Condition Lookup
Speciality:
Dermatology
Number of Conditions: 101
Rosacea
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
facial redness; visible blood vessels; pustules or papules; thickened skin; eye irritation
Root Cause:
Chronic inflammatory condition involving vascular and immune dysregulation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical appearance and exclusion of similar conditions like acne.
Treatment:
Topical or oral medications, laser therapy for blood vessels.
Medications:
Topical metronidazole , ivermectin , azelaic acid, oral doxycycline , or isotretinoin for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 5–10% of the population, more common in fair-skinned individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Sun exposure, alcohol, spicy foods, and genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but manageable with treatment and lifestyle changes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Thickened skin (rhinophyma); Eye damage (ocular rosacea)
Alopecia Areata
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Hair and Scalp Disorders
Sub-category: Hair Loss Disorders
Symptoms:
sudden, round patches of hair loss; smooth, bald areas on the scalp or body; may include nail pitting or ridges
Root Cause:
Autoimmune attack on hair follicles, leading to non-scarring hair loss.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; trichoscopy and sometimes a scalp biopsy for confirmation.
Treatment:
Topical, intralesional, or systemic corticosteroids; immunomodulatory treatments for severe cases.
Medications:
Topical or intralesional corticosteroids (e.g., clobetasol , triamcinolone ). JAK inhibitors (e.g., tofacitinib ) – for severe cases. Minoxidil – to promote regrowth.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 2% of the population globally.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, autoimmune disorders (e.g., thyroid disease, vitiligo).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; spontaneous regrowth is possible, but relapses are common.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Psychological distress; Progression to alopecia totalis or universalis
Impetigo
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Bacterial Infections
Symptoms:
honey-colored crusted sores; red sores that burst and ooze; itching; commonly affects face and extremities
Root Cause:
Superficial skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination of characteristic lesions; bacterial culture in uncertain cases.
Treatment:
Topical or oral antibiotics, good hygiene to prevent spread.
Medications:
Topical antibiotics (e.g., mupirocin , retapamulin ). Oral antibiotics (e.g., cephalexin , dicloxacillin) for widespread infection.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in children, especially in warm, humid climates.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, poor hygiene, and skin injuries.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; resolves in 1–2 weeks.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cellulitis; Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis; Scarring in severe cases
Contact Dermatitis (Allergic and Irritant)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
redness; itching; swelling; blisters; dry, cracked, or scaly skin; burning sensation
Root Cause:
Inflammatory reaction triggered by direct skin contact with an irritant (irritant contact dermatitis) or allergen (allergic contact dermatitis).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical history, physical examination, and patch testing to identify allergens.
Treatment:
Avoiding irritants/allergens, using emollients to repair the skin barrier, applying topical corticosteroids for inflammation, and taking antihistamines for itching.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone , clobetasol ), oral antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine , loratadine ), and for severe cases, systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 15–20% of the population at some point.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupations with frequent exposure to irritants/allergens, atopic history, or sensitive skin.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with trigger avoidance and treatment; chronic exposure can lead to persistent dermatitis.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary skin infections; Chronic eczema; Lichenification
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
red, greasy patches with yellowish scales; itching; dandruff; affected areas include scalp, face, ears, chest, and back
Root Cause:
Overgrowth of yeast (Malassezia species) and inflammation, often influenced by genetic or environmental factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination based on characteristic appearance and distribution of lesions.
Treatment:
Antifungal treatments, medicated shampoos, and topical anti-inflammatory agents.
Medications:
Antifungal shampoos (e.g., ketoconazole , selenium sulfide), topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone ), calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus ), and keratolytics (e.g., salicylic acid).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 3–5% of the global population, more common in men.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Oily skin, stress, cold and dry weather, or certain neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but controllable with regular treatment; tends to relapse.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary infections; Psychological impact due to visible lesions
Psoriasis (Plaque, Guttate, Pustular, Inverse, Erythrodermic)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
red plaques with silvery scales (plaque psoriasis); small, drop-shaped lesions (guttate psoriasis); pus-filled blisters (pustular psoriasis); smooth, red patches in skin folds (inverse psoriasis); widespread redness and scaling (erythrodermic psoriasis)
Root Cause:
Chronic autoimmune disorder causing overactive T-cell response and accelerated skin cell turnover.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, skin biopsy (if needed), and evaluation of family history.
Treatment:
Topical treatments, phototherapy, systemic medications for severe cases.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs (e.g., calcipotriol), biologics (e.g., adalimumab , ustekinumab ), systemic agents (e.g., methotrexate , cyclosporine ), and phototherapy.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 2–3% of the global population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, infections, stress, obesity, smoking, and certain medications.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition; management focuses on reducing symptoms and preventing flare-ups.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Psoriatic arthritis; Cardiovascular diseases; Psychosocial stress
Lichen Planus
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
purple, flat-topped lesions; itching; white, lace-like patterns in the mouth (wickham’s striae); nail thinning or splitting
Root Cause:
Autoimmune reaction causing inflammation of skin and mucous membranes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, biopsy, and blood tests to rule out associated conditions like hepatitis C.
Treatment:
Topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and immunosuppressants for severe cases.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., clobetasol ), oral antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine ), systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ), or immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1% of the population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Middle age, genetic predisposition, and association with certain viral infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but often resolves within 1–2 years; oral lichen planus may persist longer.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Painful oral ulcers; Scarring alopecia; Nail damage; Increased risk of oral cancer
Pityriasis Rosea
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
herald patch (single, large lesion); smaller, oval lesions in a christmas tree pattern; mild itching
Root Cause:
Likely viral etiology (possibly linked to human herpesvirus 6 or 7).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination of characteristic lesions and exclusion of other conditions.
Treatment:
Typically self-limiting; symptomatic relief for itching.
Medications:
Antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine ), topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone ), or antiviral medications (e.g., acyclovir ) in severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in about 0.1–0.2% of the population, common in young adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Seasonal changes, viral infections, and stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves within 6–12 weeks; rarely recurs.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation; Severe itching
Lupus Erythematosus (Cutaneous and Systemic)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
butterfly-shaped facial rash; joint pain and swelling; photosensitivity; fatigue; oral ulcers; hair loss; systemic symptoms like kidney involvement (in systemic lupus)
Root Cause:
Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing inflammation and damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, blood tests (e.g., ANA, anti-dsDNA), and skin or organ biopsies.
Treatment:
Sun protection, topical or systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and antimalarials.
Medications:
Antimalarials (e.g., hydroxychloroquine ) – for systemic and cutaneous lupus. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) – for inflammation. Immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate , mycophenolate mofetil). Biologics (e.g., belimumab ) – for refractory cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 5–50 per 100,000 globally, more common in women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, hormonal factors, infections, and environmental triggers like UV light.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition with variable severity; systemic lupus can be life-threatening without treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Kidney damage (lupus nephritis); Cardiovascular disease; Neurological symptoms
Dermatomyositis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
heliotrope rash (purple discoloration on eyelids); gottron's papules (scaly bumps on knuckles); muscle weakness; fatigue; difficulty swallowing; photosensitivity
Root Cause:
Autoimmune attack on muscle and skin tissues, possibly triggered by infections or malignancies.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Muscle biopsy, skin biopsy, elevated muscle enzymes (e.g., CK), and EMG studies.
Treatment:
Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and physical therapy.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) – to control inflammation. Immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate , azathioprine ). Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) – for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
1–10 per million people annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Middle age, female gender, and association with malignancies.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early treatment improves outcomes but complications may arise.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Interstitial lung disease; Calcinosis; Cancer
Scleroderma
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
skin thickening and hardening; raynaud’s phenomenon; joint pain; swallowing difficulties; tightness around mouth and facial features
Root Cause:
Excessive collagen deposition in skin and internal organs due to autoimmunity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, ANA tests, and skin biopsies.
Treatment:
Symptom management with immunosuppressants and vasodilators for Raynaud's.
Medications:
Immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate , mycophenolate mofetil). Vasodilators (e.g., nifedipine ) – for Raynaud’s phenomenon. Proton pump inhibitors – for GERD symptoms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
50–300 cases per million people, more common in women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, exposure to certain chemicals, and infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic and progressive; prognosis depends on the extent of organ involvement.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary hypertension; Renal crisis; Cardiac involvement
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
painful blisters on skin and mucous membranes; raw, open sores; difficulty eating (oral blisters)
Root Cause:
Autoimmune attack on desmogleins (proteins in skin cells), leading to loss of cell adhesion.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy with direct immunofluorescence, and blood tests for anti-desmoglein antibodies.
Treatment:
Systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ). Immunosuppressants (e.g., rituximab , azathioprine ). Antibiotics – for secondary infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
1–5 cases per million people annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Middle-aged or elderly, genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Requires lifelong management; untreated cases can be fatal.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infections; Sepsis; Nutritional deficiencies
Bullous Pemphigoid
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
large, fluid-filled blisters; itchy, inflamed skin; blisters commonly on the arms, legs, and abdomen
Root Cause:
Autoimmune attack on hemidesmosomes, leading to detachment of the epidermis from the dermis.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy with direct immunofluorescence.
Treatment:
Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ). Immunosuppressants (e.g., azathioprine ). Tetracycline antibiotics – for anti-inflammatory effects.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
10–40 cases per million people annually, more common in the elderly.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, neurological conditions, or certain medications.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment, but relapses are common.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infections; Dehydration; Sepsis
Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
blistering rash; clusters of fluid-filled blisters; itchy or painful lesions; commonly affects lower abdomen, thighs, and mucous membranes
Root Cause:
Autoimmune attack on basement membrane proteins, causing separation between skin layers.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy with direct immunofluorescence showing linear IgA deposition.
Treatment:
Dapsone is the first-line treatment, along with corticosteroids for severe cases.
Medications:
Dapsone – anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) – for severe inflammation. Immunosuppressants (e.g., mycophenolate mofetil) – for refractory cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, approximately 0.5–2 cases per million people annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Drug reactions (e.g., vancomycin), genetic predisposition, and autoimmune conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; spontaneous remission may occur.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary infections; Scarring of mucous membranes
Vitiligo
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Pigmentation Disorders
Symptoms:
white patches on the skin; loss of pigmentation in hair, eyebrows, or eyelashes; typically symmetrical distribution
Root Cause:
Autoimmune destruction of melanocytes, leading to depigmented areas of skin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; Wood’s lamp examination to highlight depigmented areas.
Treatment:
Topical or systemic treatments to restore pigmentation or camouflage the skin.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., clobetasol ). Calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus ). Psoralen with UV-A therapy (PUVA).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1% of the global population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, autoimmune diseases (e.g., thyroid disorders).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition; treatment can stabilize or repigment skin in some cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Psychological distress; Sunburn on depigmented skin; Association with other autoimmune conditions
Morphea
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
localized patches of hard, thickened skin; discolored plaques; reduced mobility in affected areas (in deep morphea)
Root Cause:
Excessive collagen deposition in localized areas of the skin, leading to fibrosis.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, skin biopsy for confirmation.
Treatment:
Topical corticosteroids, phototherapy, or systemic immunosuppressants for severe cases.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., betamethasone ). Immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate ). Phototherapy (e.g., UVA1 therapy).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, about 0.4–2.7 cases per 100,000 people annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender, trauma, and certain infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
May resolve spontaneously over time; severe cases can leave permanent skin changes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Disfigurement; Contractures; Psychological distress
Erythema Multiforme
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
target-like red lesions; itching or burning; lesions on hands, feet, and mucous membranes; mild fever or malaise
Root Cause:
Hypersensitivity reaction, often triggered by infections (e.g., herpes simplex virus) or drugs.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination and exclusion of similar conditions; skin biopsy if uncertain.
Treatment:
Treat underlying cause (e.g., antivirals for herpes), supportive care, and corticosteroids for severe cases.
Medications:
Antivirals (e.g., acyclovir ) – for herpes simplex virus. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) – for inflammation. Antihistamines – for symptomatic relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 0.01–1% of the population; more common in young adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Herpes simplex infections, drug reactions, or genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally self-limiting in mild cases; recurrences may occur.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Painful mucosal erosions; Scarring
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Drug-Related Skin Reactions
Symptoms:
blisters and erosions on skin and mucous membranes; target-like lesions; fever and malaise
Root Cause:
Severe hypersensitivity reaction, often drug-induced, involving keratinocyte apoptosis.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical findings; biopsy to confirm.
Treatment:
Discontinuation of the offending drug; supportive care in severe cases.
Medications:
Corticosteroids or IVIG – for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; 1–6 cases per million annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Certain medications, HIV infection, genetic predisposition (e.g., HLA-B*1502 in Asians).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
High morbidity; mortality ranges from 5–10%.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sepsis; Organ failure; Scarring and chronic pain
Folliculitis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Bacterial Infections
Symptoms:
red, inflamed hair follicles; small pustules or papules; itching or tenderness; localized to areas of friction or shaving
Root Cause:
Infection or inflammation of hair follicles, commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or fungal organisms.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; culture for recurrent or resistant cases.
Treatment:
Topical antiseptics or antibiotics, improved hygiene, and avoiding friction.
Medications:
Topical antibiotics (e.g., mupirocin , clindamycin ). Antiseptic washes (e.g., chlorhexidine ). Oral antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline ) for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, particularly in areas prone to sweating and friction.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Shaving, tight clothing, hot tubs, and diabetes.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; resolves with treatment and preventive measures.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Abscess formation; Furunculosis; Scarring
Furuncles and Carbuncles
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Bacterial Infections
Symptoms:
painful, red, swollen lumps; pus drainage; fever and malaise in severe cases; carbuncles involve multiple interconnected boils
Root Cause:
Deep bacterial infection of hair follicles, typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; culture of drainage for recurrent or resistant cases.
Treatment:
Warm compresses, incision and drainage, antibiotics for severe cases.
Medications:
Oral antibiotics (e.g., clindamycin , trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) – if systemic symptoms or multiple lesions. Topical antibiotics (e.g., mupirocin ) – for localized infection.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in individuals with poor hygiene or conditions like diabetes.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Friction, excessive sweating, obesity, and immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves with appropriate treatment; recurrence is possible.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Abscess formation; Sepsis; Scarring
Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores and Genital Herpes)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
painful blisters or ulcers; burning or tingling sensation before lesions appear; cold sores around the mouth; genital sores in genital herpes; fever and malaise in severe cases
Root Cause:
Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 or HSV-2), characterized by latent and recurrent episodes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; PCR testing or viral culture for confirmation; serology for HSV antibodies.
Treatment:
Antiviral medications to reduce severity and recurrence.
Medications:
Antivirals (e.g., acyclovir , valacyclovir , famciclovir ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
HSV-1 affects approximately 67% of the global population, and HSV-2 affects about 13%.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, immunosuppression, and stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Recurrent but manageable; antivirals can reduce frequency and severity.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Keratitis (eye infection); Encephalitis; Neonatal herpes
Varicella (Chickenpox)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
itchy, blister-like rash; red spots that progress to fluid-filled blisters; fever; fatigue; loss of appetite
Root Cause:
Primary infection with Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation; PCR testing or serology in atypical cases.
Treatment:
Symptomatic care for most cases; antivirals for high-risk individuals.
Medications:
Antivirals (e.g., acyclovir , valacyclovir ) for severe cases. Antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine ) – for itching.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Highly contagious; incidence has decreased significantly with vaccination.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, unvaccinated status, and immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent in children; adults and immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk of complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Pneumonia; Encephalitis
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
painful, blistering rash along a single dermatome; burning or tingling sensation; fever; fatigue
Root Cause:
Reactivation of latent Varicella-Zoster Virus in sensory nerve ganglia.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; PCR testing or viral culture for confirmation.
Treatment:
Antiviral medications and pain management.
Medications:
Antivirals (e.g., acyclovir , valacyclovir , famciclovir ). Analgesics (e.g., ibuprofen , acetaminophen ) – for pain relief. Neuropathic pain medications (e.g., gabapentin ) – for post-herpetic neuralgia.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 1 in 3 people in their lifetime; more common in older adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, immunosuppression, and stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves in 2–4 weeks; post-herpetic neuralgia can persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Post-herpetic neuralgia; Ocular complications (if involving the eye); Dissemination in immunocompromised patients
Molluscum Contagiosum
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
small, flesh-colored or pink dome-shaped bumps with central dimpling; mild itching or redness; commonly affects face, trunk, and extremities
Root Cause:
Viral infection caused by the Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV), a member of the poxvirus family.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination based on characteristic appearance; biopsy in atypical cases.
Treatment:
Often self-limiting; physical removal or topical treatments in persistent cases.
Medications:
Topical therapies (e.g., cantharidin , imiquimod ). Cryotherapy – for lesion removal.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in children and immunocompromised individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, sharing personal items, and immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves spontaneously in 6–12 months; treatment accelerates clearance.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Spreading to other areas
Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
rough, raised lesions; common warts on hands and feet; flat warts on face or legs; plantar warts on soles of feet
Root Cause:
Infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV), causing overgrowth of keratinocytes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; biopsy for atypical lesions.
Treatment:
Physical removal, topical treatments, or cryotherapy.
Medications:
Topical salicylic acid – to soften and remove warts. Cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen) – to destroy warts. Immunotherapy (e.g., imiquimod ) – for persistent cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in children and young adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Direct contact with infected skin, immunosuppression, and cuts or abrasions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most warts resolve within 1–2 years; treatment accelerates resolution.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spread to other areas; Painful plantar warts; Recurrent infections
Measles (Skin Manifestation)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
red, blotchy rash starting on face and spreading downward; fever; cough; runny nose; koplik spots inside the mouth
Root Cause:
Viral infections caused by Measles Virus or Rubella Virus, transmitted via respiratory droplets.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation; PCR testing, serology for IgM antibodies.
Treatment:
Supportive care; prevention via vaccination.
Medications:
Supportive care (e.g., antipyretics like acetaminophen ). Vitamin A supplementation – for measles in malnourished children.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in vaccinated populations; outbreaks occur in areas with low vaccination coverage.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unvaccinated status, close contact with infected individuals, and travel to endemic areas.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Self-limiting in most cases; complications are more common in malnourished or immunocompromised individuals.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia; Encephalitis; Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (rare)
Rubella (Skin Manifestation)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
pink, maculopapular rash starting on face and spreading downward; mild fever; swollen lymph nodes; joint pain
Root Cause:
Viral infections caused by Measles Virus or Rubella Virus, transmitted via respiratory droplets.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation; PCR testing, serology for IgM antibodies.
Treatment:
Supportive care; prevention via vaccination.
Medications:
Supportive care (e.g., antipyretics like acetaminophen ). Vitamin A supplementation – for measles in malnourished children.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in vaccinated populations; outbreaks occur in areas with low vaccination coverage.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unvaccinated status, close contact with infected individuals, and travel to endemic areas.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Self-limiting in most cases; complications are more common in malnourished or immunocompromised individuals.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Congenital rubella syndrome in pregnant women; Arthritis
Ringworm
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
circular, red, scaly patches with central clearing; itching
Root Cause:
Superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton species).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical appearance, potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of skin scrapings, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical antifungals for mild cases; systemic antifungals for extensive or scalp infections.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , terbinafine ). Oral antifungals (e.g., griseofulvin , terbinafine ) – for scalp or widespread infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, humid environments, close contact with infected individuals, sharing personal items.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate treatment; recurrence is possible without preventive measures.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Chronic or recurrent infections
Athlete’s Foot
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
itching and burning between toes; cracked, peeling skin
Root Cause:
Superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton species).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical appearance, potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of skin scrapings, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical antifungals for mild cases; systemic antifungals for extensive or scalp infections.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , terbinafine ). Oral antifungals (e.g., griseofulvin , terbinafine ) – for scalp or widespread infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, humid environments, close contact with infected individuals, sharing personal items.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate treatment; recurrence is possible without preventive measures.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Chronic or recurrent infections
Jock Itch
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
itchy, red rash in the groin and inner thighs; scaly or flaky edges
Root Cause:
Superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton species).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical appearance, potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of skin scrapings, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical antifungals for mild cases; systemic antifungals for extensive or scalp infections.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , terbinafine ). Oral antifungals (e.g., griseofulvin , terbinafine ) – for scalp or widespread infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, humid environments, close contact with infected individuals, sharing personal items.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate treatment; recurrence is possible without preventive measures.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Chronic or recurrent infections
Fungal Infection of the Scalp
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
scaly patches of hair loss; itching; swollen lymph nodes in severe cases
Root Cause:
Superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton species).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical appearance, potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of skin scrapings, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical antifungals for mild cases; systemic antifungals for extensive or scalp infections.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , terbinafine ). Oral antifungals (e.g., griseofulvin , terbinafine ) – for scalp or widespread infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, humid environments, close contact with infected individuals, sharing personal items.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate treatment; recurrence is possible without preventive measures.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Chronic or recurrent infections
Onychomycosis (Fungal Nail Infection)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Nail Disorders
Sub-category: Nail Infections
Symptoms:
thickened, discolored nails; brittle or crumbly texture; nail separation from nail bed; debris under the nail
Root Cause:
Fungal infection of the nail plate or bed, commonly caused by dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum), yeasts, or molds.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, KOH preparation, or fungal culture of nail clippings.
Treatment:
Systemic or topical antifungal medications.
Medications:
Oral terbinafine or itraconazole – first-line treatments. Topical efinaconazole or ciclopirox – for mild cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in adults and older populations.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Diabetes, poor circulation, nail trauma, and prolonged moisture exposure.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; recurrence is common.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pain; Permanent nail deformity; Spread to other nails or skin
Candidiasis of Skin
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
red, moist patches with satellite pustules; itching and irritation; common in skin folds
Root Cause:
Overgrowth of Candida species, typically Candida albicans, in warm, moist environments or due to immunosuppression.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, KOH preparation, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical or systemic antifungals; address underlying risk factors.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , nystatin ). Oral antifungals (e.g., fluconazole ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in individuals with diabetes, weakened immune systems, or recent antibiotic use.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, moist environments, diabetes, immunosuppression, recent antibiotic or corticosteroid use.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; chronic or recurrent infections may occur if risk factors persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Systemic candidiasis in immunocompromised patients; Pain or discomfort in affected areas; Recurrent infections
Candidiasis of Oral (Thrush)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
white plaques on tongue and inner cheeks; soreness or burning sensation
Root Cause:
Overgrowth of Candida species, typically Candida albicans, in warm, moist environments or due to immunosuppression.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, KOH preparation, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical or systemic antifungals; address underlying risk factors.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , nystatin ). Oral antifungals (e.g., fluconazole ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in individuals with diabetes, weakened immune systems, or recent antibiotic use.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, moist environments, diabetes, immunosuppression, recent antibiotic or corticosteroid use.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; chronic or recurrent infections may occur if risk factors persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Systemic candidiasis in immunocompromised patients; Pain or discomfort in affected areas; Recurrent infections
Candidiasis of Vagina
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
thick, white discharge; itching and burning
Root Cause:
Overgrowth of Candida species, typically Candida albicans, in warm, moist environments or due to immunosuppression.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, KOH preparation, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical or systemic antifungals; address underlying risk factors.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , nystatin ). Oral antifungals (e.g., fluconazole ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in individuals with diabetes, weakened immune systems, or recent antibiotic use.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, moist environments, diabetes, immunosuppression, recent antibiotic or corticosteroid use.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; chronic or recurrent infections may occur if risk factors persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Systemic candidiasis in immunocompromised patients; Pain or discomfort in affected areas; Recurrent infections
Pediculosis (Lice)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Parasitic Infections
Symptoms:
intense itching on scalp, body, or pubic area; visible lice or nits (eggs) attached to hair shafts; red bumps or excoriations due to scratching
Root Cause:
Infestation by lice species (Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus corporis, or Pthirus pubis).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual identification of lice or nits; Wood’s lamp may help detect nits.
Treatment:
Topical pediculicides and manual removal of nits; wash clothing and bedding to prevent reinfestation.
Medications:
Topical permethrin 1% or 5% lotion – first-line treatment. Oral ivermectin – for resistant cases. Malathion or benzyl alcohol – alternative topical treatments.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common, especially in children and crowded living conditions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infested individuals, sharing personal items, poor hygiene.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; reinfestation is common without environmental control.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Scalp irritation or dermatitis
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Parasitic Infections
Symptoms:
painless skin sores or ulcers; raised edges and central crater; may heal with scarring
Root Cause:
Infection by Leishmania parasites transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy or lesion aspirate, microscopy, PCR, or culture to identify parasites.
Treatment:
Antiparasitic medications; treatment varies by species and region.
Medications:
Pentavalent antimonials (e.g., sodium stibogluconate). Amphotericin B – for resistant or severe cases. Miltefosine – oral therapy for certain forms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic in tropical and subtropical regions; affects millions globally.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living or traveling in endemic areas, exposure to sandflies, and poor housing conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Healing depends on the species and treatment; mucocutaneous forms can cause significant disfigurement.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Disfiguring scars; Spread to mucous membranes
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Parasitic Infections
Symptoms:
disfiguring lesions on mucous membranes; nasal and oral ulceration
Root Cause:
Infection by Leishmania parasites transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy or lesion aspirate, microscopy, PCR, or culture to identify parasites.
Treatment:
Antiparasitic medications; treatment varies by species and region.
Medications:
Pentavalent antimonials (e.g., sodium stibogluconate). Amphotericin B – for resistant or severe cases. Miltefosine – oral therapy for certain forms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic in tropical and subtropical regions; affects millions globally.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living or traveling in endemic areas, exposure to sandflies, and poor housing conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Healing depends on the species and treatment; mucocutaneous forms can cause significant disfigurement.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Disfiguring scars; Spread to mucous membranes
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Parasitic Infections
Symptoms:
itchy, red, serpiginous tracks on the skin; localized swelling and irritation; commonly affects feet, buttocks, or other areas in contact with contaminated soil
Root Cause:
Skin infestation by hookworm larvae (Ancylostoma braziliense or Ancylostoma caninum) from contaminated soil or sand.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical appearance of characteristic serpiginous lesions; history of contact with contaminated environments.
Treatment:
Oral or topical antiparasitic medications.
Medications:
Oral albendazole or ivermectin – first-line treatments. Topical thiabendazole – for localized lesions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in tropical and subtropical regions; travelers and locals are affected.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Walking barefoot on contaminated soil or sand, living in endemic areas.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; lesions typically resolve within a week.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Persistent itching or irritation
Hyperpigmentation (e.g., Melasma)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Pigmentation Disorders
Symptoms:
darkened patches of skin, typically on the face; irregular borders; symmetrical distribution; often exacerbated by sun exposure
Root Cause:
Overproduction of melanin by melanocytes, often triggered by sun exposure, hormonal changes, or medications.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; Wood’s lamp examination to assess depth of pigmentation.
Treatment:
Topical depigmenting agents, sun protection, and chemical peels.
Medications:
Topical hydroquinone – for skin lightening. Retinoids (e.g., tretinoin ) – for skin renewal. Azelaic acid or kojic acid – alternative depigmenting agents.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, particularly in women and those with darker skin tones.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Pregnancy, hormonal therapies (e.g., oral contraceptives), sun exposure, family history.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition; recurrences are common without sun protection.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Psychological distress; Persistent discoloration despite treatment
Albinism (Hypopigmentation)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Pigmentation Disorders
Symptoms:
complete or partial absence of melanin in skin, hair, and eyes; sensitivity to sunlight; vision abnormalities
Root Cause:
Genetic mutation affecting melanin production.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, family history, genetic testing (for albinism).
Treatment:
Sun protection, camouflage makeup; no cure for albinism.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors – for post-inflammatory cases. Vitamin D supplements – for albinism due to reduced sun exposure.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
1 in 17,000 to 20,000 people worldwide.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic inheritance (albinism), history of skin inflammation or injury.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Lifelong condition; manageable with precautions.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sunburn; Skin cancer; Vision problems
Post-Inflammatory Hypopigmentation
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Pigmentation Disorders
Symptoms:
localized light patches of skin following inflammation or injury
Root Cause:
Loss of melanocytes or reduced melanin production following skin trauma.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, family history, genetic testing (for albinism).
Treatment:
Sun protection, camouflage makeup; no cure for albinism.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors – for post-inflammatory cases. Vitamin D supplements – for albinism due to reduced sun exposure.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially after skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic inheritance (albinism), history of skin inflammation or injury.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often resolves over time.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Psychological distress due to cosmetic appearance
Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Pigmentation Disorders
Symptoms:
darkened patches of skin at sites of previous inflammation or injury; irregular borders; can affect any part of the body
Root Cause:
Overproduction of melanin in response to skin trauma, inflammation, or injury.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; differentiate from other hyperpigmentation causes.
Treatment:
Topical depigmenting agents, chemical peels, and sun protection.
Medications:
Topical hydroquinone – for depigmentation. Retinoids (e.g., tretinoin ) – to improve skin renewal. Azelaic acid or kojic acid – alternatives for skin lightening.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in individuals with darker skin tones.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Acne, eczema, psoriasis, or any condition causing skin inflammation.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Gradual resolution over months to years with treatment; recurrence possible if underlying cause persists.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent discoloration; Psychological distress due to cosmetic concerns
Seborrheic Keratosis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Tumors and Growths
Sub-category: Benign Tumors
Symptoms:
waxy, wart-like growths; brown, black, or tan color; typically round or oval shape; rough or smooth surface; commonly found on the trunk, face, or extremities
Root Cause:
Benign proliferation of keratinocytes, often associated with aging and genetic predisposition.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; dermoscopy to differentiate from malignant lesions; biopsy in uncertain cases.
Treatment:
No treatment necessary unless for cosmetic reasons or irritation; removal by cryotherapy, curettage, or laser.
Medications:
Not applicable; treatment is procedural.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common in adults over 50; prevalence increases with age.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, genetic predisposition, and sun exposure.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; lesions are benign and do not transform into cancer.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Irritation from friction or clothing; Cosmetic concerns
Lipomas
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Tumors and Growths
Sub-category: Benign Tumors
Symptoms:
soft, movable lumps under the skin; painless (usually); typically small, but can grow larger; most commonly on the trunk, shoulders, and neck
Root Cause:
Benign growth of mature adipose tissue within the subcutaneous layer.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; ultrasound or biopsy for atypical presentations.
Treatment:
Surgical removal for symptomatic or cosmetic reasons.
Medications:
Not applicable; treatment is surgical.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in about 1 in 1,000 people; most common in middle-aged adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, obesity, and minor trauma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; completely benign, with rare recurrence after removal.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cosmetic concerns; Discomfort if large or pressing on nearby structures
Epidermoid Cysts
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Tumors and Growths
Sub-category: Benign Tumors
Symptoms:
small, round, firm bumps under the skin; central punctum (blackhead-like opening); may ooze foul-smelling keratin if ruptured; commonly on face, neck, and trunk
Root Cause:
Benign cysts formed by keratin trapped beneath the skin due to blocked hair follicles or trauma.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; biopsy if atypical.
Treatment:
Incision and drainage for symptomatic cases; surgical excision to prevent recurrence.
Medications:
Not applicable; treatment is procedural.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, affecting individuals of all ages.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Trauma, acne, and genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; recurrence is rare after complete removal.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infection; Inflammation; Rupture
Dermatofibromas
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Tumors and Growths
Sub-category: Benign Tumors
Symptoms:
firm, small nodules under the skin; typically tan, pink, or brown; central dimple when pinched; commonly on legs or arms
Root Cause:
Benign fibrous growths in the dermis, often triggered by minor skin injuries or insect bites.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; dermoscopy or biopsy for atypical presentations.
Treatment:
No treatment required unless symptomatic; excision for cosmetic reasons or irritation.
Medications:
Not applicable; treatment is surgical.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, more frequent in adults and females.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Minor trauma or skin injuries.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; lesions are benign and stable.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cosmetic concerns; Rare irritation or pain
Cherry Angiomas
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Tumors and Growths
Sub-category: Benign Tumors
Symptoms:
small, red to purple spots on the skin; smooth or slightly raised; painless and non-itchy; most commonly on the trunk
Root Cause:
Proliferation of capillaries in the skin, associated with aging and possibly hormonal changes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; dermoscopy to confirm diagnosis.
Treatment:
No treatment required unless for cosmetic reasons; removal via laser therapy or electrocautery.
Medications:
Not applicable; treatment is procedural.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common, increasing with age; present in most adults over 30.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, genetics, and hormonal factors.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; lesions are benign and do not require intervention.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cosmetic concerns; Occasional bleeding if traumatized
Neurofibromas
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Tumors and Growths
Sub-category: Benign Tumors
Symptoms:
soft, skin-colored or brown bumps; painless, but may cause discomfort if large or pressing on nerves; commonly on the trunk, arms, and legs; associated with caf?au-lait spots in neurofibromatosis
Root Cause:
Benign tumors arising from peripheral nerve sheaths, often associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; imaging or biopsy for atypical or symptomatic cases.
Treatment:
No treatment required for asymptomatic lesions; surgical removal for large or symptomatic tumors.
Medications:
Not applicable; treatment is surgical or observational.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sporadic cases are rare; associated with neurofibromatosis in about 1 in 3,000 individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (genetic disorder).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent for isolated neurofibromas; prognosis depends on associated conditions in neurofibromatosis.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cosmetic concerns; Discomfort or pain; Rare malignant transformation in NF1
Actinic Keratosis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Tumors and Growths
Sub-category: Pre-Malignant Conditions
Symptoms:
rough, scaly patches on sun-exposed areas; red, pink, or brown lesions; sometimes tender or itchy; most commonly on face, ears, scalp, forearms, and hands
Root Cause:
Chronic sun exposure causing DNA damage in keratinocytes, leading to dysplasia.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; dermoscopy or biopsy to rule out squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).
Treatment:
Topical therapies, cryotherapy, or photodynamic therapy to remove lesions and prevent progression.
Medications:
Topical 5-fluorouracil – for keratinocyte dysplasia. Imiquimod – an immune response modifier. Diclofenac gel – anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 10% of adults, particularly in fair-skinned individuals over 50.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic sun exposure, fair skin, history of sunburns, immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; untreated lesions may progress to SCC in 5–10% of cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to squamous cell carcinoma; Cosmetic concerns
Dysplastic Nevi (Atypical Moles)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Tumors and Growths
Sub-category: Pre-Malignant Conditions
Symptoms:
irregularly shaped moles; variegated colors (brown, black, pink); asymmetry and uneven borders; most commonly on the trunk, scalp, or extremities
Root Cause:
Abnormal melanocyte proliferation, potentially triggered by UV exposure and genetic factors, with potential progression to melanoma.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination using the ABCDE criteria (Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolution); biopsy for suspicious lesions.
Treatment:
Monitoring for changes, surgical excision of suspicious or evolving moles.
Medications:
Not applicable; treatment is surgical or observational.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in individuals with fair skin or a family history of melanoma.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of dysplastic nevi or melanoma, chronic sun exposure, fair skin, and a large number of moles.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with monitoring and early intervention; dysplastic nevi themselves are benign but carry a higher risk for melanoma development.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to melanoma; Cosmetic concerns after excision
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Tumors and Growths
Sub-category: Skin Cancers
Symptoms:
pearly or translucent nodules; central ulceration or crusting; rolled edges; visible blood vessels on lesion surface; commonly on sun-exposed areas like face and neck
Root Cause:
Malignant proliferation of basal cells in the epidermis due to DNA damage from UV exposure.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, dermoscopy, and biopsy for confirmation.
Treatment:
Surgical excision, Mohs micrographic surgery, or topical therapies for superficial lesions.
Medications:
Topical imiquimod or 5-fluorouracil – for superficial BCC. Vismodegib – for advanced or metastatic BCC.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common skin cancer; lifetime risk is about 20% in fair-skinned individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic UV exposure, fair skin, history of sunburns, immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with early treatment; metastasis is extremely rare.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Local tissue destruction; Recurrence; Rare metastasis in neglected cases
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Tumors and Growths
Sub-category: Skin Cancers
Symptoms:
firm, scaly, or crusted lesions; ulceration or non-healing sores; rough patches or plaques; commonly on sun-exposed areas
Root Cause:
Malignant transformation of keratinocytes in the epidermis, often due to chronic UV exposure.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, dermoscopy, and biopsy for confirmation.
Treatment:
Surgical excision, Mohs surgery, or radiation therapy for inoperable cases.
Medications:
Systemic chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin ) – for advanced SCC. Immunotherapy (e.g., cemiplimab ) – for metastatic cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Second most common skin cancer; more frequent in older adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic UV exposure, fair skin, immunosuppression, and actinic keratosis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early detection; risk of metastasis increases with advanced lesions.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Metastasis to lymph nodes or distant organs; Local tissue destruction
Mycosis Fungoides (Cutaneous Lymphoma)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Tumors and Growths
Sub-category: Skin Cancers
Symptoms:
scaly red patches or plaques; itchy lesions; tumors in advanced stages
Root Cause:
Malignant proliferation of T-cells in the skin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy, blood tests for circulating malignant T-cells, and imaging for staging.
Treatment:
Topical therapies, phototherapy, systemic treatments, or stem cell transplantation for advanced cases.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids or retinoids (e.g., bexarotene ). Phototherapy (e.g., PUVA). Chemotherapy (e.g., methotrexate ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; Mycosis Fungoides accounts for about 50% of cutaneous lymphomas.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unknown; possible links to immune dysfunction or infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early-stage disease has a good prognosis, while advanced stages have a poorer outlook.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to systemic lymphoma; Severe itching and skin breakdown
Sezary Syndrome (Cutaneous Lymphoma)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Tumors and Growths
Sub-category: Skin Cancers
Symptoms:
diffuse redness and scaling of the skin; enlarged lymph nodes; circulating malignant t-cells in blood
Root Cause:
Malignant proliferation of T-cells in the skin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy, blood tests for circulating malignant T-cells, and imaging for staging.
Treatment:
Topical therapies, phototherapy, systemic treatments, or stem cell transplantation for advanced cases.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids or retinoids (e.g., bexarotene ). Phototherapy (e.g., PUVA). Chemotherapy (e.g., methotrexate ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; Mycosis Fungoides accounts for about 50% of cutaneous lymphomas.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unknown; possible links to immune dysfunction or infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early-stage disease has a good prognosis, while advanced stages have a poorer outlook.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to systemic lymphoma; Severe itching and skin breakdown
Androgenetic Alopecia
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Hair and Scalp Disorders
Sub-category: Hair Loss Disorders
Symptoms:
gradual thinning of hair on the crown and temples in men; diffuse thinning or widening part in women
Root Cause:
Genetic and hormonal influences, including increased sensitivity to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; trichoscopy and hormone testing in women if needed.
Treatment:
Topical or oral medications to slow progression and promote regrowth.
Medications:
Topical minoxidil – FDA-approved for men and women. Oral finasteride – for men. Spironolactone – for women (off-label).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 50% of men and women by age 50.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, hormonal changes.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but manageable; treatments slow progression.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cosmetic concerns; Psychological impact
Telogen Effluvium
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Hair and Scalp Disorders
Sub-category: Hair Loss Disorders
Symptoms:
diffuse hair shedding; thinning hair without bald patches; often triggered by stress, illness, or hormonal changes
Root Cause:
Disruption of the hair growth cycle, causing an increased number of hairs to enter the resting (telogen) phase.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history; scalp examination or trichogram.
Treatment:
Address underlying cause; supportive treatments like minoxidil in persistent cases.
Medications:
Minoxidil – in prolonged cases. Iron supplements – if iron deficiency is present.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially following significant stressors.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Stress, illness, childbirth, medications, nutritional deficiencies.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Self-limiting; resolves within 6–12 months in most cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Psychological distress; Chronic shedding in prolonged cases
Traction Alopecia
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Hair and Scalp Disorders
Sub-category: Hair Loss Disorders
Symptoms:
hair loss in areas under tension, such as hairline or temples; small, broken hairs in affected areas
Root Cause:
Chronic tension on hair shafts due to tight hairstyles or accessories.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; history of hair styling practices.
Treatment:
Avoidance of tight hairstyles, early intervention to prevent permanent loss.
Medications:
Topical minoxidil – to promote regrowth. Corticosteroids – if inflammation is present.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in individuals with tight hairstyles.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Tight hairstyles, braids, extensions, or cultural practices.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Reversible if detected early; prolonged tension can cause scarring and permanent loss.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Scarring alopecia; Permanent hair loss
Trichotillomania
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Hair and Scalp Disorders
Sub-category: Hair Loss Disorders
Symptoms:
irregular patches of hair loss; broken hairs of varying lengths; associated with compulsive hair-pulling behavior
Root Cause:
Behavioral disorder characterized by compulsive pulling of one’s own hair, often linked to stress or anxiety.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history and examination; psychiatric evaluation may be necessary.
Treatment:
Behavioral therapy, psychiatric medications, and supportive dermatologic care.
Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine ) – to manage underlying anxiety or OCD. N-acetylcysteine – shown to reduce pulling behavior in some cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1–2% of the population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Stress, anxiety, family history of OCD or related disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; improvement with therapy but relapses are common.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent hair loss; Skin infections; Emotional distress
Cicatricial Alopecia
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Hair and Scalp Disorders
Sub-category: Hair Loss Disorders
Symptoms:
patchy or diffuse hair loss; inflamed or scarred scalp; pain, itching, or burning sensations
Root Cause:
Inflammatory destruction of hair follicles, replaced by scar tissue.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Scalp biopsy to identify underlying inflammation or scarring.
Treatment:
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive treatments to prevent progression.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (topical, intralesional, or systemic). Immunosuppressants (e.g., hydroxychloroquine , methotrexate ). Tetracycline antibiotics – for anti-inflammatory effects.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; affects individuals of all ages.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune diseases, infections, or trauma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Irreversible hair loss in scarred areas; early treatment can prevent progression.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent hair loss; Cosmetic concerns
Hirsutism
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Hair and Scalp Disorders
Sub-category: Hair Growth Disorders
Symptoms:
excessive terminal hair growth in male-pattern areas (face, chest, back); often associated with acne or menstrual irregularities
Root Cause:
Androgen excess or increased sensitivity of hair follicles to androgens.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; hormone testing (e.g., testosterone, DHEAS).
Treatment:
Address underlying cause; medications to reduce androgen production or block receptors.
Medications:
Oral contraceptives – to suppress androgens. Anti-androgens (e.g., spironolactone , finasteride ). Eflornithine cream – to reduce facial hair growth.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 5–10% of women of reproductive age.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity, family history.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition; symptoms improve with treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cosmetic concerns; Psychological distress
Hypertrichosis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Hair and Scalp Disorders
Sub-category: Hair Growth Disorders
Symptoms:
excessive hair growth in non-androgen-dependent areas; can be localized or generalized
Root Cause:
Congenital or acquired conditions leading to abnormal hair follicle activity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination and review of medical history.
Treatment:
Hair removal methods (shaving, waxing, laser therapy); address underlying cause if acquired.
Medications:
None specific; treatment focuses on hair removal.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; varies based on etiology.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic mutations, medications (e.g., minoxidil, phenytoin), systemic conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; depends on underlying cause.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cosmetic concerns; Social or psychological impact
Seborrheic Dermatitis of the Scalp
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Hair and Scalp Disorders
Sub-category: Scalp Conditions
Symptoms:
flaky, greasy scales on scalp; itchy, inflamed skin; may involve eyebrows, beard, or ears
Root Cause:
Overgrowth of Malassezia yeast and immune response, influenced by genetics and environment.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; no specific tests required.
Treatment:
Antifungal shampoos and topical anti-inflammatory agents.
Medications:
Ketoconazole shampoo – antifungal. Topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone ) – for inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 3–5% of the population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Oily skin, stress, and neurological conditions (e.g., Parkinson’s).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but controllable with treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrence; Secondary bacterial infection
Scalp Psoriasis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Hair and Scalp Disorders
Sub-category: Scalp Conditions
Symptoms:
red, scaly plaques on scalp; silvery scales; itching or burning sensation
Root Cause:
Autoimmune disorder causing accelerated skin cell turnover and inflammation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; biopsy for confirmation in atypical cases.
Treatment:
Topical treatments, phototherapy, or systemic agents for severe cases.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids or vitamin D analogs (e.g., calcipotriol). Biologics (e.g., adalimumab ) – for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 2–3% of the population; scalp involvement is common.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, stress, and infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic; manageable with treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hair loss due to scratching or treatment side effects
Folliculitis Decalvans
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Hair and Scalp Disorders
Sub-category: Scalp Conditions
Symptoms:
inflamed hair follicles; pustules or scabs; patchy hair loss with scarring
Root Cause:
Chronic bacterial infection and inflammation leading to destruction of hair follicles.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; bacterial culture and biopsy.
Treatment:
Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory therapies.
Medications:
Oral antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline ). Topical antiseptics (e.g., chlorhexidine ). Corticosteroids – for inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, typically affects adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unknown; possible role of Staphylococcus aureus.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic; progression can be slowed with treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent scarring and hair loss
Paronychia (Bacterial or Fungal)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Nail Disorders
Sub-category: Nail Infections
Symptoms:
redness, swelling, and tenderness around the nail; pus-filled abscess in severe cases; thickened or discolored nail if chronic
Root Cause:
Infection of the nail fold, commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus (acute) or Candida albicans (chronic).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; culture or microscopy for confirmation.
Treatment:
Topical or oral antibiotics for bacterial cases; antifungals for chronic fungal cases.
Medications:
Topical mupirocin or clotrimazole – for mild infections. Oral antibiotics (e.g., cephalexin ) – for severe bacterial cases. Oral antifungals (e.g., fluconazole ) – for chronic fungal cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in individuals with frequent hand immersion or trauma.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Nail biting, frequent moisture exposure, trauma to the nail fold.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; chronic cases may require prolonged therapy.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Abscess formation; Permanent nail deformity
Beau’s Lines
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Nail Disorders
Sub-category: Nail Deformities
Symptoms:
horizontal grooves or indentations across the nail plate
Root Cause:
Temporary disruption of nail matrix activity due to systemic illness, trauma, or severe stress.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; history of recent illness or trauma.
Treatment:
Address underlying cause; no specific treatment for the lines themselves.
Medications:
Not applicable.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common following systemic illnesses (e.g., severe infections, chemotherapy).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Systemic illness, malnutrition, trauma, chemotherapy.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Lines grow out with normal nail growth.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cosmetic concerns
Koilonychia (Spoon Nails)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Nail Disorders
Sub-category: Nail Deformities
Symptoms:
concave, spoon-shaped nails; thin, brittle nails
Root Cause:
Often associated with iron deficiency anemia, but can also result from trauma or systemic conditions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; blood tests to check for anemia.
Treatment:
Treat underlying cause (e.g., iron supplementation for anemia).
Medications:
Iron supplements – for iron deficiency anemia.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in individuals with iron deficiency or malnutrition.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Iron deficiency anemia, malnutrition, or trauma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Improves with treatment of underlying condition.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent nail deformity if untreated
Clubbing
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Nail Disorders
Sub-category: Nail Deformities
Symptoms:
bulbous enlargement of fingertips; curved nail plate; increased angle between nail and cuticle
Root Cause:
Associated with chronic hypoxia or systemic diseases like lung, heart, or liver conditions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; evaluation for underlying systemic disease.
Treatment:
Treat underlying systemic disease; no direct treatment for nails.
Medications:
Not applicable.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies depending on prevalence of associated diseases.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic pulmonary or cardiovascular diseases, cirrhosis, or gastrointestinal disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the underlying condition.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression of associated systemic disease
Pitting
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Nail Disorders
Sub-category: Nail Deformities
Symptoms:
small, shallow depressions on the nail surface
Root Cause:
Abnormal keratinization in the nail matrix, commonly associated with psoriasis or other inflammatory conditions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; history of psoriasis or other systemic inflammatory conditions.
Treatment:
Topical treatments or systemic therapies for underlying psoriasis.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids or vitamin D analogs (e.g., calcipotriol). Biologic agents (e.g., adalimumab ) – for systemic psoriasis.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in patients with psoriasis (10–50%).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Psoriasis, alopecia areata, other inflammatory conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Improves with control of underlying disease.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent nail deformity; Cosmetic concerns
Subungual Melanoma
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Nail Disorders
Sub-category: Nail Tumors
Symptoms:
dark streak or discoloration under the nail; irregular pigmentation; nail destruction; bleeding or ulceration
Root Cause:
Malignant proliferation of melanocytes in the nail matrix.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; dermoscopy and biopsy for confirmation.
Treatment:
Surgical excision with wide margins; systemic therapies for advanced disease.
Medications:
Immunotherapy (e.g., pembrolizumab ) – for metastatic cases. Targeted therapy (e.g., BRAF inhibitors) – for certain mutations.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, more common in older adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
UV exposure, trauma, family history of melanoma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor if detected late; early detection improves survival.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Metastasis; Nail loss
Glomus Tumors
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Nail Disorders
Sub-category: Nail Tumors
Symptoms:
painful, bluish-red nodule under the nail; exquisite tenderness to cold; nail deformity
Root Cause:
Benign tumor of glomus bodies, which regulate thermoregulation in the skin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, imaging (MRI), or biopsy.
Treatment:
Surgical excision.
Medications:
Not applicable; treatment is surgical.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, often misdiagnosed.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
None known; sporadic occurrence.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with surgical removal.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrence; Persistent pain
Ingrown Toenails
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Nail Disorders
Sub-category: Other Nail Conditions
Symptoms:
pain and redness at the nail edge; swelling and inflammation; pus drainage in severe cases
Root Cause:
Nail grows into the surrounding skin, causing irritation or infection.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination.
Treatment:
Nail trimming, topical antibiotics, or surgical intervention in severe cases.
Medications:
Topical or oral antibiotics – for infected cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Improper nail trimming, tight shoes, or trauma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; recurrence is possible.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infection; Chronic pain
Leukonychia (White Spots)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Nail Disorders
Sub-category: Other Nail Conditions
Symptoms:
white spots or streaks on nails
Root Cause:
Minor trauma to the nail matrix; rarely associated with systemic conditions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination.
Treatment:
None required; resolves with nail growth.
Medications:
Not applicable.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Nail trauma, manicures.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cosmetic concerns
Onycholysis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Nail Disorders
Sub-category: Other Nail Conditions
Symptoms:
painless separation of the nail from the nail bed; white or yellow discoloration at the distal nail
Root Cause:
Trauma, fungal infection, or systemic conditions like psoriasis or thyroid disease.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; fungal culture if infection is suspected.
Treatment:
Treat underlying cause; avoid trauma to nails.
Medications:
Topical antifungals – if fungal infection is present.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Trauma, fungal infections, psoriasis, or thyroid disease.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good; resolves with treatment of underlying cause.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary infection; Persistent nail deformity
Ichthyosis Vulgaris
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Genetic Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Ichthyosis (Dry, Scaly Skin)
Symptoms:
dry, scaly skin; fine, white or gray scales on arms, legs, or trunk; thickened palms and soles; worsens in cold, dry weather
Root Cause:
Mutation in the FLG gene affecting filaggrin production, leading to impaired skin barrier and moisture retention.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; family history and genetic testing for confirmation.
Treatment:
Emollients, keratolytics, and topical retinoids to improve hydration and reduce scaling.
Medications:
Urea-based or lactic acid-based moisturizers – to soften scales. Topical retinoids – for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1 in 250 individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, atopic dermatitis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Lifelong condition; manageable with regular treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Skin infections due to barrier dysfunction; Psychological distress
Lamellar Ichthyosis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Genetic Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Ichthyosis (Dry, Scaly Skin)
Symptoms:
large, dark, plate-like scales; tightness of skin; ectropion (eyelid eversion); palmar and plantar thickening
Root Cause:
Mutations in genes like TGM1, leading to defective lipid metabolism and impaired skin barrier.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; genetic testing for confirmation.
Treatment:
Emollients, keratolytics, and systemic retinoids for severe cases.
Medications:
Urea-based or lactic acid-based moisturizers – to reduce scaling. Oral retinoids (e.g., acitretin ) – for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, about 1 in 100,000 individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autosomal recessive inheritance.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but manageable with consistent treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infections; Ectropion; Overheating due to impaired sweating
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Blistering Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
fragile skin that blisters easily; blisters form after minor trauma or friction; nail deformities and scarring in severe cases
Root Cause:
Genetic mutations affecting structural proteins (e.g., keratin, collagen) that provide skin integrity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy with immunofluorescence, genetic testing.
Treatment:
Wound care, prevention of trauma, and pain management.
Medications:
Topical antibiotics – to prevent infections. Pain relievers – for symptomatic relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, affecting approximately 20 per million live births.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic inheritance (autosomal dominant or recessive).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; depends on the type (mild to life-threatening).
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infections; Malnutrition; Skin cancer in severe forms
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Genetic Skin Disorders
Symptoms:
extreme sensitivity to sunlight; freckling and pigmentation changes; premature skin aging; high risk of skin cancer
Root Cause:
Defective DNA repair mechanisms after UV-induced damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical features, DNA repair studies, and genetic testing.
Treatment:
Strict UV protection, regular skin examinations, and removal of precancerous lesions.
Medications:
Topical sunscreens – to block UV radiation. Retinoids – to reduce precancerous lesions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, about 1 in 1 million individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autosomal recessive inheritance.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor without rigorous UV protection; high risk of early skin cancers.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Skin cancers; Blindness; Neurological deterioration
Neurofibromatosis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Genetic Skin Disorders
Symptoms:
café-au-lait spots; neurofibromas; axillary freckling; lisch nodules in the eyes
Root Cause:
Mutations in NF1 or NF2 genes causing abnormal cell growth in nerves and skin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; genetic testing for confirmation.
Treatment:
Monitoring for complications; surgical removal of symptomatic tumors.
Medications:
None specific; treatment focuses on managing symptoms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1 in 3,000 individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autosomal dominant inheritance.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; complications can affect quality of life.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Learning disabilities; Malignant transformation of neurofibromas
Darier Disease
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Genetic Skin Disorders
Symptoms:
greasy, wart-like plaques on seborrheic areas; nail abnormalities (e.g., v-shaped notches); foul-smelling lesions in intertriginous areas
Root Cause:
Mutation in the ATP2A2 gene affecting calcium regulation in keratinocytes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, family history, and biopsy.
Treatment:
Topical therapies, systemic retinoids for severe cases, and hygiene to prevent secondary infections.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids – for inflammation. Oral retinoids (e.g., acitretin ) – for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, about 1 in 50,000 individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autosomal dominant inheritance.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but manageable with treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary infections; Psychological distress due to cosmetic concerns
Hemangiomas
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Vascular Skin Disorders
Symptoms:
raised red or purple lesions; soft and compressible; rapid growth during infancy, followed by gradual regression
Root Cause:
Benign proliferation of blood vessels.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; imaging (e.g., ultrasound) in atypical cases.
Treatment:
Observation for most cases; beta-blockers for problematic lesions.
Medications:
Oral propranolol – to reduce size and color.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in infants; occurs in 4–5% of newborns.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Premature birth, female gender.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; most regress by age 10.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Ulceration; Bleeding; Cosmetic concerns
Port-Wine Stains
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Vascular Skin Disorders
Symptoms:
flat, red to purple patches; present at birth; darkens and thickens with age
Root Cause:
Malformation of dermal capillaries causing permanent dilation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; imaging for associated syndromes (e.g., Sturge-Weber).
Treatment:
Laser therapy for cosmetic improvement.
Medications:
None specific; treatment is procedural.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 0.3% of newborns.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Congenital vascular malformation.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Permanent without treatment; manageable with laser therapy.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Thickening and nodularity with age; Psychological impact
Spider Angiomas
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Vascular Skin Disorders
Symptoms:
central red papule with radiating blood vessels; blanches with pressure
Root Cause:
Dilation of superficial blood vessels.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination.
Treatment:
Electrocautery or laser therapy for cosmetic reasons.
Medications:
None required.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in children and pregnant women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Hormonal changes, liver disease.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Benign; resolves spontaneously in many cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cosmetic concerns
Livedo Reticularis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Vascular Skin Disorders
Symptoms:
net-like bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin; worsens with cold exposure
Root Cause:
Reduced blood flow to the skin due to vascular spasms or occlusions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; evaluate for systemic disease if persistent.
Treatment:
Address underlying cause; keep warm to prevent vasospasms.
Medications:
None specific unless associated with systemic disease.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common; often physiological in cold weather.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Cold exposure, autoimmune diseases.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good in physiological cases; varies with underlying condition.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Association with systemic vasculitis
Polymorphic Light Eruption
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Photosensitivity Disorders
Symptoms:
itchy red papules, plaques, or blisters; occurs hours to days after sun exposure; commonly affects arms, chest, and face
Root Cause:
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction to UV radiation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history; phototesting in uncertain cases.
Treatment:
Sun protection, topical corticosteroids for acute flares.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone ). Antimalarials (e.g., hydroxychloroquine ) – for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 10–20% of people, more common in women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
UV exposure, genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good; symptoms improve with sun protection.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent lesions with repeated exposure
Chronic Actinic Dermatitis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Photosensitivity Disorders
Symptoms:
eczema-like rash; thickened, scaly skin in sun-exposed areas; severe itching
Root Cause:
Chronic hypersensitivity reaction to sunlight.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, phototesting, and patch testing.
Treatment:
Strict sun protection, topical and systemic immunosuppressants.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids. Oral immunosuppressants (e.g., azathioprine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, chronic sun exposure.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; requires lifelong management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Skin thickening; Infections
Porphyrias
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Photosensitivity Disorders
Symptoms:
blisters on sun-exposed areas; fragile skin; hyperpigmentation; facial hair growth
Root Cause:
Enzyme defects in heme biosynthesis leading to porphyrin accumulation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Urine porphyrin levels, genetic testing.
Treatment:
Sun protection, avoidance of triggers, and medications to reduce porphyrins.
Medications:
Hydroxychloroquine – for porphyrin clearance. Beta-carotene – to reduce photosensitivity.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic inheritance, liver disease.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with strict management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic skin damage; Liver disease
Hyperhidrosis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Sweat Gland Disorders
Symptoms:
excessive sweating, localized or generalized; commonly affects palms, soles, and underarms; sweating unrelated to temperature or activity
Root Cause:
Overactive sweat glands due to hyperactive autonomic nervous system signals.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history and physical examination; iodine-starch test for affected areas.
Treatment:
Antiperspirants, botulinum toxin injections, or surgical interventions for severe cases.
Medications:
Topical aluminum chloride hexahydrate. Oral anticholinergics (e.g., glycopyrrolate ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 2–3% of the population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history; no clear triggers in primary hyperhidrosis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; lifelong management may be needed.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Skin infections; Social or psychological impact
Anhidrosis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Sweat Gland Disorders
Symptoms:
inability to sweat; overheating during physical activity or in hot environments; dry, flaky skin
Root Cause:
Dysfunction of sweat glands caused by nerve damage, skin conditions, or genetic factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history; thermoregulatory sweat test.
Treatment:
Manage underlying cause and avoid overheating.
Medications:
Not applicable; focus on symptomatic care.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Skin conditions (e.g., ichthyosis), neuropathy, or genetic disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; depends on the underlying condition.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heat exhaustion; Heatstroke
Miliaria (Heat Rash)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Sweat Gland Disorders
Symptoms:
small, itchy, red bumps or blisters; occurs in areas of sweat retention (e.g., neck, chest, or back); worsened by heat and humidity
Root Cause:
Blockage of sweat ducts leading to sweat retention and irritation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed clinically by observing characteristic small red or clear fluid-filled papules or vesicles in areas of skin occlusion or sweating, often triggered by heat or humidity, with no need for laboratory tests.
Treatment:
Cooling the skin, reducing sweating, and topical anti-itch treatments.
Medications:
Calamine lotion – for itching. Topical corticosteroids – for severe inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in infants and in hot climates.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Heat, humidity, prolonged sweating.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; resolves with cooling and appropriate care.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary infections
Chronic Pruritus
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Pruritus and Itching Disorders
Symptoms:
persistent itching lasting over six weeks; may involve any part of the body; often worse at night
Root Cause:
Associated with systemic diseases, skin disorders, or idiopathic causes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history; testing for underlying conditions.
Treatment:
Treat underlying cause; symptomatic relief with antihistamines or emollients.
Medications:
Antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine ) – for itching. Topical corticosteroids – for inflammatory causes.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in older adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Dry skin, systemic diseases (e.g., liver disease, kidney failure).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the cause; symptom management is often effective.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Skin damage from scratching; Infections
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Pruritus and Itching Disorders
Symptoms:
thickened, scaly skin plaques; intense itching; commonly affects neck, wrists, or ankles
Root Cause:
Chronic scratching or rubbing leads to localized skin thickening.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; biopsy if uncertain.
Treatment:
Topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and behavior modification to reduce scratching.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., betamethasone ). Antihistamines – for itching relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, particularly in individuals with chronic itching disorders.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Stress, eczema, or psoriasis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with consistent treatment; relapses are common.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Skin infections; Scarring
Prurigo Nodularis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Pruritus and Itching Disorders
Symptoms:
itchy, firm nodules; lesions commonly on arms and legs; skin thickening and darkening from chronic scratching
Root Cause:
Chronic itching and scratching, often linked to systemic or dermatologic conditions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history and examination; biopsy if needed.
Treatment:
Topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, or phototherapy.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids. Gabapentin – for neuropathic itching.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; more common in middle-aged adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Atopic dermatitis, systemic diseases, stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; improvement with treatment but relapses are common.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infections; Scarring; Psychological distress
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Blistering Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
fragile skin on sun-exposed areas; blisters and erosions on hands and face; hyperpigmentation and facial hair growth
Root Cause:
Deficiency in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase enzyme, leading to porphyrin accumulation and photosensitivity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Elevated porphyrin levels in urine or plasma.
Treatment:
Avoidance of triggers, phlebotomy, or low-dose hydroxychloroquine.
Medications:
Hydroxychloroquine – to reduce porphyrin levels.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, more common in individuals with liver disease or alcohol use.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Alcohol use, hepatitis C, iron overload, genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; relapses are possible.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Liver damage; Chronic blistering and scarring
Diabetes-Related Skin Changes
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Symptoms:
brown, scaly patches on shins (diabetic dermopathy); dark, velvety plaques in skin folds (acanthosis nigricans); delayed wound healing
Root Cause:
Poor circulation, insulin resistance, or chronic hyperglycemia affecting skin integrity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; evaluation of blood glucose levels.
Treatment:
Manage blood sugar levels, use emollients, and treat secondary infections.
Medications:
Insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents – to manage diabetes. Topical antibiotics – for secondary infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in individuals with poorly controlled diabetes.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Improves with good glycemic control.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic ulcers; Infections; Amputation in severe cases
Thyroid-Related Skin Disorders
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Symptoms:
dry, coarse skin; swelling in extremities (myxedema); brittle hair and nails; hair thinning
Root Cause:
Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism affecting skin metabolism and structure.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; thyroid function tests (T3, T4, TSH).
Treatment:
Correct thyroid hormone imbalance.
Medications:
Levothyroxine – for hypothyroidism. Antithyroid drugs (e.g., methimazole ) – for hyperthyroidism.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in individuals with thyroid disorders.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune diseases (e.g., Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Improves with thyroid treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent skin changes; Psychological distress
Cutaneous Sarcoidosis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Symptoms:
firm, red or purple plaques; lupus pernio (on the nose or cheeks); nodules or scars on the skin
Root Cause:
Abnormal immune response causing granuloma formation in the skin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, biopsy, and chest imaging.
Treatment:
Topical or systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressants for severe cases.
Medications:
Topical or systemic corticosteroids. Methotrexate – for systemic involvement.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, more common in African-American populations.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, exposure to certain environmental triggers.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; may resolve spontaneously or become chronic.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Scarring; Systemic organ involvement
Vasculitis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Symptoms:
palpable purpura; ulcers or necrosis; painful, red patches or plaques
Root Cause:
Inflammation of blood vessels, leading to tissue damage and skin manifestations.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, skin biopsy, and blood tests for systemic involvement.
Treatment:
Treat underlying cause, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants.
Medications:
Systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ). Immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclophosphamide ) – for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; varies by type of vasculitis.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune diseases, infections, medications.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on severity and response to treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Organ damage; Chronic ulcers
Drug-Induced Rash
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Drug-Related Skin Reactions
Symptoms:
red, itchy rash; maculopapular or urticarial lesions; widespread distribution
Root Cause:
Hypersensitivity reaction to medications.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history and elimination of suspected drug.
Treatment:
Discontinuation of the offending drug; antihistamines or corticosteroids for symptom relief.
Medications:
Antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine ). Systemic corticosteroids – for severe reactions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially with antibiotics or anticonvulsants.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Drug allergies, polypharmacy.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves upon drug discontinuation.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to severe reactions (e.g., SJS/TEN)
Fixed Drug Eruption
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Other Dermatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Drug-Related Skin Reactions
Symptoms:
recurrent, well-demarcated red patches; lesions often appear in the same location; may blister or darken over time
Root Cause:
Delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a drug.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history; re-challenge with suspected drug if necessary.
Treatment:
Discontinuation of the offending drug; corticosteroids for active lesions.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., clobetasol ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous reaction to a specific medication.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves after drug discontinuation; recurs with re-exposure.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent pigmentation changes