Comprehensive Symptom Navigator

Common Cold

Symptoms:
runny nose; sneezing; sore throat; cough; mild fever; fatigue; congestion

Root Cause:
Viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, commonly caused by rhinoviruses.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms; no specific tests are usually required.

Treatment:
Rest, hydration, over-the-counter (OTC) symptom relief medications.

Medications:
Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ), antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine ), pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen or acetaminophen ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common; adults average 2–3 colds per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, colder seasons, weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; most cases resolve within 7–10 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections such as sinusitis or ear infections (rare).

Influenza (Flu)

Specialty: Internal Medicine

Category: Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
fever; chills; muscle aches; cough; congestion; fatigue; sore throat

Root Cause:
Infection by influenza viruses (A, B, or C) affecting the respiratory system.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation; confirmed by rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) or PCR tests.

Treatment:
Supportive care (rest, fluids), antiviral medications for severe cases.

Medications:
Antivirals such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu ), zanamivir (Relenza ), peramivir (Rapivab ). These are neuraminidase inhibitors.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 5–20% of the population annually, depending on the season.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age extremes, chronic illnesses, pregnancy, healthcare workers.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Usually resolves within 1–2 weeks, but complications can occur in vulnerable populations.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, bronchitis, exacerbation of chronic conditions, hospitalization.

Pneumonia

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Common Infections

Symptoms:
cough; fever; chills; shortness of breath; chest pain; fatigue; sweating; nausea or vomiting

Root Cause:
Pneumonia is caused by infection (bacterial, viral, fungal) leading to inflammation in the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, causing impaired oxygen exchange.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed through clinical evaluation, chest X-ray, blood tests, sputum culture, and sometimes a CT scan or pulse oximetry.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the underlying cause (bacterial, viral, or fungal). Bacterial pneumonia typically requires antibiotics, while viral pneumonia is often managed with supportive care and antiviral medications in some cases.

Medications:
Common antibiotics like amoxicillin , azithromycin , or doxycycline for bacterial pneumonia; antiviral medications like oseltamivir (Tamiflu ) for viral causes; antifungal medications like fluconazole may be used if fungal infection is identified. These are classified as antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals, respectively.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in older adults, with higher rates seen in those over 65. It is a common cause of hospitalization in geriatric patients.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, weakened immune system, smoking, chronic respiratory conditions, recent viral infections (e.g., influenza), and residing in long-term care facilities.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With prompt treatment, the prognosis is generally good, although recovery can be slower in older adults. It may be fatal in severe cases or those with underlying health conditions.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, sepsis, lung abscesses, pleuritis, and long-term lung damage in severe or untreated cases.

Laryngitis

Specialty: Internal Medicine

Category: Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
hoarseness; loss of voice; sore throat; dry throat; cough

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the larynx, often due to viral infections, overuse of the voice, or irritants (e.g., smoke).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms; laryngoscopy may be used for chronic or severe cases.

Treatment:
Resting the voice, hydration, treating the underlying cause (e.g., antibiotics for bacterial infection).

Medications:
Antibiotics (if bacterial, though rare), OTC pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen , corticosteroids for severe inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common; acute laryngitis occurs frequently in individuals who use their voice excessively or have respiratory infections.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Overuse of the voice, smoking, GERD, respiratory infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; acute cases typically resolve in a few days to weeks.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic laryngitis, vocal cord damage (rare), persistent hoarseness requiring specialist evaluation.

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs)

Specialty: Internal Medicine

Category: Infectious Diseases

Symptoms:
runny or stuffy nose; sore throat; cough; sneezing; mild fever; fatigue; headache

Root Cause:
Viral infections affecting the nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx, or larynx, commonly caused by rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, or adenoviruses.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history and symptoms; no specific tests unless bacterial complications are suspected.

Treatment:
Supportive care (rest, hydration, symptomatic relief).

Medications:
OTC decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ), pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen , acetaminophen ), throat lozenges.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common; adults experience 2–4 episodes annually, while children have more frequent infections.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, colder seasons, weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; most cases resolve within 7–10 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sinusitis, otitis media, secondary bacterial infections.

Bronchiolitis

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Pediatric Emergencies

Sub-category: Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
runny nose; cough; wheezing; rapid breathing; retractions (chest wall pulling in); poor feeding; fever

Root Cause:
Inflammation and mucus build-up in the small airways (bronchioles), most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation of symptoms; nasal swab tests for RSV may be used; chest X-rays only for severe cases.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, oxygen supplementation if needed, and suctioning of nasal secretions.

Medications:
No routine medications; bronchodilators or nebulized hypertonic saline may be used in selected cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 20–30% of infants under 1 year old, with higher rates during winter and spring.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Premature birth, age under 6 months, exposure to cigarette smoke, crowded living conditions, daycare attendance.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most recover with supportive care; severe cases may require hospitalization and oxygen therapy. Rarely leads to long-term respiratory issues.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory distress, hypoxia, dehydration, and secondary bacterial infections such as pneumonia.

Measles

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Vaccination-Preventable Diseases

Symptoms:
high fever; cough; runny nose; red, watery eyes; white spots inside the mouth (koplik spots); red blotchy rash that starts on the face and spreads downward

Root Cause:
Caused by the measles virus (a single-stranded RNA virus in the paramyxovirus family); spreads through respiratory droplets and is highly contagious.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation of symptoms (fever, rash, Koplik spots) and confirmed through laboratory tests like measles-specific IgM antibodies or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Treatment:
Supportive care to manage symptoms, including hydration, fever control, and vitamin A supplementation to reduce the severity of complications.

Medications:
No antiviral medications for measles. Supportive treatment includes antipyretics (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen ) for fever, and vitamin A supplementation to prevent severe complications in children.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects millions globally, particularly in regions with low vaccination coverage. In 2022, over 9 million cases and 128,000 deaths were reported worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of vaccination, international travel to regions with outbreaks, immunosuppression, and malnutrition (especially vitamin A deficiency).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally excellent with proper supportive care, but complications like pneumonia, encephalitis, or death can occur, especially in children under 5 or individuals with weakened immunity.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
pneumonia; encephalitis; otitis media; diarrhea; subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

Measles (Skin Manifestation)

Specialty: Dermatology

Category: Skin Disorders

Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections

Symptoms:
red, blotchy rash starting on face and spreading downward; fever; cough; runny nose; koplik spots inside the mouth

Root Cause:
Viral infections caused by Measles Virus or Rubella Virus, transmitted via respiratory droplets.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation; PCR testing, serology for IgM antibodies.

Treatment:
Supportive care; prevention via vaccination.

Medications:
Supportive care (e.g., antipyretics like acetaminophen ). Vitamin A supplementation – for measles in malnourished children.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in vaccinated populations; outbreaks occur in areas with low vaccination coverage.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unvaccinated status, close contact with infected individuals, and travel to endemic areas.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Self-limiting in most cases; complications are more common in malnourished or immunocompromised individuals.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia; Encephalitis; Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (rare)

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Respiratory Emergencies

Sub-category: Pulmonary Vascular Conditions

Symptoms:
sudden shortness of breath; chest pain (pleuritic or sharp); cough; hemoptysis; rapid heart rate; lightheadedness; cyanosis; leg swelling (if deep vein thrombosis is present)

Root Cause:
Blockage of one or more pulmonary arteries by a blood clot (usually from a deep vein thrombosis), causing impaired blood flow, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, and hypoxemia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, D-dimer test, imaging like CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan, and Doppler ultrasound for DVT.

Treatment:
Anticoagulation (heparin, warfarin, or DOACs), thrombolytic therapy in severe cases, oxygen therapy, and sometimes surgical or catheter-directed embolectomy.

Medications:
Heparin (anticoagulant for immediate effect), warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) like rivaroxaban or apixaban (long-term anticoagulation), and alteplase (thrombolytic agent for massive PE).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Incidence is approximately 60-70 cases per 100,000 people annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged immobility, surgery, trauma, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, cancer, and genetic clotting disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With prompt treatment, survival rates are high. Untreated, it can be fatal within hours.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure, and recurrent embolism.

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s)

Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology

Category: Rheumatologic Conditions

Sub-category: Vasculitis

Symptoms:
sinus congestion; nasal ulcers; hemoptysis (coughing up blood); cough; joint pain; fever; fatigue; weight loss

Root Cause:
Autoimmune vasculitis affecting small to medium-sized blood vessels, primarily in the respiratory tract and kidneys, leading to inflammation and damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically confirmed through a combination of clinical symptoms, blood tests (elevated ANCA levels), imaging, and biopsy of affected tissues (e.g., lungs, kidneys).

Treatment:
The treatment typically includes high-dose corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents like cyclophosphamide or rituximab. Maintenance therapy with methotrexate or azathioprine may follow.

Medications:
Corticosteroids (prednisone ) are used for initial treatment, often in combination with immunosuppressants like cyclophosphamide or rituximab . Maintenance therapy may involve methotrexate or azathioprine .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated incidence of 3 per million people per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (typically diagnosed in adults aged 40-60), male gender, positive ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) in blood tests.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early treatment, remission is possible, but the disease can cause irreversible damage, particularly to the kidneys and lungs.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Kidney failure, lung damage, hearing loss, and systemic organ damage.

Pharyngeal or Laryngeal Pathology

Specialty: Ear

Category: Ear Pain (Otalgia)

Sub-category: Referred Otalgia (Pain Referred to the Ear)

Symptoms:
sore throat; hoarseness; difficulty swallowing; ear pain; neck pain; swollen lymph nodes; cough

Root Cause:
Infections, tumors, or structural abnormalities in the pharynx or larynx causing referred pain to the ear through shared neural pathways.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, imaging studies (e.g., CT or MRI), laryngoscopy, biopsy (if a tumor is suspected), and throat culture for infections.

Treatment:
Depends on the cause; antibiotics or antivirals for infections, surgical resection for tumors, or speech therapy for vocal strain.

Medications:
Antibiotics like penicillin for bacterial infections; antivirals for viral infections; corticosteroids like prednisone for inflammation; proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole for reflux-associated laryngeal issues.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Pharyngeal infections like pharyngitis are very common; laryngeal cancer is less common, with approximately 13,000 cases diagnosed annually in the U.S.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, alcohol use, GERD, vocal strain, and exposure to environmental irritants.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good for infections with appropriate treatment; varies for cancer depending on stage and type but improves with early detection.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, airway obstruction, voice changes, and in severe cases, metastasis of tumors.

Viral Sinusitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; clear nasal discharge; sneezing; headache; mild facial pain or pressure; cough; sore throat

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the sinuses due to a viral infection, often following a cold or upper respiratory viral infection (e.g., rhinovirus, influenza).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically clinical, with a history of a viral upper respiratory infection. Nasal cultures are generally not required unless there is a concern for bacterial superinfection.

Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment includes decongestants, nasal saline irrigation, and pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen). Antibiotics are not used unless bacterial infection is suspected.

Medications:
Symptomatic relief can be achieved with decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ) and pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen ). Nasal saline irrigation may also be used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Viral sinusitis is common, with most individuals experiencing it at least once in their lifetime, especially during cold and flu season.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Upper respiratory viral infections, smoking, allergies, and anatomical nasal blockages.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally resolves on its own within 7-10 days; however, symptoms can linger. Complications are rare unless bacterial sinusitis develops.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can lead to bacterial superinfection, chronic sinusitis, or ear infections.

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s Granulomatosis)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Autoimmune and Systemic Conditions

Symptoms:
chronic sinusitis; nasal ulcerations; nasal discharge (often bloody); facial pain; fatigue; weight loss; cough; hemoptysis (coughing up blood); joint pain

Root Cause:
An autoimmune condition that causes inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis) and granulomas in the respiratory tract, kidneys, and other organs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, laboratory tests (e.g., c-ANCA), and biopsy of affected tissues showing granulomatous inflammation and vasculitis.

Treatment:
Treatment involves immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) and cytotoxic agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide). Maintenance therapy may include methotrexate or rituximab.

Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) are used as anti-inflammatory agents, while cytotoxic agents like cyclophosphamide (alkylating agents) suppress the immune response. Methotrexate (antimetabolite) and rituximab (monoclonal antibody) may be used for maintenance therapy.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
A rare condition, affecting approximately 3-4 people per million annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, environmental triggers (e.g., infections), and smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, the prognosis has improved, but long-term management is required to prevent relapses and complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Kidney failure, hearing loss, pulmonary hemorrhage, and the development of other systemic organ failures.

Pharyngitis (Viral - e.g., Adenovirus, EBV)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Throat (Pharyngeal and Laryngeal) Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
sore throat; fever; fatigue; swollen lymph nodes; headache; cough

Root Cause:
Viral infections, such as adenovirus and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cause inflammation of the pharynx.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and rapid tests for common viral infections (e.g., rapid strep test can help rule out bacterial causes). Throat swabs and blood tests may be used to confirm EBV.

Treatment:
Supportive care such as rest, hydration, pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen), and throat lozenges. EBV infection may require antiviral medications in severe cases.

Medications:
Over-the-counter analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen , ibuprofen ) for pain relief. In severe cases of EBV, antiviral drugs like acyclovir may be prescribed, though they are rarely used unless complications arise.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in children and young adults. EBV is the cause of infectious mononucleosis, which affects approximately 1 in 4 young adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, weakened immune system, age (most common in children and young adults).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good; viral pharyngitis resolves within a week or two. EBV-related mononucleosis can last longer but usually improves with supportive care.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare but can include secondary bacterial infections, such as a streptococcal infection, and complications from EBV, such as splenomegaly or hepatitis.

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; cough; fever; chills; fatigue; loss of appetite; wheezing; weight loss (in chronic cases)

Root Cause:
Immune-mediated inflammation of the alveoli and small airways caused by repeated exposure to inhaled organic particles (e.g., mold, bird droppings, farming dust) or chemical antigens.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Detailed exposure history, chest imaging (CT scan showing ground-glass opacities or fibrosis in chronic cases), pulmonary function tests, blood tests for specific antibodies, and sometimes lung biopsy.

Treatment:
Avoidance of exposure to causative antigens, use of corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) to reduce inflammation, and supportive measures like oxygen therapy for severe cases.

Medications:
Corticosteroids such as prednisone are the mainstay of treatment to control inflammation. Immunosuppressive drugs like azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil may be used in chronic or refractory cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Prevalence varies widely depending on exposure risk, with higher rates among farmers, bird breeders, and people working in moldy environments.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Repeated exposure to known antigens (e.g., bird droppings, mold, farming dust), genetic predisposition, and inadequate ventilation in work or home environments.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early diagnosis and avoidance of triggers lead to good outcomes; chronic exposure can cause irreversible lung damage and progressive fibrosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, and reduced quality of life.

Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)

Symptoms:
cough; fever; fatigue; shortness of breath; weight loss; chills; muscle aches

Root Cause:
Inflammation and fibrosis of the small airways and alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, leading to the formation of fibrous tissue plugs in the bronchioles and alveolar ducts. The cause is unknown, but it may follow a respiratory infection or be associated with autoimmune diseases.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HRCT showing characteristic pattern of consolidation or ground-glass opacities, lung biopsy showing organizing pneumonia with fibrous tissue, and exclusion of other causes.

Treatment:
Corticosteroids (prednisone) are the first-line treatment, with longer durations in cases of relapse.

Medications:
Prednisone (a corticosteroid) is prescribed to reduce inflammation. Immunosuppressants like azathioprine may be used in cases of steroid resistance or relapse.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, estimated incidence is about 1 per 100,000 people per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous respiratory infections, exposure to certain drugs, autoimmune conditions, or environmental factors like smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable with treatment; many patients recover with steroid therapy, but relapse can occur in some cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Relapse of disease, development of pulmonary fibrosis in severe cases, and chronic restrictive lung disease if untreated.

Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)

Symptoms:
acute shortness of breath; cough; fever; rapid breathing; hypoxia; general malaise

Root Cause:
Rapid, severe inflammation and fibrosis of the lung interstitial tissue, often progressing to acute respiratory failure. The cause is often unknown, but it may follow viral infections or be associated with autoimmune diseases.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HRCT showing bilateral ground-glass opacities and consolidations, biopsy revealing diffuse alveolar damage, and exclusion of other causes of acute lung injury.

Treatment:
Acute cases are treated with high-dose corticosteroids and sometimes immunosuppressants. Supportive care, including mechanical ventilation, may be required in severe cases.

Medications:
Prednisone (a corticosteroid) for inflammation; other immunosuppressive agents may be considered depending on the cause or severity.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare; fewer than 1 per 100,000 people are affected.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Recent viral infections, underlying autoimmune diseases, and smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor in acute cases; up to 50% of patients may require lung transplantation. Mortality is high due to respiratory failure.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, pulmonary fibrosis, secondary infections, and multi-organ failure.

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; chest pain; cough; fatigue; pneumothorax; hemoptysis; abdominal pain

Root Cause:
Abnormal growth of smooth muscle cells in the lungs and lymphatic system, leading to cystic destruction of the lung tissue and airway obstruction. Most common in women of reproductive age and often associated with tuberous sclerosis complex.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HRCT showing characteristic cystic lesions, pulmonary function tests showing restrictive lung pattern, and genetic testing for tuberous sclerosis (if suspected).

Treatment:
No definitive cure; treatment focuses on symptom management, including oxygen therapy and management of pneumothorax. In some cases, lung transplantation may be considered.

Medications:
Rapamycin (sirolimus ), an immunosuppressant, may be used to slow disease progression, particularly in tuberous sclerosis-associated LAM.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; affects about 1-2 women per 1,000,000 annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, specifically in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive with variable severity; lung transplantation may be necessary in advanced cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumothorax, pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, and renal tumors associated with tuberous sclerosis.

Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (PLCH)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)

Symptoms:
cough; shortness of breath; chest pain; fatigue; fever; unexplained weight loss

Root Cause:
Abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells (a type of immune cell) in the lungs, causing granulomatous inflammation and tissue damage, most often in heavy smokers.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HRCT showing cystic and nodular lesions, biopsy revealing Langerhans cells and characteristic granulomas.

Treatment:
Smoking cessation, corticosteroids for inflammation, and chemotherapy or immunotherapy in severe cases.

Medications:
Prednisone (corticosteroid) for inflammation; other immunosuppressants like methotrexate may be used for refractory disease.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; primarily affects young adults, with a higher prevalence in smokers.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, possibly occupational exposures to certain chemicals or dust.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often self-limiting in mild cases, but severe disease can progress to respiratory failure and fibrosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary fibrosis, pneumothorax, and secondary infections.

Histoplasmosis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Fungal Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; chest pain; fatigue; shortness of breath; night sweats; weight loss

Root Cause:
Infection by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, commonly through inhalation of spores from contaminated soil or bird/bat droppings.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Antigen detection in blood or urine, fungal cultures, histopathology, and imaging studies like chest X-rays or CT scans.

Treatment:
Antifungal medications such as itraconazole (first-line for mild cases) or amphotericin B (for severe cases).

Medications:
Itraconazole (triazole antifungal) and amphotericin B (polyene antifungal) for more severe infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic in certain areas like the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys in the United States; affects 500,000 people annually in the U.S.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living in or traveling to endemic areas, immunosuppression, occupational exposure to bird/bat droppings.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable in mild cases; chronic or disseminated histoplasmosis can be life-threatening without treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis, disseminated histoplasmosis, pericarditis, or adrenal insufficiency in severe cases.

Blastomycosis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Fungal Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; chest pain; fatigue; night sweats; skin lesions; muscle and joint pain

Root Cause:
Infection caused by the Blastomyces fungus, typically found in moist soil and decomposing organic matter; affects the lungs and can disseminate to other body parts.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Fungal culture, microscopy of sputum or tissue, urine antigen tests, chest X-rays, and biopsy.

Treatment:
Long-term antifungal therapy; severe cases may require intravenous medications.

Medications:
Itraconazole (antifungal triazole) for mild-to-moderate cases; Amphotericin B (antifungal polyene) for severe or disseminated disease.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common in areas near the Great Lakes, Mississippi, and Ohio River valleys; primarily affects people exposed to soil and vegetation.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupational or recreational exposure to soil and decomposing wood, immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good if treated early; untreated disseminated blastomycosis can be fatal.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pulmonary disease, dissemination to the skin, bones, and central nervous system.

Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Sub-category: Fungal Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; fatigue; chest pain; shortness of breath; rash; headache; joint pain

Root Cause:
Caused by inhaling spores of Coccidioides species, fungi found in desert soils in the southwestern United States and parts of Mexico and Central and South America.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for antibodies, antigen detection, fungal cultures, imaging (chest X-ray or CT scan), or biopsy of affected tissues.

Treatment:
Mild cases often resolve without treatment; antifungal therapy is required for severe or chronic cases.

Medications:
Fluconazole or itraconazole (triazole antifungals) for most cases; amphotericin B (a polyene antifungal) for severe or disseminated infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic to arid regions; affects tens of thousands annually in the U.S., particularly in Arizona and California.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living in or traveling to endemic areas, occupational exposure to dust, pregnancy, and immune suppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good for acute cases; chronic or disseminated infections may require long-term treatment and carry a risk of complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pulmonary disease, disseminated infection affecting bones, skin, or meninges, and severe respiratory distress.

Aspergillosis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Fungal Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; chest pain; fatigue; weight loss; sinus congestion; wheezing

Root Cause:
Infection caused by the Aspergillus fungus, which is found in soil, decaying organic matter, and indoor environments; affects individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests, imaging studies (CT or X-rays of lungs), sputum cultures, biopsy, galactomannan assay, and PCR for Aspergillus DNA.

Treatment:
Antifungal medications, surgical removal of fungal masses (if necessary), corticosteroids in allergic forms.

Medications:
Voriconazole (antifungal triazole), Amphotericin B (antifungal polyene), Itraconazole (antifungal triazole), and Posaconazole (antifungal triazole).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in the general population; more common in individuals with compromised immune systems or chronic lung diseases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Immunosuppression, long-term corticosteroid use, chemotherapy, solid organ transplants, hematologic malignancies, and existing lung diseases such as COPD or tuberculosis.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; invasive aspergillosis has a high mortality rate without prompt treatment, while allergic forms are manageable with proper therapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, dissemination to other organs, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.

Influenza

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
fever; chills; headache; muscle aches; fatigue; sore throat; cough; runny nose

Root Cause:
Influenza is a viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system. The virus causes inflammation of the airways, leading to systemic symptoms.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically clinical, but can be confirmed with rapid antigen tests or PCR.

Treatment:
Antiviral medications such as oseltamivir or zanamivir can reduce symptom duration if taken early. Supportive care includes hydration, rest, and fever management.

Medications:
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu ) and zanamivir (Relenza ) are neuraminidase inhibitors used to treat influenza . These medications shorten the duration of illness if started within 48 hours of symptom onset.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Influenza affects millions worldwide each year, with seasonal outbreaks occurring mostly during fall and winter.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young children, elderly adults, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic health conditions (e.g., asthma, diabetes) are at higher risk.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover within 1-2 weeks, but complications can occur, especially in high-risk populations.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can lead to pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus infections, and worsening of underlying chronic diseases.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Sub-category: Viral Infections

Symptoms:
runny nose; cough; sneezing; wheezing; fever; decreased appetite; difficulty breathing in severe cases

Root Cause:
Caused by RSV, a highly contagious virus that infects the respiratory tract, particularly dangerous for infants and older adults.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, rapid RSV antigen testing, or PCR tests.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, oxygen therapy, and in severe cases, mechanical ventilation.

Medications:
In severe cases, ribavirin (antiviral) may be used. For high-risk infants, palivizumab (monoclonal antibody) can be administered prophylactically. Symptomatic relief includes fever reducers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects most children by age 2; seasonal outbreaks in fall and winter. Severe cases more common in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prematurity, congenital heart disease, chronic lung disease, weakened immune systems, crowded living conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases resolve within 1-2 weeks; severe cases can require hospitalization.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, respiratory failure, and increased risk of asthma later in life.

Empyema (Pleural Infection)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Symptoms:
fever; chest pain; cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; weight loss; chills

Root Cause:
Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity, often as a complication of pneumonia or lung infection, caused by bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scan of the chest; thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid; and blood tests to assess infection markers.

Treatment:
Antibiotics targeting the causative organism, drainage of the infected fluid via chest tube (thoracostomy), and occasionally surgical decortication if the infection is refractory.

Medications:
Empiric antibiotics such as vancomycin (glycopeptide antibiotic) and ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporin) are typically used initially. Specific antibiotics may be chosen based on culture results.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in approximately 20% of hospitalized patients with pneumonia; incidence varies by region and population.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Untreated or inadequately treated pneumonia, recent chest surgery or trauma, weakened immune system, diabetes, or chronic lung diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, most patients recover, but delayed treatment can lead to severe outcomes. Mortality rates range from 5–20% depending on severity.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Septic shock, respiratory failure, pleural thickening, lung entrapment, and persistent infection requiring surgery.

Transudative Pleural Effusion

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pleural Diseases

Sub-category: Pleural Effusion

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; chest pain; cough; reduced breath sounds on the affected side; dullness to percussion on physical exam

Root Cause:
An imbalance between hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, often due to conditions such as congestive heart failure (CHF) or hypoalbuminemia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan, and thoracentesis (analysis of pleural fluid to confirm low protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels consistent with transudate).

Treatment:
Treating the underlying cause (e.g., diuretics for CHF, correcting hypoalbuminemia) and therapeutic thoracentesis if symptomatic relief is required.

Medications:
Diuretics, such as furosemide , are commonly prescribed to manage fluid overload in cases of CHF. Albumin infusions may be used if hypoalbuminemia is present.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among patients with chronic heart failure and liver or kidney disease; precise prevalence varies by population and comorbidities.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, liver cirrhosis, and hypoalbuminemia.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good when the underlying condition is effectively treated, but recurrence is possible if the primary cause is not addressed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Risk of lung compression, secondary infections, and respiratory failure if untreated.

Exudative Pleural Effusion

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pleural Diseases

Sub-category: Pleural Effusion

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; pleuritic chest pain; cough; fever if infection is present; reduced breath sounds and dullness to percussion

Root Cause:
Inflammation or infection of the pleura causing increased capillary permeability, often associated with conditions like pneumonia, malignancy, or pulmonary embolism.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest imaging (X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan) and thoracentesis with pleural fluid analysis showing high protein, high lactate dehydrogenase, and possible infection markers.

Treatment:
Treatment of the underlying cause (e.g., antibiotics for infection, chemotherapy for malignancy) and drainage via thoracentesis or chest tube placement if needed.

Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone for bacterial pneumonia), corticosteroids for inflammatory causes, and chemotherapy or targeted agents for malignancy-related effusions.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies depending on underlying conditions; common in cases of pneumonia, cancer, or tuberculosis in certain populations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lung infections, malignancy, pulmonary embolism, connective tissue diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the underlying cause; potentially serious if not addressed promptly, particularly in malignancy or infection-related cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Empyema (infected pleural fluid), trapped lung, and respiratory failure if left untreated.

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)

Specialty: Oncology

Category: Thoracic Cancers

Sub-category: Lung Cancer

Symptoms:
cough; chest pain; shortness of breath; wheezing; hoarseness; unexplained weight loss; fatigue; paraneoplastic syndromes (e.g., siadh, cushing’s syndrome)

Root Cause:
Rapidly growing, aggressive cancer that typically starts in the bronchi and spreads early to other parts of the body.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis often involves chest imaging (X-ray, CT), biopsy (bronchoscopy or needle biopsy), and staging with PET scan to assess metastasis.

Treatment:
Treatment primarily involves chemotherapy and radiation. SCLC is less commonly treated with surgery due to its early spread.

Medications:
Chemotherapy regimens typically include etoposide (topoisomerase inhibitor) and cisplatin (alkylating agent). Immunotherapy agents like atezolizumab are also used in combination with chemotherapy.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
SCLC accounts for about 15% of all lung cancer cases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking (strongest risk factor), secondhand smoke exposure, occupational exposures (asbestos, radon), genetic predisposition.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
SCLC is aggressive with a poor prognosis. It often metastasizes quickly and is typically diagnosed at a later stage. However, with early diagnosis and aggressive treatment, some patients may achieve remission.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Metastasis to brain, liver, and bones, paraneoplastic syndromes, treatment-related side effects, and cachexia.

Occupational Asthma

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Symptoms:
wheezing; shortness of breath; chest tightness; cough; symptoms worsening at work and improving during time off

Root Cause:
Inflammation and narrowing of the airways caused by exposure to allergens or irritants in the workplace, such as dust, fumes, chemicals, or animal proteins.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Detailed occupational history, pulmonary function tests (spirometry and peak expiratory flow monitoring), allergen-specific tests, and possibly a methacholine challenge test.

Treatment:
Avoidance of workplace triggers, use of bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, and implementing workplace safety measures (e.g., masks, ventilation).

Medications:
Commonly prescribed medications include short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol ) for quick relief, long-acting beta-agonists (e.g., salmeterol ) combined with inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone or budesonide ) for maintenance, and leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., montelukast ) to reduce inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occupational asthma accounts for up to 15% of all adult asthma cases in industrialized countries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Workplace exposure to allergens (e.g., animal dander, latex, flour), irritants (e.g., smoke, fumes, dust), or specific chemicals (e.g., isocyanates, cleaning agents), and having a history of allergies or asthma.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early diagnosis and removal from exposure, symptoms can improve or resolve; delayed diagnosis or continued exposure may lead to persistent asthma and long-term lung damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic asthma, reduced lung function, job loss due to inability to work in certain environments, and diminished quality of life.

Acute and Chronic Beryllium Disease

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; cough; chest pain; fatigue; fever; weight loss; night sweats; skin rash (in some cases)

Root Cause:
Exposure to beryllium, a lightweight metal found in certain industries (e.g., aerospace, electronics, and nuclear sectors), triggers an immune-mediated response. Acute beryllium disease results from high-level exposure causing chemical pneumonitis, while chronic beryllium disease (CBD) arises from prolonged low-level exposure leading to granulomatous inflammation and scarring in the lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves a detailed occupational history, chest imaging (e.g., X-rays or CT scans), pulmonary function tests, and the beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT), which detects sensitization to beryllium. Bronchoscopy with biopsy may be used to confirm granulomatous inflammation.

Treatment:
Acute cases typically involve supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and avoiding further exposure. Chronic beryllium disease is treated with corticosteroids to reduce lung inflammation and immunosuppressive drugs in severe cases. Pulmonary rehabilitation and supplemental oxygen may also be necessary.

Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) - Used to reduce inflammation in chronic beryllium disease. Immunosuppressive agents (e.g., methotrexate or azathioprine ) - Prescribed in cases where corticosteroids are insufficient or contraindicated. Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ) - Used to alleviate symptoms such as wheezing and airway constriction. Supplemental oxygen - Not a medication but often required in advanced disease stages to improve oxygenation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
The exact prevalence is unknown but primarily affects workers exposed to beryllium, with approximately 2-10% of exposed individuals developing sensitization and a smaller subset progressing to chronic beryllium disease.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged occupational exposure to beryllium, genetic predisposition (HLA-DPB1 gene mutations), inadequate workplace safety measures, smoking, and pre-existing lung conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Acute beryllium disease has a good prognosis with prompt removal from exposure and treatment, while chronic beryllium disease is a lifelong condition with variable progression. Early detection and management can improve quality of life, but severe cases may lead to respiratory failure or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary fibrosis, progressive lung dysfunction, cor pulmonale (right-sided heart failure due to lung disease), and increased risk of infections due to impaired lung function.

Smoke Inhalation

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Environmental Exposures

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; cough; soot in the mouth or nose; wheezing; burning sensation in the throat or chest; confusion or altered mental state (in severe cases)

Root Cause:
Inhalation of smoke, which can contain toxic gases, particulates, and chemicals that cause irritation, damage to the respiratory system, and inflammation in the airways and lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on a patient's history of exposure to smoke, physical examination, and symptoms. Imaging such as chest X-ray or CT scan may be used to assess lung damage. Blood gases may be taken to evaluate respiratory function.

Treatment:
Oxygen therapy to improve oxygen levels. Bronchodilators to open airways. Steroids to reduce inflammation. Supportive care including fluids and monitoring in severe cases.

Medications:
Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol , salbutamol) to relax the muscles of the airways and improve airflow. These are beta-agonists that act as bronchodilators. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) to reduce inflammation in the airways. Analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen ) for pain management.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs frequently in fire-related incidents, with thousands of cases annually. It can also affect individuals who work in industries with high exposure to smoke, such as firefighting.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to high levels of smoke (e.g., during fires). Occupations involving exposure to smoke (e.g., firefighting). Pre-existing respiratory conditions (e.g., asthma, COPD).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis can vary depending on the severity of inhalation and lung damage. Mild cases generally recover fully with treatment, while severe cases may result in long-term lung damage and even death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure. Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Chronic lung disease (e.g., COPD). Infections due to weakened immune system or lung damage.

Chemical Inhalation (e.g., ammonia, chlorine)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Environmental Exposures

Symptoms:
cough; shortness of breath; chest tightness; burning sensation in the throat, nose, or eyes; watery eyes or conjunctivitis; nausea or vomiting; wheezing or stridor (if airway is affected)

Root Cause:
Inhalation of toxic chemicals such as ammonia or chlorine leads to direct irritation of the respiratory tract, causing inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and potentially chemical burns to the airway and lung tissue.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves a detailed history of exposure, clinical examination, and lung function tests. Imaging like chest X-rays or CT scans may be used to detect any structural damage. Blood gases may be assessed to evaluate oxygenation.

Treatment:
Removal from the source of exposure. Oxygen therapy to support breathing. Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol) to relieve wheezing and bronchospasm. Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in the lungs. Supportive care for more severe cases.

Medications:
Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ) are prescribed to relieve bronchospasm. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) to control inflammation. Antibiotics if secondary infection develops in severe cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Chemical inhalation injuries are relatively rare but occur in industrial settings, accidents, or exposure to household products. Ammonia and chlorine are common in industrial accidents.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupations involving chemicals (e.g., industrial workers, cleaners). Accidental chemical spills or exposure. Lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) during work. Proximity to hazardous materials or inadequate ventilation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis depends on the concentration of the chemical and the duration of exposure. Mild exposures often resolve without long-term effects, but severe cases may result in permanent lung damage or even death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic respiratory problems (e.g., asthma-like symptoms). Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs). Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Chemical burns to the airway.

Tracheobronchitis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Disorders of the Airway

Symptoms:
cough; fever; sore throat; wheezing; shortness of breath; chest discomfort

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, often due to viral or bacterial infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and confirmed with a chest X-ray or sputum culture if a bacterial infection is suspected.

Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications (e.g., acetaminophen for fever). Antibiotics may be required if a bacterial infection is diagnosed.

Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin or azithromycin ) may be prescribed if bacterial infection is identified. Bronchodilators and corticosteroids may help alleviate symptoms of wheezing and inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in the winter months and in individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic respiratory conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to respiratory infections, smoking, weakened immune system, and pre-existing lung conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically resolves with appropriate treatment, but can take longer in people with underlying lung diseases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, or exacerbation of pre-existing respiratory conditions.

Pulmonary Eosinophilia

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Other Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
cough; shortness of breath; wheezing; fever; fatigue; chest pain

Root Cause:
Pulmonary eosinophilia is characterized by an increase in eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the lungs, often triggered by allergies, infections, or autoimmune diseases.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis includes blood tests showing elevated eosinophil counts, chest imaging (CT scan), and sometimes bronchoscopy with biopsy.

Treatment:
Treatment typically involves corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) to reduce inflammation and addressing any underlying causes (e.g., infection or allergy).

Medications:
Common medications include corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) for inflammation and antibiotics if an infection is present. These are classified as corticosteroids and antibiotics.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively rare; more common in individuals with allergies or asthma.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Allergies, asthma, infections (e.g., parasitic), autoimmune diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, the condition often improves, though recurrence can occur if the underlying cause is not resolved.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Untreated pulmonary eosinophilia may lead to lung damage, fibrosis, or respiratory failure in severe cases.

Interstitial Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Other Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
progressive shortness of breath; cough; fatigue; weight loss; chest discomfort; cyanosis

Root Cause:
A rare lung disorder where a substance called surfactant builds up in the alveoli, leading to impaired gas exchange and respiratory distress.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging (CT scan showing ground-glass opacities), bronchoalveolar lavage, and sometimes lung biopsy.

Treatment:
The main treatment is whole lung lavage (a procedure to wash out the surfactant buildup), and in some cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.

Medications:
There are no specific medications approved for this condition, but corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) may be used for inflammation in some cases. These are classified as corticosteroids.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very rare, with only a few cases reported worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Most commonly occurs in otherwise healthy adults, with no clear risk factors identified.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Without treatment, the prognosis is poor, but with interventions like lung lavage, many individuals can experience improvements.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If untreated, the disease can lead to respiratory failure, fibrosis, or secondary infections.

Goiter (Enlarged Thyroid)

Specialty: Diabetes and Endocrinology

Category: Thyroid Disorders

Sub-category: Other Thyroid Disorders

Symptoms:
swelling in the neck; difficulty swallowing or breathing (in severe cases); tightness in the throat; hoarseness; visible lump in the neck; cough

Root Cause:
Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency, autoimmune conditions (e.g., Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease), or nodules.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, thyroid function tests (TSH, T3, T4 levels), ultrasound of the thyroid, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy if nodules are present.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the cause. Options include iodine supplementation, hormone replacement therapy, antithyroid medications, or surgery (thyroidectomy) if the goiter is large or compressive.

Medications:
Levothyroxine (thyroid hormone replacement therapy, a synthetic form of T4); antithyroid drugs like methimazole or propylthiouracil (if caused by hyperthyroidism).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 200 million people globally, with higher prevalence in areas of iodine deficiency.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Iodine deficiency, female sex, age (older adults), family history of thyroid disorders, autoimmune diseases, radiation exposure.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases are manageable with treatment; prognosis depends on the underlying cause. Goiters due to iodine deficiency or simple enlargement often resolve with treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Obstructive symptoms (tracheal or esophageal compression), cosmetic concerns, thyrotoxicosis, or hypothyroidism.

Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES)

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Immune System and Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; weight loss; skin rash; itching; cough; shortness of breath; cardiac symptoms like chest pain or heart failure

Root Cause:
Persistent overproduction of eosinophils leading to tissue damage in organs such as the heart, lungs, skin, and gastrointestinal tract.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Persistent eosinophilia (greater than or equal to 1500/micro L for at least 6 months), clinical evaluation for organ damage, and exclusion of secondary causes like infections or malignancies.

Treatment:
Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, and biologics targeting eosinophils (e.g., mepolizumab).

Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone for inflammation), tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib (for specific molecular subtypes), and biologics like mepolizumab (anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; incidence is approximately 0.36–0.9 cases per 100,000 per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, male sex, and certain molecular mutations (e.g., PDGFRA rearrangements).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly variable; manageable with treatment but may be life-threatening without intervention.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cardiac complications (e.g., endomyocardial fibrosis), thromboembolism, and organ failure.

Cadmium Poisoning

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Chronic Toxicity and Long-Term Exposures

Sub-category: Heavy Metal Toxicity

Symptoms:
nausea; vomiting; abdominal pain; diarrhea; shortness of breath; cough; weakness; bone pain; renal dysfunction (proteinuria); osteomalacia

Root Cause:
Cadmium exposure occurs primarily through inhalation of fumes or dust (e.g., in industrial settings) or ingestion of contaminated food or water. Cadmium accumulates in the kidneys and bones, leading to oxidative stress, cellular damage, and impaired calcium metabolism.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made by measuring cadmium levels in blood or urine. Renal function tests (e.g., urinary protein levels) and bone density studies are often conducted to assess long-term damage.

Treatment:
Treatment includes removing the source of cadmium exposure, supportive care for symptoms, and chelation therapy in severe cases. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation may be recommended for bone health.

Medications:
Chelating agents like dimercaprol and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) may be used in cases of severe poisoning. Chelation is less effective for chronic exposure due to cadmium's strong tissue binding.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Cadmium poisoning is more common in industrial workers (e.g., battery manufacturing, metal plating) and populations exposed to contaminated food or water, particularly in areas with poor environmental regulations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupational exposure (e.g., smelting, welding), smoking (tobacco contains cadmium), consumption of cadmium-contaminated food (e.g., rice, shellfish), and living near industrial sites.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early removal from exposure can improve outcomes, but chronic exposure may result in irreversible kidney damage, bone demineralization, and other complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Long-term complications include chronic kidney disease (CKD), osteoporosis, fractures, respiratory disorders (e.g., emphysema), and an increased risk of cancers (e.g., lung, prostate).

Burkholderia Cepacia Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; chest pain; fatigue; sepsis in severe cases

Root Cause:
Opportunistic pathogen causing infections in immunocompromised individuals or those with chronic conditions like cystic fibrosis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Sputum cultures, blood cultures, and molecular testing (e.g., PCR).

Treatment:
Combination antibiotic therapy tailored to susceptibility testing due to resistance.

Medications:
Ceftazidime (third-generation cephalosporin), meropenem (carbapenem), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (sulfonamide antibiotic).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare but significant in hospital settings and among cystic fibrosis patients.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Cystic fibrosis, chronic lung disease, immunosuppression, and prolonged hospital stays.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; can be severe in immunocompromised patients or those with underlying conditions.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, septicemia, and increased mortality in vulnerable populations.

Haemophilus Influenzae Infections

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; stiff neck; altered mental status; ear pain; sore throat; swelling in the face

Root Cause:
Caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, which can lead to respiratory infections, meningitis, or sepsis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid analysis (in meningitis cases), sputum cultures, and imaging for complications such as pneumonia.

Treatment:
Antibiotics targeting H. influenzae, supportive care for respiratory distress or meningitis symptoms, and vaccination for prevention.

Medications:
Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporins), or amoxicillin-clavulanate (beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor). Rifampin may be used for prophylaxis in close contacts of cases with invasive disease.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Reduced significantly in countries with widespread vaccination, but still prevalent in unvaccinated populations. Non-typeable H. influenzae remains a common cause of respiratory infections.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of vaccination, immunocompromised state, young age (infants), chronic pulmonary conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with prompt treatment, though complications can lead to increased morbidity and mortality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia, epiglottitis, and hearing loss (from meningitis).

Moraxella Catarrhalis Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Sub-category: Respiratory Infections

Symptoms:
ear pain; fever; sinus pressure; cough; shortness of breath; purulent nasal discharge

Root Cause:
Caused by Moraxella catarrhalis, a gram-negative bacterium that primarily affects the respiratory tract.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation, sputum culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing.

Treatment:
Antibiotic therapy for symptomatic cases; supportive care for mild infections.

Medications:
Amoxicillin-clavulanate (penicillin-class antibiotic with beta-lactamase inhibitor), cefuroxime (cephalosporin-class antibiotic), or macrolides like azithromycin .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common cause of otitis media in children and respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (young children, elderly), underlying respiratory conditions, and weakened immune systems.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with appropriate treatment; mild cases often resolve without complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Middle ear infections, sinus infections, exacerbation of COPD, or pneumonia.

Plague

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; chills; headache; swollen lymph nodes (buboes); cough; shortness of breath; septic shock in severe cases

Root Cause:
Caused by Yersinia pestis, transmitted via flea bites or contact with infected animals.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Confirmed by blood, sputum, or lymph node aspirate culture; rapid diagnostic tests for Yersinia pestis.

Treatment:
Early antibiotic therapy and supportive care are critical.

Medications:
Streptomycin (aminoglycoside) or gentamicin is the treatment of choice; alternatives include doxycycline or ciprofloxacin .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in modern times but endemic in some regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Flea exposure, handling infected animals, or residing in endemic regions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt antibiotic treatment; high mortality in untreated cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, septicemia, and multi-organ failure.

Q Fever

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; severe headache; myalgia; cough; fatigue; chronic endocarditis in severe cases

Root Cause:
Caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular bacterium, primarily transmitted through aerosols from infected animals.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Serological tests (e.g., phase I and II antibody titers), PCR for bacterial DNA, or culture in specialized laboratories.

Treatment:
Antibiotic therapy for acute and chronic cases; doxycycline is the mainstay treatment.

Medications:
Doxycycline (tetracycline ) combined with hydroxychloroquine (immunomodulator) for chronic Q fever; acute cases are treated with doxycycline alone.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare but seen globally, particularly in individuals working with livestock.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupational exposure (e.g., farmers, veterinarians), proximity to livestock, immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Acute Q fever typically resolves with treatment; chronic cases require prolonged therapy but may result in endocarditis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic Q fever, endocarditis, vascular infections, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Sub-category: Nosocomial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; wound infections; urinary tract infections; sepsis in immunocompromised individuals

Root Cause:
Opportunistic infection caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, often associated with hospital environments.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood, sputum, or wound culture and susceptibility testing.

Treatment:
Targeted antibiotic therapy; supportive care.

Medications:
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (first-line), with alternatives including levofloxacin or minocycline based on resistance patterns.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
A rare cause of infection, primarily in hospitalized or immunocompromised patients.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged hospital stays, mechanical ventilation, central venous catheters, immunosuppressive therapy.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor in critically ill or immunosuppressed patients; high mortality in systemic infections.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sepsis, multi-organ failure, prolonged hospitalization.

Coccidioidomycosis and Valley Fever

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Fungal Infections

Sub-category: Endemic Mycoses

Symptoms:
fever; cough; chest pain; fatigue; headache; rash; joint pain

Root Cause:
Infection caused by Coccidioides species (C. immitis or C. posadasii) through inhalation of fungal spores, leading to localized or disseminated disease.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Serologic testing (IgM and IgG antibodies), fungal cultures, histopathology, or PCR-based diagnostics.

Treatment:
Mild cases may resolve without treatment; moderate to severe cases require antifungal therapy, such as azoles or amphotericin B.

Medications:
Fluconazole or itraconazole for most cases. Amphotericin B is used for severe or disseminated disease. These drugs are systemic antifungal agents targeting fungal growth or membrane integrity.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic in the southwestern U.S., northern Mexico, and parts of Central and South America; incidence rates vary but are increasing with climate change.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Residing or working in endemic areas, soil disturbance, immunosuppression, and pregnancy (third trimester).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases are self-limited; severe or disseminated cases have variable outcomes, with mortality up to 30% in untreated disseminated infections.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Dissemination to skin, bones, or meninges; chronic pulmonary disease; and meningitis.

Cryptococcosis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Fungal Infections

Sub-category: Opportunistic Mycoses

Symptoms:
fever; headache; nausea; vomiting; altered mental status; neck stiffness in meningitis; cough; chest pain

Root Cause:
Infection by Cryptococcus neoformans or Cryptococcus gattii, typically through inhalation of spores, often affecting immunocompromised individuals.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
India ink staining, cryptococcal antigen testing, fungal cultures, or molecular diagnostics.

Treatment:
Induction therapy with amphotericin B and flucytosine, followed by maintenance therapy with fluconazole.

Medications:
Amphotericin B (polyenes), flucytosine (antifungal antimetabolite), and fluconazole (azole antifungal). These target fungal membranes or DNA synthesis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common opportunistic infection in HIV/AIDS patients, with significant global burden in low-resource settings.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
HIV/AIDS, organ transplantation, corticosteroid use, and other immunosuppressive conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early treatment significantly improves outcomes, though CNS involvement can lead to high mortality (up to 70% in severe untreated cases).

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cryptococcal meningitis, hydrocephalus, vision loss, and neurological deficits.

Viral Pharyngitis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: HEENT Infections

Symptoms:
sore throat; fever; cough; congestion; hoarseness; fatigue

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the pharynx caused by viral pathogens like rhinovirus, adenovirus, or Epstein-Barr virus.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms; throat swab to rule out bacterial infections.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, analgesics, and rest.

Medications:
Analgesics like ibuprofen or acetaminophen ; throat lozenges for symptom relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely common, especially during cold and flu seasons.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact, crowded environments, weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; symptoms resolve in 5-7 days with supportive care.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare but can include secondary bacterial infections or progression to lower respiratory tract infections.

Aspiration Pneumonitis and Pneumonia

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
cough; fever; dyspnea (shortness of breath); chest pain; wheezing; fatigue; sputum production

Root Cause:
Inhalation of gastric contents, oral secretions, or foreign materials into the lower respiratory tract, causing inflammation or infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history of aspiration, imaging (chest X-ray, CT scan showing infiltrates in dependent lung areas), sputum culture, and bronchoscopy if necessary.

Treatment:
Supportive care, antibiotics for infection, oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation if severe. Prevention through swallowing rehabilitation or feeding tube placement if indicated.

Medications:
Antibiotics such as clindamycin (lincosamide antibiotic), ampicillin-sulbactam (penicillin combination), or metronidazole (nitroimidazole antibiotic) in combination with other agents to cover anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in hospitalized patients, particularly in those with dysphagia, neurological disorders, or altered mental status.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, impaired swallowing, altered consciousness, alcohol abuse, GERD, and prolonged immobility.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies; aspiration pneumonitis often resolves with supportive care, while pneumonia may lead to complications without appropriate treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Lung abscess, respiratory failure, sepsis, or chronic aspiration leading to pulmonary fibrosis.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organism-Specific Therapy

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
symptoms vary by pathogen; fever; cough; dyspnea; chest pain; chills

Root Cause:
Tailored treatment based on the identified causative organism of CAP, ensuring pathogen-directed therapy for optimal outcomes.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Specific pathogen detection via blood culture, sputum culture, PCR, urine antigen tests (e.g., for Legionella or Streptococcus pneumoniae).

Treatment:
Antibiotic regimen refined based on culture and sensitivity results, considering pathogen resistance patterns.

Medications:
Streptococcus pneumoniae - Beta-lactams like amoxicillin or ceftriaxone . Haemophilus influenzae - Amoxicillin-clavulanate or cefuroxime . Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae - Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin ) or doxycycline . Legionella pneumophila - Fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin ) or macrolides. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - Vancomycin or linezolid .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Organism-specific therapy is applied after pathogen identification, which occurs in up to 30–40% of CAP cases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Pathogen exposure, prior hospitalizations, travel, or animal contact.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with pathogen-directed therapy; delays in pathogen identification may worsen outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to respiratory failure, sepsis, or organ dysfunction if treatment is delayed or ineffective.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; loss of taste or smell; muscle aches; sore throat; headache; congestion or runny nose; nausea or vomiting; diarrhea

Root Cause:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causing inflammation, immune response dysregulation, and damage to lung and other organ tissues.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through a combination of clinical symptoms, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antigen tests, chest imaging (e.g., chest X-rays or CT scans showing ground-glass opacities), and blood tests indicating inflammation or coagulopathy.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting organ function. Includes antiviral medications, corticosteroids, anticoagulation therapy, and supportive care (e.g., oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation if needed). Vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis are also key preventive measures.

Medications:
Antiviral medications - Remdesivir (nucleotide analog), Paxlovid (combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir ), and molnupiravir (nucleoside analog). Corticosteroids - Dexamethasone is used to reduce inflammation in severe cases. Anticoagulants - Low-molecular-weight heparin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) to prevent thromboembolism. Immunomodulators - Tocilizumab (IL-6 receptor antagonist) or baricitinib (JAK inhibitor) in severe inflammatory cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
A global pandemic affecting hundreds of millions of people since its emergence in late 2019. Prevalence varies by region, vaccination rates, and public health measures.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, immunosuppression, and being unvaccinated or undervaccinated.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The majority of cases are mild to moderate, with recovery expected in a few weeks. Severe or critical cases can lead to long-term complications or death. Prognosis is improved with early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and vaccination.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), thromboembolic events (e.g., pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis), myocarditis, long COVID (persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months), kidney injury, neurological complications, and secondary infections.

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; muscle aches; headache; cough; difficulty breathing; rapidly progressive respiratory failure

Root Cause:
Severe viral infection caused by hantavirus, transmitted through inhalation of aerosolized rodent urine, feces, or saliva.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Serology for hantavirus antibodies, reverse transcription PCR, clinical history of rodent exposure, and imaging studies showing pulmonary edema.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress and fluid management.

Medications:
No specific antiviral medications; ribavirin is being studied for potential use in some cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, primarily in rural areas of the Americas with exposure to rodent habitats.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to rodent droppings, occupational risks (e.g., farming, construction), and camping or hiking in endemic regions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Mortality rate is around 35-50%; early supportive care improves outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, hypotensive shock, and multi-organ failure.

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) and Ventilator-Associated Event (VAE) Empiric Therapy

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Nosocomial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; increased respiratory secretions; new or worsening infiltrates on chest x-rays; cough; shortness of breath; elevated white blood cell count

Root Cause:
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, or MRSA due to prolonged hospital stay or mechanical ventilation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical suspicion, imaging studies, and microbiological culture from respiratory secretions.

Treatment:
Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics based on local antibiograms, later narrowed by culture results.

Medications:
Piperacillin-tazobactam (beta-lactam), vancomycin (glycopeptide), or meropenem (carbapenem).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common nosocomial infection, especially in ICU settings; incidence is approximately 5-15% among intubated patients.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Mechanical ventilation, prolonged hospitalization, immunosuppression, prior antibiotic use, and invasive procedures.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies based on pathogen and promptness of treatment; higher mortality rates in multidrug-resistant infections.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and prolonged hospitalization.

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (Nosocomial Pneumonia) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Nosocomial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; increased or purulent respiratory secretions; dyspnea; cough; lung infiltrates on imaging; hypoxemia

Root Cause:
Infections caused by bacterial pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, or Staphylococcus aureus, often due to prolonged intubation or inadequate sterile procedures.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation, microbiological analysis of respiratory samples, imaging, and clinical scoring systems (e.g., CPIS).

Treatment:
Targeted antibiotic therapy based on culture results and supportive care.

Medications:
Linezolid (oxazolidinone), ceftazidime-avibactam (beta-lactam), or tobramycin (aminoglycoside).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Among the most common hospital-acquired infections; approximately 25% of ICU patients on ventilators are affected.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged mechanical ventilation, sedation, immobility, poor oral hygiene, and broad-spectrum antibiotic use.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Mortality rates vary but can exceed 30% in severe cases; timely and effective treatment improves outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sepsis, organ failure, prolonged ICU stay, and resistance to multiple antibiotics.

Human Metapneumovirus

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
cough; runny nose; fever; sore throat; shortness of breath; wheezing

Root Cause:
Viral infection of the respiratory tract caused by human metapneumovirus, particularly affecting children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing of nasal or throat swabs, viral cultures, or serological testing for specific antibodies.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, antipyretics, and oxygen therapy for severe cases.

Medications:
No specific antiviral therapy; ribavirin has been studied in severe cases, but its use is not standardized.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common cause of respiratory infections, particularly in winter and spring; contributes to 5-10% of pediatric hospitalizations for acute respiratory illness.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age extremes, daycare or school exposure, chronic respiratory or cardiovascular diseases, and immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good, with most cases resolving spontaneously; severe outcomes possible in high-risk groups.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and secondary bacterial infections.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; muscle pain; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; abdominal pain

Root Cause:
Caused by the MERS-CoV coronavirus, transmitted through respiratory droplets or contact with infected individuals or camels. Severe cases involve acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on PCR testing for MERS-CoV in respiratory samples, chest imaging to detect pneumonia or ARDS, and serologic tests.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation in severe cases, and treatment of secondary infections. No specific antiviral therapy is widely accepted.

Medications:
Experimental - Antivirals (e.g., ribavirin ) combined with interferon have been investigated but are not standard treatments. Supportive medications - Antipyretics for fever, and bronchodilators for respiratory relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Outbreaks have primarily occurred in the Middle East. Limited cases in other regions due to travel-associated spread. Mortality rates range from 30-40%.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with camels, healthcare exposure to infected individuals, age over 50, pre-existing chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart disease).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Severe cases can progress to multi-organ failure and death, particularly in high-risk groups. Mild cases may resolve with symptomatic management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
ARDS, septic shock, renal failure, and long-term pulmonary complications in survivors.

Nursing Home Acquired Pneumonia (NHAP)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
cough; fever; shortness of breath; chest pain; confusion or altered mental status in elderly patients; fatigue; weakness

Root Cause:
Pneumonia occurring in nursing home residents due to increased exposure to pathogens, aspiration, and weakened immune defenses. Common causative agents include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, chest X-ray showing infiltrates, sputum culture, blood tests indicating infection (elevated white blood cell count, CRP), and pulse oximetry to assess oxygen levels.

Treatment:
Empirical antibiotic therapy tailored to likely pathogens, oxygen supplementation, hydration, and management of comorbidities.

Medications:
Antibiotics - Beta-lactams (e.g., ceftriaxone ), macrolides (e.g., azithromycin ), or fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin ). These are selected based on the patient’s condition and local antimicrobial resistance patterns. Supportive medications - Antipyretics for fever and bronchodilators for airway relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
One of the most common infections in nursing home residents, with a significant impact on morbidity and mortality in this population.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, immobility, chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, COPD), malnutrition, aspiration, and use of feeding tubes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis varies based on promptness of treatment, severity of pneumonia, and the patient’s underlying health. Mortality rates range from 10-30%.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, sepsis, empyema, and exacerbation of chronic conditions.

Tularemia

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; chills; cough; difficulty breathing; chest pain; ulcerated skin lesions; swollen lymph nodes; fatigue

Root Cause:
Caused by Francisella tularensis, a bacterium transmitted through insect bites, contact with infected animals, inhalation, or contaminated water/food.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Serologic testing for F. tularensis antibodies, PCR, or culture from blood or tissue samples. Chest imaging for pulmonary involvement.

Treatment:
Antibiotic therapy is the cornerstone of treatment, with supportive care for symptoms.

Medications:
Antibiotics - Streptomycin or gentamicin (aminoglycosides) are first-line treatments. Doxycycline or ciprofloxacin may be used as alternatives.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare but can occur sporadically, especially in regions with high exposure to ticks or rabbits.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Handling infected animals, tick bites, laboratory exposure, and drinking untreated water.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with timely treatment; untreated cases can have a mortality rate of up to 30%.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, sepsis, chronic fatigue, and long-term organ damage.

Viral Pneumonia

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; muscle aches; chills; headache

Root Cause:
Lung infection caused by viruses, such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or coronaviruses, leading to inflammation of lung tissues and impaired oxygen exchange.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR or antigen testing for the causative virus, chest X-ray or CT scan showing diffuse infiltrates, and blood tests for markers of inflammation.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including oxygen therapy, hydration, fever management, and antivirals in some cases.

Medications:
Antivirals - Oseltamivir for influenza , ribavirin for RSV in severe cases. Supportive medications - Antipyretics and bronchodilators for symptom relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common during viral outbreaks, such as seasonal influenza epidemics. RSV is particularly prevalent in young children and older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, advanced age, chronic diseases (e.g., asthma, COPD, heart disease), smoking, and immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases are mild and self-limiting. Severe cases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, can lead to high mortality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, bacterial superinfection, ARDS, and chronic respiratory problems.

Miliary Tuberculosis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Mycobacterial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; night sweats; weight loss; general malaise; cough; difficulty breathing; enlarged liver or spleen; anemia

Root Cause:
Disseminated infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to small nodular lesions in multiple organs due to hematogenous spread.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray or CT scan showing millet-seed-like lesions, sputum culture, blood culture, liver biopsy, and tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA).

Treatment:
Long-term combination therapy with first-line anti-tuberculosis medications, typically for 6-9 months. Supportive care and management of complications.

Medications:
First-line medications include isoniazid , rifampin , pyrazinamide , and ethambutol . Steroids may be added in cases of severe inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Less common than pulmonary TB; often seen in immunocompromised individuals, particularly in areas with high TB burden.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
HIV infection, immunosuppressive therapy, chronic diseases, malnutrition, and living in or traveling to endemic regions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early treatment improves outcomes, but untreated cases can be fatal due to organ failure.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, organ damage (e.g., liver, spleen), septic shock, and meningitis.

Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Parasitic Infections

Symptoms:
rash or itchy skin; fever; chills; cough; abdominal pain; diarrhea; blood in urine or stool; fatigue

Root Cause:
Caused by infection with Schistosoma parasites, transmitted through contact with freshwater containing the larval form of the parasite.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Stool or urine examination for eggs, serological tests, and imaging for organ involvement.

Treatment:
Antiparasitic medication is the main treatment, along with supportive care for complications.

Medications:
Praziquantel is the drug of choice, classified as an antiparasitic.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects over 200 million people worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to freshwater in endemic areas, lack of clean water access, poor sanitation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early treatment; chronic cases may lead to long-term organ damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Liver fibrosis, bladder cancer, infertility, and increased risk of portal hypertension.

Toxocariasis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Parasitic Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; abdominal pain; wheezing; blurred vision

Root Cause:
Caused by larvae of Toxocara species, transmitted via ingestion of soil contaminated with animal feces.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for antibodies, imaging for organ involvement, and clinical symptoms.

Treatment:
Antiparasitic drugs and corticosteroids for severe inflammation.

Medications:
Albendazole or mebendazole , both classified as antiparasitics.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Found worldwide; higher prevalence in areas with poor sanitation.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Contact with contaminated soil, owning pets not dewormed regularly.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; severe cases may result in long-term organ damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Ocular toxocariasis leading to vision loss, and visceral involvement causing organ damage.

Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Viral Infections

Symptoms:
high fever; cough; difficulty breathing; muscle aches; conjunctivitis; diarrhea; neurological symptoms in severe cases

Root Cause:
Caused by avian influenza viruses, primarily H5N1 and H7N9 subtypes, transmitted from infected birds to humans.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing, viral culture, or antigen detection from respiratory specimens.

Treatment:
Antiviral medications like oseltamivir or zanamivir. Supportive care may include oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation in severe cases.

Medications:
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu ) and zanamivir (Relenza ), which are neuraminidase inhibitors classified as antiviral agents.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sporadic; occurs in regions with close contact between humans and infected birds.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Contact with infected poultry, live bird markets, and poor biosecurity measures.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
High mortality rate, especially in H5N1 cases (about 60% case fatality rate). Early treatment improves outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, and death.

COVID-19 Reinfections

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; loss of taste or smell; headaches; muscle aches

Root Cause:
Reinfections occur when an individual contracts SARS-CoV-2 again after recovery, potentially due to waning immunity or new variants evading immunity.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antigen tests confirming a new infection, with prior documented infection and recovery. Whole-genome sequencing can differentiate reinfection from prolonged viral shedding.

Treatment:
Supportive care, antivirals (e.g., remdesivir), monoclonal antibodies, and symptomatic management depending on severity.

Medications:
Antivirals like remdesivir , nirmatrelvir /ritonavir (Paxlovid ), monoclonal antibodies (e.g., sotrovimab , bebtelovimab ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Becoming more common globally as new variants emerge; varies by region and vaccination status.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Waning immunity, lack of vaccination, exposure to highly transmissible variants, immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most reinfections are mild, especially in vaccinated individuals; severe outcomes are rare but possible in high-risk populations.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe respiratory disease, long COVID, organ dysfunction in severe cases.

Enterovirus D68

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Respiratory Viruses

Sub-category: Enteroviruses

Symptoms:
fever; cough; wheezing; shortness of breath; runny nose; muscle aches; acute flaccid myelitis (rare)

Root Cause:
Respiratory and occasionally neurological illness caused by Enterovirus D68, leading to inflammation in the respiratory tract or nervous system.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swabs or throat samples; clinical correlation with respiratory symptoms and neurological signs in rare cases.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including oxygen therapy for respiratory distress; mechanical ventilation in severe cases.

Medications:
No specific antiviral medications; supportive care includes bronchodilators for wheezing and corticosteroids for severe inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Seasonal outbreaks, particularly in children, with periodic spikes globally.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, asthma, or other chronic respiratory conditions; exposure to infected individuals in schools or daycare centers.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases resolve with supportive care; rare cases of acute flaccid myelitis may lead to long-term disability.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), respiratory failure, and secondary infections.

H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Respiratory Infections

Sub-category: Seasonal Influenza Variants

Symptoms:
fever; cough; sore throat; runny or stuffy nose; myalgia; fatigue; chills; headache

Root Cause:
A strain of influenza A virus that causes respiratory infection with potential for severe pulmonary complications.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs), PCR for influenza RNA, clinical presentation during outbreak seasons.

Treatment:
Antiviral therapy (e.g., oseltamivir or zanamivir), supportive care (hydration, rest, antipyretics).

Medications:
Oseltamivir (neuraminidase inhibitor), zanamivir (neuraminidase inhibitor), antipyretics like acetaminophen or ibuprofen .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Responsible for the 2009 pandemic; seasonal outbreaks continue.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young children, elderly individuals, pregnant women, and those with chronic medical conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent in mild cases with timely treatment; severe cases can result in hospitalization or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), secondary bacterial infections, and multi-organ failure in severe cases.

Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV) and Other Parainfluenza Viruses

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; runny nose; wheezing; difficulty breathing; sore throat

Root Cause:
HPIVs cause respiratory infections, primarily affecting the upper and lower respiratory tracts. They can cause croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, and confirmation can be made through PCR tests, viral cultures, or rapid antigen tests.

Treatment:
Treatment is symptomatic, including hydration, fever management, and respiratory support. In severe cases, supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation may be necessary.

Medications:
Antiviral drugs are not typically used. Supportive medications, such as bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ) or corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) for inflammation, may be prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
HPIV is common, particularly in children under 5, and outbreaks occur annually, typically in the fall and winter months.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age (especially infants), weakened immune system, and preexisting respiratory conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover without long-term complications, but the elderly and immunocompromised individuals may experience more severe disease.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can lead to pneumonia, respiratory distress, and other severe respiratory issues in vulnerable populations.

Pharyngoconjunctival Fever (PCF)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
sore throat; conjunctivitis (pink eye); fever; headache; cough; runny nose; mild swelling of lymph nodes

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the pharynx and conjunctiva caused by an adenovirus infection, often affecting children and adolescents.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily clinical based on symptoms; laboratory tests, such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) or viral culture, can confirm adenovirus infection.

Treatment:
Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. This includes hydration, rest, and the use of over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen) for fever and discomfort.

Medications:
There are no specific antiviral medications for PCF, but over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be used to manage symptoms. These medications are classified as antipyretics and analgesics.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
PCF is common, particularly in school-aged children and during outbreaks. It occurs worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, crowded environments like schools and daycare centers, and weakened immune systems increase susceptibility.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The condition is typically self-limited and resolves within 1-2 weeks without complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare, but potential complications may include secondary bacterial infections like bacterial conjunctivitis or otitis media. In very rare cases, adenovirus can lead to more severe outcomes such as pneumonia or encephalitis.

Picornavirus Infections

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
fever; muscle aches; headache; sore throat; runny nose; cough; gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea)

Root Cause:
Picornaviruses (such as enteroviruses and rhinoviruses) cause a range of infections, affecting the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed by laboratory tests such as PCR or viral culture. Clinical evaluation is based on symptoms.

Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment is the main approach, including rest, hydration, and use of analgesics or antipyretics to alleviate fever and pain.

Medications:
Symptomatic treatment may include analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen ) and antipyretics (e.g., ibuprofen ) to manage fever and discomfort.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Picornavirus infections are common worldwide, especially in children.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, crowded living conditions, and compromised immune systems.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The infection is usually self-limiting and resolves within a week or two. Most individuals recover fully.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe complications are rare but may include meningitis, encephalitis, or respiratory failure, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
sore throat; runny nose; cough; sneezing; congestion; mild fever; headache; fatigue

Root Cause:
Rhinovirus infects the upper respiratory tract, causing inflammation and an immune response.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and clinical evaluation. Testing may be performed to confirm the presence of rhinovirus.

Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to relieve symptoms such as pain and congestion.

Medications:
Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen (a pain reliever and fever reducer), ibuprofen (anti-inflammatory), and decongestants (pseudoephedrine ) can be prescribed to relieve symptoms. These medications fall under analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and decongestants.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common, with millions of cases each year worldwide, especially in the fall and winter months.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to infected individuals, weak immune system, crowded environments, and cold weather.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally self-limiting with recovery within 7-10 days. Severe cases are rare.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections like sinusitis, ear infections, and bronchitis; exacerbation of pre-existing respiratory conditions like asthma.

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
sore throat; cough; nasal congestion; runny nose; fever; fatigue; headache

Root Cause:
Infection of the nose, sinuses, throat, or larynx, typically caused by viruses like rhinovirus, coronavirus, or influenza.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms; further testing may be done to identify the specific pathogen.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications for symptom relief.

Medications:
Acetaminophen (analgesic), ibuprofen (anti-inflammatory), decongestants (pseudoephedrine ), and antihistamines (diphenhydramine ) can be used for symptom management.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common, with millions of cases annually worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to infected individuals, crowded environments, weak immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically self-limiting, with symptoms resolving in 7-10 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections like sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

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