities and complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart valve destruction, abscess formation, systemic embolization, and relapse of infection.

Pott Disease (Tuberculous [TB] Spondylitis)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bone and Joint Infections

Symptoms:
chronic back pain; fever; weight loss; night sweats; progressive spinal deformity (kyphosis); neurological deficits in severe cases

Root Cause:
Tuberculosis infection of the spine caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to destruction of vertebrae and potential spinal instability.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Imaging (X-rays, MRI, or CT scan), biopsy of spinal tissue, and microbiological testing (acid-fast bacilli staining and culture).

Treatment:
Combination anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) for 6-12 months and surgical intervention in cases of neurological compromise or spinal instability.

Medications:
First-line anti-TB drugs including isoniazid , rifampin , pyrazinamide , and ethambutol . These are classified as antimycobacterial agents.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic in regions with high TB prevalence; incidence varies but accounts for about 1-2% of TB cases worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Immunosuppression (e.g., HIV), malnutrition, crowded living conditions, and poor healthcare access.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with timely treatment; late diagnosis can lead to irreversible spinal deformities and neurological damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spinal cord compression, paraplegia, kyphosis, chronic pain, and systemic TB spread.

Amebic Liver/Hepatic Abscesses

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
fever; right upper quadrant abdominal pain; hepatomegaly; jaundice; weight loss; night sweats

Root Cause:
Liver abscess formation due to Entamoeba histolytica infection, typically contracted via contaminated food or water.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Serologic tests for antibodies, imaging (ultrasound or CT showing hypoechoic lesions in the liver), and stool tests for E. histolytica.

Treatment:
Antimicrobial therapy and, in some cases, drainage of abscesses. Avoid invasive procedures unless necessary.

Medications:
Metronidazole or tinidazole (antiprotozoal agents) to treat the infection, followed by luminal agents like paromomycin to eradicate intestinal colonization.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in endemic regions like South and Central America, Africa, and Asia, with an estimated global prevalence of up to 50 million cases annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Travel to endemic regions, poor sanitation, immunosuppression, and male gender.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with timely treatment; untreated cases can lead to rupture and high mortality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rupture into pleural or peritoneal spaces, secondary bacterial infections, and sepsis.

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Treatment-Naive Patients With HIV Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: HIV

Symptoms:
fever; night sweats; weight loss; lymphadenopathy; diarrhea; opportunistic infections

Root Cause:
Progressive immune system destruction due to untreated HIV.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HIV serology, baseline CD4 count, HIV RNA viral load, and drug resistance testing.

Treatment:
Immediate initiation of a combination ART regimen tailored to resistance profiles and patient tolerance.

Medications:
Bictegravir /tenofovir alafenamide /emtricitabine (integrase inhibitor + NRTIs), darunavir (protease inhibitor) combined with ritonavir or cobicistat .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Globally, around 39 million people live with HIV; ART-naive prevalence varies by region.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Late diagnosis, lack of access to healthcare, and socioeconomic challenges.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with early ART; poor without treatment due to progression to AIDS and opportunistic infections.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Opportunistic infections, multi-organ failure, and death if untreated.

Early Symptomatic HIV Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Early HIV Complications

Symptoms:
fever; fatigue; night sweats; weight loss; diarrhea; lymphadenopathy

Root Cause:
Rapid viral replication and immune activation during the initial stages of HIV infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HIV antibody and antigen testing, CD4 count, and viral load.

Treatment:
Initiation of combination ART as soon as possible.

Medications:
ART includes nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., tenofovir ), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (e.g., efavirenz ), and protease inhibitors (e.g., darunavir ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects most individuals newly diagnosed with HIV.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High viral load, untreated HIV infection, lack of preventative care.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with early ART; without treatment, rapid progression to AIDS is possible.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent immune dysfunction, opportunistic infections, or progression to AIDS.

Fungal Pneumonia

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
cough (sometimes with blood); fever; chest pain; shortness of breath; fatigue; night sweats

Root Cause:
Infection of the lungs caused by fungal organisms, such as Aspergillus, Histoplasma capsulatum, or Coccidioides. These fungi typically enter through inhalation of spores.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, imaging (chest X-rays or CT scans), fungal cultures, antigen or antibody blood tests, and histopathological examination.

Treatment:
Antifungal medications, supportive care (oxygen therapy if needed), and addressing underlying immunosuppressive conditions.

Medications:
Antifungals such as fluconazole (azole class), amphotericin B (polyene class), or itraconazole (azole class).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively rare, with higher prevalence in immunocompromised individuals or those living in endemic areas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Immunosuppression (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy), residing in or visiting endemic areas, long-term corticosteroid use, or organ transplantation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable with timely treatment, but delayed or untreated cases may lead to severe complications or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, dissemination to other organs, and secondary bacterial infections.

Miliary Tuberculosis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Mycobacterial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; night sweats; weight loss; general malaise; cough; difficulty breathing; enlarged liver or spleen; anemia

Root Cause:
Disseminated infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to small nodular lesions in multiple organs due to hematogenous spread.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray or CT scan showing millet-seed-like lesions, sputum culture, blood culture, liver biopsy, and tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA).

Treatment:
Long-term combination therapy with first-line anti-tuberculosis medications, typically for 6-9 months. Supportive care and management of complications.

Medications:
First-line medications include isoniazid , rifampin , pyrazinamide , and ethambutol . Steroids may be added in cases of severe inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Less common than pulmonary TB; often seen in immunocompromised individuals, particularly in areas with high TB burden.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
HIV infection, immunosuppressive therapy, chronic diseases, malnutrition, and living in or traveling to endemic regions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early treatment improves outcomes, but untreated cases can be fatal due to organ failure.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, organ damage (e.g., liver, spleen), septic shock, and meningitis.

Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Mycobacterial Infections

Symptoms:
chronic cough; weight loss; fatigue; low-grade fever; shortness of breath; night sweats; chest pain

Root Cause:
Caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria (Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare), leading to chronic pulmonary infection or disseminated disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Sputum culture, bronchoscopy, high-resolution CT scan, and histological examination of lung tissue.

Treatment:
Prolonged multidrug antibiotic therapy, often for 12 months or longer after culture conversion.

Medications:
Clarithromycin or azithromycin (macrolides), rifampin (rifamycin ), and ethambutol . Injectable amikacin may be used for severe cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Increasing incidence worldwide, particularly in individuals with underlying lung disease or HIV/AIDS.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic lung disease (e.g., COPD, bronchiectasis), immunosuppression, older age, and environmental exposure to contaminated water or soil.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable with early diagnosis and adherence to treatment; relapses may occur.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progressive lung damage, respiratory failure, and systemic dissemination in immunocompromised individuals.

Mycobacterium Kansasii Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Mycobacterial Infections

Symptoms:
chronic cough; fever; weight loss; night sweats; fatigue; lung infiltrates

Root Cause:
Caused by Mycobacterium kansasii, primarily affecting the lungs and mimicking tuberculosis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Sputum culture, molecular testing (PCR), and chest imaging (e.g., X-ray or CT scan).

Treatment:
Combination therapy, including multiple antibiotics over 12-18 months.

Medications:
Rifampin (rifamycin ), ethambutol (antimycobacterial agent), and isoniazid (antitubercular agent) are typically prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; primarily affects individuals with underlying lung diseases or immunocompromised states.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), HIV/AIDS, prior tuberculosis, and immunosuppressive therapies.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pulmonary disease, progression to disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients.

Mycobacterium Xenopi Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Mycobacterial Infections

Symptoms:
chronic cough; fever; night sweats; weight loss; dyspnea

Root Cause:
An opportunistic infection caused by Mycobacterium xenopi, often affecting the lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Sputum culture, chest imaging, and molecular testing such as PCR.

Treatment:
Long-term antibiotic therapy based on drug susceptibility.

Medications:
Rifampin (rifamycin ), ethambutol (antimycobacterial agent), and clarithromycin (macrolide) are frequently prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; more common in individuals with structural lung diseases or weakened immune systems.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic lung diseases, HIV/AIDS, and immunosuppressive therapy.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable with treatment; may lead to chronic pulmonary disease if untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cavitary lung disease, chronic infection, and dissemination in immunocompromised patients.

Tuberculosis (TB)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Mycobacterial Infections

Symptoms:
persistent cough (lasting > 3 weeks); fever; night sweats; weight loss; hemoptysis; fatigue

Root Cause:
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to pulmonary or extrapulmonary disease.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Sputum microscopy and culture, chest X-ray, tuberculin skin test (TST), or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA).

Treatment:
Standard 6-month course of combination antibiotic therapy.

Medications:
Rifampin (rifamycin ), isoniazid (antitubercular agent), pyrazinamide , and ethambutol (antimycobacterial agent).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects millions globally; highest prevalence in low-income countries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, overcrowding, and weakened immunity.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with timely diagnosis and adherence to treatment; untreated TB can be fatal.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Drug-resistant TB, miliary TB, and organ damage.

Tuberculosis Organism-Specific Therapy

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Mycobacterial Infections

Symptoms:
persistent cough; fever; weight loss; night sweats; hemoptysis

Root Cause:
Treatment of TB tailored to specific drug susceptibility profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Drug susceptibility testing, molecular diagnostics (e.g., GeneXpert), and culture.

Treatment:
Customized antibiotic regimens based on drug-resistance patterns.

Medications:
Fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin ), linezolid (oxazolidinone), and bedaquiline (diarylquinoline) for resistant cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in drug-resistant TB cases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor adherence to standard TB therapy, prior TB treatment, and immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; drug-resistant TB is harder to treat and associated with higher mortality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Treatment failure, extensive drug resistance, and systemic spread of TB.

Comprehensive Symptom Navigator™

Your health assistant, simplified.

Symptoms: