Condition Lookup
Speciality:
Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Number of Conditions: 73
Fibromyalgia
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Pain Syndromes
Symptoms:
widespread musculoskeletal pain; fatigue; sleep disturbances; cognitive difficulties (often called "fibro fog"); headaches; anxiety and depression
Root Cause:
A central sensitivity disorder where the brain and spinal cord process pain signals abnormally, leading to increased pain sensitivity. The exact cause is unclear, but genetics, infections, and physical or emotional trauma are considered potential triggers.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on history and physical examination. Blood tests to rule out other conditions. Tender point test (identifying specific areas of pain when pressed).
Treatment:
Medications (e.g., pain relievers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and stress management techniques. Exercise programs, especially aerobic and strength training. Sleep improvement strategies.
Medications:
Antidepressants such as duloxetine or milnacipran (SNRIs) can help reduce pain and improve mood. Gabapentinoids, such as pregabalin , are used for nerve pain and to improve sleep. Pain relievers, including NSAIDs or acetaminophen , to manage pain. Muscle relaxants for muscle spasms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2-4% of the population, primarily women between the ages of 30-60.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Gender (more common in women). Family history of fibromyalgia or other rheumatic conditions. Trauma or infections. Sleep disturbances and stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic, lifelong condition with periods of flare-ups and remissions. Symptoms can be managed but not cured.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain and fatigue can severely impact daily activities and quality of life. Coexisting mental health conditions like depression and anxiety.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Fatigue Syndromes
Symptoms:
persistent, unexplained fatigue that does not improve with rest; sleep disturbances; muscle pain and joint pain; headaches; difficulty concentrating (often referred to as "brain fog")
Root Cause:
The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to involve immune system dysfunction, viral infections, or hormonal imbalances. It is thought to be a complex disorder involving multiple systems of the body.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on symptoms and exclusion of other conditions. No specific tests; blood tests may be conducted to rule out other causes.
Treatment:
Symptom management with pain relievers, antidepressants, and anti-inflammatory medications. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy. Sleep management strategies. Lifestyle changes to manage fatigue and improve quality of life.
Medications:
Antidepressants such as fluoxetine (SSRI) to help manage pain and mood disorders. Pain relievers, such as NSAIDs or acetaminophen , for muscle and joint pain. Sleep aids, like melatonin or low-dose amitriptyline , for improving sleep quality.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.2-2% of the population worldwide, with a higher incidence in women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (most common in adults between 40-60 years). Gender (more common in women). Stressful events or trauma. Viral infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms are often lifelong, but severity can fluctuate. With treatment, many people experience improvement in symptoms.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe disruption of daily life and career. Co-occurring conditions like depression and anxiety. Reduced ability to perform daily activities or maintain relationships.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Arthritis
Symptoms:
joint swelling and pain, often in the knees, wrists, and ankles; morning stiffness; fever, sometimes with a characteristic daily pattern; rash; fatigue
Root Cause:
A chronic autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the joints, leading to inflammation and potential joint damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, blood tests (e.g., ESR, CRP), imaging studies (X-rays), and exclusion of other causes of arthritis.
Treatment:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) like methotrexate. Biologic therapies (e.g., TNF inhibitors, IL-6 inhibitors).
Medications:
Methotrexate (a DMARD), which helps control inflammation and prevent joint damage. Etanercept (TNF inhibitor), which reduces inflammation by targeting a key inflammatory mediator. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) for acute flare-ups.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1 in 1,000 children, with more cases in females.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of autoimmune diseases. Age (typically diagnosed before age 16).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Many children achieve remission or partial remission with treatment. Some may experience long-term joint damage and disability if untreated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Growth disturbances in children. Joint damage and deformities. Eye inflammation (uveitis), which can lead to vision problems.
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Disorders
Sub-category: Developmental and Congenital Bone Disorders
Symptoms:
hip instability; limping; limited hip movement in infants or young children
Root Cause:
Abnormal development of the hip joint, where the femoral head does not fit into the hip socket properly.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, ultrasound (in infants), and X-rays (in older children).
Treatment:
Pavlik harness for infants to hold the hip in the correct position. Surgery (e.g., hip reduction and hip arthroplasty) for severe cases or in older children.
Medications:
Typically, no specific medications; pain management can involve NSAIDs like ibuprofen .
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 1,000 live births, with higher prevalence in females.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Breech presentation during delivery, family history, first-born child, and swaddling.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early detection and treatment, most children will have normal hip development. Delayed treatment may lead to arthritis or hip deformity.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hip osteoarthritis in later life. Difficulty with walking or walking delay in untreated children. Hip joint instability or dislocation.
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Other Rheumatologic Disorders
Symptoms:
discoloration of fingers or toes (white, blue, or red); cold hands and feet; numbness or tingling in affected areas; pain or discomfort in the extremities during episodes
Root Cause:
Raynaud’s phenomenon is a disorder of the blood vessels, where smaller arteries constrict in response to cold or stress, leading to reduced blood flow to extremities.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on symptoms of color changes in fingers or toes. Blood tests may help identify underlying conditions (e.g., autoimmune disorders). Nailfold capillaroscopy or digital plethysmography can be used for further evaluation.
Treatment:
Avoidance of triggers (cold exposure, stress), calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine) to help dilate blood vessels, and sometimes vasodilators (e.g., nitroglycerin). In severe cases, medications like prostacyclin or endothelin receptor antagonists may be used.
Medications:
Calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine ), vasodilators, prostacyclin analogs, endothelin receptor antagonists — these medications help improve blood flow and prevent episodes.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 3-5% of the population, with higher prevalence in women (especially in younger individuals) and people with autoimmune diseases.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, cold climates, stress, smoking, and underlying autoimmune diseases (e.g., scleroderma, lupus).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The condition is often manageable, but in severe cases, it can lead to permanent damage to the affected tissues.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Ulcers or sores on affected fingers or toes, digital deformities, and in extreme cases, gangrene.
Crush injuries
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Trauma and Injury
Symptoms:
severe pain at the injury site; swelling and bruising; loss of function in the affected limb; numbness or tingling (suggesting nerve involvement); possible shock if the injury is severe; visible deformity
Root Cause:
Damage to tissues, bones, and organs due to prolonged or severe compression, often causing ischemia (reduced blood flow) and cellular damage. This can involve bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination of the site. Imaging studies (X-ray or CT scan) to check for fractures or soft tissue damage. Blood tests to check for signs of muscle injury or kidney involvement (e.g., creatine kinase levels, myoglobin in urine). Ultrasound for soft tissue damage evaluation/
Treatment:
Initial stabilization, including pain management, wound care, and immobilization. Surgical debridement to remove damaged tissue. Possible fasciotomy if compartment syndrome is suspected. Rehabilitation to restore function after healing.
Medications:
Analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen , NSAIDs) to manage pain. Opioids (e.g., morphine ) for acute, severe pain. Diuretics (e.g., furosemide ) in cases where there is kidney involvement to reduce the risk of renal failure due to myoglobin release. Antibiotics (e.g., vancomycin ) if there’s a risk of infection
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Crush injuries are commonly seen in industrial accidents, motor vehicle collisions, natural disasters (earthquakes), and building collapses.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupational hazards (e.g., construction or mining accidents). Vehicle accidents. Natural disasters or accidents (e.g., earthquakes). Alcohol or drug use leading to impaired mobility or judgment.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the severity of the injury, the amount of tissue involved, and how quickly treatment is administered. If significant muscle or organ damage occurs, long-term complications like renal failure, infection, and permanent disability can arise.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Compartment syndrome. Renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown leading to myoglobin release). Infection (sepsis). Long-term limb dysfunction or amputation. Chronic pain.
Simple fractures (closed)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Disorders
Sub-category: Fractures
Symptoms:
pain at the fracture site; swelling; bruising; limited range of motion; deformity at the fracture site
Root Cause:
A simple fracture occurs when a bone breaks but does not pierce the skin. This can happen due to trauma, such as a fall or direct impact.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through physical examination, patient history, and confirmation via X-rays or CT scans to assess the type and location of the fracture.
Treatment:
Treatment often involves immobilization using a cast or splint to allow the bone to heal. In some cases, surgery may be necessary for realignment or stabilization.
Medications:
Pain relievers such as NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen or naproxen ), acetaminophen , and, in some cases, opioid analgesics for severe pain. NSAIDs are classified as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, while opioids are classified as narcotic analgesics.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Simple fractures are common and can occur in individuals of all ages. It is more frequent in younger individuals due to sports injuries and in older adults due to falls.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Trauma, high-impact accidents, osteoporosis, and poor bone health.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with appropriate treatment; healing usually occurs in 6-8 weeks. Most people regain full function of the affected bone.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications can include infection, delayed healing, malunion (bones healing in the wrong position), and permanent loss of function in severe cases.
Compound fractures (open)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Disorders
Sub-category: Fractures
Symptoms:
pain at the fracture site; visible bone protrusion through the skin; bleeding; swelling; deformity
Root Cause:
A compound fracture occurs when a bone breaks and pierces through the skin, creating a wound and increasing the risk of infection.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through physical examination, imaging (X-rays, CT scan), and clinical evaluation of the open wound and fracture site.
Treatment:
Treatment involves immediate cleaning of the wound to reduce infection risk, stabilization with a cast or surgery, and sometimes the use of antibiotics. Surgery may be required to realign the bone and insert hardware such as pins, plates, or screws.
Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., cefazolin or clindamycin ) to prevent infection, pain relievers (NSAIDs like ibuprofen , opioids for severe pain), and possibly tetanus immunization if the injury is from a dirty object.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Less common than simple fractures, but often occur in high-impact accidents or trauma.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-energy trauma such as car accidents, falls from a height, or sports injuries.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the severity of the injury, the risk of infection, and the speed of medical intervention. Full recovery is possible with proper care.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infection, delayed union or non-union of the bone, deformity, loss of function, and nerve or blood vessel damage.
Stress fractures
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Disorders
Sub-category: Fractures
Symptoms:
pain during activity that decreases with rest; swelling; tenderness over the bone; localized pain
Root Cause:
A stress fracture is a small crack in the bone caused by repetitive force or overuse, often seen in athletes or individuals with high-impact activities.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through physical examination, history of overuse, and imaging such as X-rays, bone scans, or MRI to confirm the fracture.
Treatment:
Rest and cessation of the activity causing the stress. A boot, brace, or crutches may be used to immobilize the area. Severe cases may require surgical intervention.
Medications:
Pain management with NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen ) and acetaminophen . These are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics, respectively.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in athletes, particularly in sports that involve running or jumping (e.g., basketball, long-distance running).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Repetitive stress on bones, overtraining, improper footwear, nutritional deficiencies (e.g., calcium or vitamin D), and osteoporosis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with rest and proper treatment. Full recovery is expected in 6-8 weeks.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If not treated properly, a stress fracture can progress to a full fracture or lead to chronic pain.
Pathological fractures (e.g., from osteoporosis, cancer)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Disorders
Sub-category: Fractures
Symptoms:
pain at the fracture site; swelling; weakness; deformity; pain with minimal trauma
Root Cause:
A pathological fracture occurs when a bone that is weakened by disease (e.g., osteoporosis, cancer) breaks under normal or minimal stress.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through physical examination, imaging studies like X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs, and a history of underlying diseases such as cancer or osteoporosis.
Treatment:
Treatment includes managing the underlying disease (e.g., osteoporosis medications, cancer treatment), pain management, and stabilization through a cast, brace, or surgery.
Medications:
Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate ) for osteoporosis; chemotherapy or targeted therapies for cancer-related fractures; pain relief with NSAIDs or opioids.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in older adults with osteoporosis, and individuals with bone metastasis from cancers (e.g., breast, prostate, lung cancer).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Osteoporosis, cancer (especially bone metastases), aging, hormonal changes, and chronic use of steroids.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the underlying disease and fracture severity. With appropriate treatment, recovery is possible, though functional recovery may be limited.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of recurrent fractures, chronic pain, disability, and complications from the underlying disease (e.g., cancer progression).
Congenital Scoliosis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Disorders
Sub-category: Developmental and Congenital Bone Disorders
Symptoms:
visible curvature of the spine; uneven shoulders or hips; back pain (in severe cases); decreased lung capacity in severe cases
Root Cause:
Abnormal vertebral formation or segmentation during fetal development, leading to a spinal curvature.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, X-rays, MRI (if soft tissue involvement is suspected), and sometimes CT scans.
Treatment:
Mild cases may be monitored with regular follow-ups. Moderate to severe cases may require bracing or surgical intervention, such as spinal fusion or growth-sparing techniques.
Medications:
Typically, no specific medications are required for congenital scoliosis, but pain management with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (an analgesic and anti-inflammatory medication) may be used to relieve discomfort.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect 1 in 10,000 live births, with a higher prevalence in males.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, maternal conditions such as diabetes or viral infections during pregnancy, and abnormal fetal development.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the severity of the curvature; mild cases may require minimal intervention, while severe cases may require extensive surgery. Early detection is crucial to preventing severe deformity and related complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progressive spinal deformity leading to increased pain and impaired mobility. Respiratory difficulties in severe cases. Neurological complications (e.g., nerve impingement) in advanced stages.
Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Disorders
Sub-category: Developmental and Congenital Bone Disorders
Symptoms:
inward turning of the foot (medial rotation); pointed toes (equinus position); heel pointing downward
Root Cause:
Abnormal development of the tissues, muscles, tendons, and bones in the foot during fetal development.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination and X-rays, if needed, to evaluate the severity.
Treatment:
The Ponseti method, involving serial casting and possibly tendon release surgery. In severe cases, surgical correction may be necessary after casting.
Medications:
Typically, no medication is required for clubfoot, but pain relief can be achieved with NSAIDs like ibuprofen (an analgesic and anti-inflammatory).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1 in 1,000 live births worldwide.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, male gender, and being born to mothers with certain conditions (e.g., diabetes).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early intervention, most children achieve near-normal foot function.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrence of deformity. Stiffness and restricted movement in the foot and ankle. Arthritis in adulthood if untreated.
Blount’s Disease
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Disorders
Sub-category: Developmental and Congenital Bone Disorders
Symptoms:
progressive bowing of the legs; pain in the knee or lower leg; abnormal gait
Root Cause:
Abnormal growth at the growth plate of the tibia, leading to bowed legs due to asymmetrical growth.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
X-rays, physical examination, and possibly MRI to assess the extent of deformity.
Treatment:
Bracing for mild cases. Surgical correction (e.g., osteotomy) in more severe cases.
Medications:
NSAIDs like ibuprofen (for pain and inflammation) may be prescribed.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in African-American children, with higher rates seen in those who are overweight.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, early walking, or a family history of Blount’s disease.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early detection and treatment often lead to a good outcome; untreated cases may progress and require more invasive surgical intervention.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Worsening of deformity leading to permanent leg shortening. Joint problems, such as osteoarthritis, later in life.
Osteomalacia/Rickets
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Disorders
Sub-category: Bone Diseases
Symptoms:
bone pain; muscle weakness; deformities in bones (e.g., bowed legs in children); difficulty walking; fractures
Root Cause:
A deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate leads to poor bone mineralization, causing soft bones. Rickets occurs in children, while osteomalacia is the term used in adults.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through blood tests showing low calcium, phosphate, or vitamin D levels, and X-rays showing softening and deformities in bones.
Treatment:
Treatment involves vitamin D and calcium supplementation, as well as addressing any underlying nutritional deficiencies or malabsorption issues.
Medications:
Vitamin D supplements (e.g., cholecalciferol ), calcium supplements, and phosphate supplementation if needed.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Less common in developed countries but more prevalent in areas with limited sunlight or poor nutritional intake.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Inadequate dietary intake, lack of sunlight exposure, malabsorption disorders, and certain medications (e.g., anticonvulsants).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, bone health typically improves, but long-term complications may occur if not addressed early.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bone deformities, fractures, growth retardation in children, and muscle weakness.
Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Disorders
Sub-category: Bone Diseases
Symptoms:
pain in the affected joint; limited range of motion; joint stiffness; pain that worsens with activity
Root Cause:
Death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply, commonly affecting the hip joint but can occur in other bones. Causes include trauma, corticosteroid use, alcohol abuse, and certain medical conditions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through imaging techniques like MRI or X-rays, which reveal bone damage and loss of structure.
Treatment:
Treatment options include medications for pain management, physical therapy, core decompression surgery, and in advanced cases, joint replacement surgery.
Medications:
Pain relievers such as NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen ), bisphosphonates, and anticoagulants in some cases (to prevent further damage).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Osteonecrosis affects about 20,000 to 30,000 individuals in the U.S. annually, often affecting people aged 30 to 50 years.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Trauma, corticosteroid use, alcohol consumption, HIV/AIDS, and certain medical conditions like lupus or sickle cell disease.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early detection and treatment can preserve joint function, but untreated osteonecrosis often leads to joint collapse and requires surgery.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Joint collapse, severe pain, and the need for joint replacement.
Fibrous Dysplasia
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Disorders
Sub-category: Bone Diseases
Symptoms:
bone pain; bone deformities; fractures; limb length discrepancy
Root Cause:
A genetic condition in which normal bone is replaced by fibrous tissue, leading to bone weakness and deformities.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed with X-rays, CT scans, or MRI, which show areas of bone replacement with fibrous tissue. A biopsy may be needed for confirmation.
Treatment:
Treatment options may include pain management, surgery to correct deformities, and bisphosphonates to improve bone density.
Medications:
Bisphosphonates (e.g., pamidronate ) and other pain medications, such as NSAIDs, can be prescribed to manage symptoms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1 in 30,000 to 100,000 individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
A mutation in the GNAS gene, typically presenting in childhood or adolescence.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
While fibrous dysplasia is a chronic condition, with proper management, individuals can lead active lives, though bone deformities may persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Fractures, deformities, and, in some cases, progression to malignant transformation (e.g., osteosarcoma).
Osteochondroma
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Diseases
Sub-category: Bone tumors (benign and malignant)
Symptoms:
painless, hard bump near a joint (usually the knee or shoulder); limited range of motion due to the tumor's location; pressure on nearby nerves or blood vessels (if large)
Root Cause:
A benign bone tumor that grows from the surface of a bone, covered by cartilage. It is caused by abnormal growth of the cartilage-capped bone.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination. X-rays to visualize the growth of the tumor. MRI or CT scan for better detail (if necessary). Biopsy (in rare cases where malignancy is suspected).
Treatment:
Surgical removal of the tumor if it causes pain, interferes with joint movement, or becomes large. Observation if asymptomatic and small.
Medications:
Pain relievers such as NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen ) to reduce discomfort. No specific medication for the tumor itself.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
It is the most common benign bone tumor, affecting up to 2% of the population, typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history (may be inherited in some cases, especially in hereditary multiple osteochondromas). Slightly more common in males.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with surgical removal; tumors tend not to recur unless the condition is part of hereditary multiple osteochondromas.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Nerve or blood vessel compression (if the tumor grows large). Malignant transformation into chondrosarcoma, though rare.
Ewing’s Sarcoma
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Bone Diseases
Sub-category: Bone tumors (benign and malignant)
Symptoms:
pain at the site of the tumor, typically increasing with activity; swelling or warmth over the affected area; fever, fatigue, and weight loss (systemic symptoms in advanced stages)
Root Cause:
A malignant tumor of the bone and soft tissues caused by abnormal cell growth, often affecting the long bones, pelvis, or chest.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination and assessment of symptoms. X-rays, CT, MRI, and bone scans to identify the location and spread. Biopsy to confirm diagnosis.
Treatment:
Chemotherapy to shrink the tumor before surgery or radiation. Surgical resection to remove the tumor if feasible. Radiation therapy in cases where surgery is not an option.
Medications:
Chemotherapy drugs such as vincristine , doxorubicin , cyclophosphamide , and etoposide . Pain management with NSAIDs or opioids for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Ewing's sarcoma is rare, affecting mainly children and young adults, particularly between ages 10-20.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic mutations (EWSR1 gene translocation). Slightly more common in Caucasians. Family history of certain genetic syndromes (e.g., familial Ewing’s sarcoma).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the size and spread of the tumor. With aggressive treatment, survival rates can be around 70% for localized disease, but much lower for metastatic cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Metastasis, typically to the lungs or bones. Recurrence or secondary cancers due to chemotherapy.
Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Joint Disorders
Sub-category: Arthritis
Symptoms:
joint pain; stiffness; swelling; reduced range of motion; crepitus (grating sensation)
Root Cause:
Degeneration of joint cartilage and underlying bone, leading to pain and stiffness.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, X-rays, MRI scans, and sometimes joint aspiration.
Treatment:
Lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, weight management, medications, and in severe cases, surgical interventions like joint replacement.
Medications:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and inflammation; acetaminophen for pain relief; corticosteroid injections for inflammation; hyaluronic acid injections to lubricate joints.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 19% to 30% of adults above the age of 45.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, joint injuries, obesity, genetics, gender (more common in women), and repetitive joint stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition with symptoms manageable through treatment; progression varies among individuals.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Joint deformities, decreased mobility, and in severe cases, disability.
Post-traumatic arthritis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Conditions with Overlap
Sub-category: Trauma Leading to Inflammatory Conditions
Symptoms:
joint pain, especially after physical activity; swelling and tenderness around the joint; stiffness, particularly in the morning or after prolonged inactivity; limited range of motion in the affected joint; decreased strength and function in the joint
Root Cause:
Damage to the joint cartilage and bones due to previous trauma (e.g., fracture, dislocation) leads to chronic inflammation and degeneration of the joint surfaces, ultimately causing arthritis.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, including patient history of trauma and physical examination. Imaging tests (X-rays, MRI, CT scans) to assess joint damage, cartilage wear, and bone changes. Joint aspiration (synovial fluid analysis) in certain cases to rule out other types of arthritis.
Treatment:
Non-surgical treatment - Physical therapy, joint rest, lifestyle modification (e.g., weight management), bracing, and activity modifications. Surgical treatment - Arthroscopy, joint replacement (total or partial), or fusion in severe cases
Medications:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen , to reduce pain and inflammation (classified as analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents). Corticosteroids, administered orally or via injection, to control inflammation (classified as anti-inflammatory agents). Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) may be used in some cases for symptom control (classified as immunosuppressive agents). Hyaluronic acid injections for joint lubrication (classified as viscosupplements)
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
The condition is common following joint injuries, particularly in weight-bearing joints like the knees, hips, and ankles. Post-traumatic arthritis occurs in 5-10% of individuals with joint injuries.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous joint injury (fractures, dislocations, ligament tears). Age (older individuals are at higher risk). Joint instability or misalignment. Obesity, which increases stress on the joints.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The condition can be managed with conservative treatments, but if left untreated, it can lead to significant joint damage, requiring surgical intervention. Long-term outcomes vary depending on severity.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progressive joint degeneration and loss of function. Chronic pain. Development of bone spurs (osteophytes). Disability and difficulty with daily activities. Increased risk of needing joint replacement surgery.
Septic arthritis (infectious arthritis)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Joint Disorders
Sub-category: Arthritis
Symptoms:
severe joint pain; swelling; redness; fever; chills; limited range of motion
Root Cause:
Bacterial infection in the joint, leading to inflammation and potential joint destruction.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Joint aspiration to analyze synovial fluid, blood cultures, and imaging studies.
Treatment:
Intravenous antibiotics, joint drainage, and supportive care.
Medications:
Intravenous antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone , vancomycin ) tailored to the causative organism; analgesics for pain management.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2 to 10 per 100,000 people annually; more common in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Immunocompromised state, joint prosthesis, recent joint surgery, intravenous drug use, and chronic medical conditions like diabetes.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Requires prompt treatment; delays can lead to joint destruction and systemic complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Joint destruction, sepsis, and systemic spread of infection.
Joint dislocations
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Joint Disorders
Sub-category: Other Joint Conditions
Symptoms:
severe pain at the joint; deformity of the joint; inability to move the joint; swelling; bruising
Root Cause:
The bones of the joint are forced out of their normal position, disrupting the joint's structure and function.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on symptoms and physical examination; confirmed through X-rays or other imaging techniques (e.g., MRI).
Treatment:
Closed reduction (manual repositioning of the bones), sometimes surgery, followed by immobilization with a splint or cast, physical therapy for rehabilitation.
Medications:
Pain relievers such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain management, and muscle relaxants if necessary to alleviate muscle spasms. In severe cases, opioids may be prescribed for short-term pain relief. Analgesics and NSAIDs are classified as analgesic and anti-inflammatory medications, respectively.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs commonly, especially in young adults and athletes; shoulder dislocations are the most frequent.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-impact activities, contact sports, previous dislocations, congenital joint instability, trauma or accidents.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover with appropriate treatment, although repeated dislocations may occur, and long-term joint instability can develop.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Nerve damage, blood vessel injury, joint instability, arthritis, chronic pain, and recurrent dislocations.
Labral tears (hip or shoulder)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Joint Disorders
Sub-category: Other Joint Conditions
Symptoms:
pain in the shoulder or hip; clicking or popping sound; limited range of motion; weakness; instability or feeling of "giving way" of the joint
Root Cause:
A tear in the labrum, the cartilage that forms a cup-like structure around the ball of the joint, leading to pain and dysfunction.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, MRI or MR arthrogram to visualize the tear.
Treatment:
Conservative treatment includes physical therapy and anti-inflammatory medications. Severe cases may require arthroscopic surgery to repair or remove the damaged labrum.
Medications:
NSAIDs like ibuprofen or acetaminophen are used to manage pain and inflammation. In cases of severe pain, corticosteroid injections or, in rare cases, opioids may be considered. These are classified as anti-inflammatory medications and analgesics.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in athletes or individuals involved in repetitive motions, particularly in overhead activities (e.g., swimming, throwing).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Repetitive stress on the joint, trauma, congenital hip abnormalities, age-related degeneration.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early treatment, many people recover fully, but some may experience chronic pain or limited function. Surgery may be required in severe cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, decreased range of motion, joint instability, and development of osteoarthritis over time.
Ligament injuries (e.g., ACL tear, MCL tear)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Joint Disorders
Sub-category: Other Joint Conditions
Symptoms:
acute pain; swelling; instability of the joint; limited range of motion; difficulty bearing weight
Root Cause:
A tear or sprain in a ligament that connects bone to bone, most commonly in the knee (e.g., anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) or medial collateral ligament (MCL)).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, MRI for confirmation, X-rays to rule out fractures.
Treatment:
Rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) for mild cases. Severe tears may require surgical intervention, particularly for ACL tears, followed by rehabilitation.
Medications:
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain relief and inflammation reduction, and in some cases, corticosteroid injections for inflammation. These medications are anti-inflammatory and analgesic.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
ACL tears are common in sports involving sudden stops and pivots, while MCL tears occur in contact sports.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-impact sports, previous ligament injuries, poor conditioning, improper technique, and trauma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Full recovery is possible with rehabilitation, but for severe injuries (like ACL tears), surgery may be needed, followed by a long recovery period.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic instability, arthritis, limited range of motion, or further ligament tears if not properly rehabilitated.
Meniscus tears (knee)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Joint Disorders
Sub-category: Other Joint Conditions
Symptoms:
pain in the knee; swelling; popping or clicking sounds; difficulty bending or straightening the knee; instability
Root Cause:
A tear in the meniscus, the cartilage in the knee that cushions and stabilizes the joint, usually due to trauma or degeneration.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, MRI for confirmation.
Treatment:
Non-surgical treatments include rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE), and physical therapy. Severe tears may require arthroscopic surgery to repair or remove the torn meniscus.
Medications:
NSAIDs like ibuprofen for pain and inflammation. Corticosteroid injections may be used for persistent inflammation, while opioids are occasionally prescribed in acute cases of severe pain. These medications are classified as analgesic and anti-inflammatory.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Meniscus tears are common in athletes and active individuals, particularly in those who engage in sports that involve twisting motions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (degenerative tears), sports-related activities, sudden twisting motions, poor conditioning.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover with conservative treatment, but surgery may be needed in more severe cases. Recovery time can vary depending on the severity of the tear.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic knee pain, instability, early osteoarthritis, or further tears.
Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Joint Disorders
Sub-category: Other Joint Conditions
Symptoms:
pain and stiffness in the shoulder; limited range of motion; difficulty performing overhead activities; pain at night or while resting
Root Cause:
Inflammation and scarring of the shoulder capsule, causing thickening and tightening that limits motion and causes pain.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, sometimes confirmed with X-rays or MRI to rule out other conditions.
Treatment:
Physical therapy to improve range of motion, pain management through NSAIDs or corticosteroid injections, and in some cases, surgery (e.g., shoulder manipulation under anesthesia).
Medications:
NSAIDs (ibuprofen , acetaminophen ) for pain management, corticosteroid injections for inflammation, and in rare cases, opioid medications for severe pain. These medications are anti-inflammatory and analgesic.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in people between 40-60 years old, particularly women. Associated with diabetes and other health conditions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Diabetes, prolonged immobility, shoulder injuries, certain systemic conditions (e.g., thyroid disease).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases resolve with treatment, although recovery can take several months to years. Full recovery of motion and function is possible.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, permanent stiffness, limited shoulder mobility, difficulty performing daily activities.
Herniated disc
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Spinal Disorders
Sub-category: Degenerative Conditions
Symptoms:
lower back pain; sciatica (radiating leg pain); numbness or tingling in limbs; weakness in muscles; loss of reflexes
Root Cause:
The soft inner gel-like core of a spinal disc (nucleus pulposus) protrudes through a tear in the outer layer (annulus fibrosus), often putting pressure on nearby nerves.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation with physical examination, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), or CT (Computed Tomography) scan to confirm the presence of disc herniation.
Treatment:
Conservative treatments include rest, physical therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and epidural steroid injections. Surgical intervention may be necessary if conservative measures fail.
Medications:
Medications for pain management include NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen , naproxen ), oral corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ), and muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine ). For severe pain, opioids may be prescribed temporarily, though these are used with caution. Epidural steroid injections (e.g., methylprednisolone ) may be used to reduce inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
It is common, affecting about 2-3% of the adult population, with higher rates in individuals between 30 and 50 years old.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, smoking, obesity, heavy lifting, sedentary lifestyle, and a family history of disc problems.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Many cases improve with non-surgical treatment, but the condition can recur. Surgery can be effective in relieving symptoms when required.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Nerve damage leading to permanent weakness, bowel or bladder dysfunction, chronic pain, and reduced mobility.
Degenerative disc disease
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Spinal Disorders
Sub-category: Degenerative Conditions
Symptoms:
chronic lower back pain; pain that worsens with movement or after long periods of sitting; numbness or tingling in the legs; muscle weakness
Root Cause:
The intervertebral discs lose hydration, elasticity, and height over time, leading to disc degeneration and reduced cushioning between vertebrae, often causing spinal instability.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
MRI or X-rays are used to evaluate the condition of the discs, while a physical examination helps to assess the severity of symptoms.
Treatment:
Physical therapy, lifestyle changes (weight loss, avoiding heavy lifting), NSAIDs, and sometimes epidural steroid injections. In more severe cases, spinal fusion or artificial disc replacement surgery may be considered.
Medications:
NSAIDs like ibuprofen , acetaminophen for pain relief, and oral corticosteroids such as prednisone may be prescribed for inflammation. Opioids can be prescribed on a short-term basis in severe cases. Muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine ) are sometimes used for muscle spasms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects a large proportion of older adults, with studies suggesting that about 30-40% of individuals over 40 may have some degree of disc degeneration, though it does not always cause symptoms.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, genetics, previous back injury, obesity, smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms can often be managed with conservative treatment, though some individuals experience chronic pain or recurrent flare-ups. Surgical options may provide relief for more severe cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, reduced mobility, nerve damage, and the need for spinal fusion surgery in advanced cases.
Spinal stenosis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Spinal Disorders
Sub-category: Degenerative Conditions
Symptoms:
lower back pain; leg pain or cramping; numbness or tingling in the legs; weakness in the legs; difficulty walking; balance problems
Root Cause:
The spinal canal narrows, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. This is usually caused by age-related changes such as thickening of ligaments and disc degeneration.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, MRI, and CT scans are used to identify the narrowing of the spinal canal and evaluate its impact on the nerves.
Treatment:
Treatment options include physical therapy, NSAIDs, corticosteroid injections, and, in severe cases, surgery such as laminectomy or spinal fusion to relieve pressure on the nerves.
Medications:
NSAIDs like ibuprofen and naproxen , corticosteroid injections (e.g., methylprednisolone ) to reduce inflammation, and opioids for short-term pain relief in severe cases. Antidepressants or anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin ) may be used for nerve pain.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
It is common in older adults, with prevalence rates increasing with age. Around 8-10% of individuals over 60 experience symptomatic spinal stenosis.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, genetics, prior spinal injuries, arthritis, obesity, and certain genetic conditions like achondroplasia.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
While spinal stenosis is a progressive condition, it can often be managed with conservative treatment, though some individuals may eventually require surgery to maintain mobility and quality of life.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent nerve damage, loss of bladder or bowel control, difficulty walking, and in severe cases, paralysis.
Scoliosis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Spinal Disorders
Sub-category: Structural Disorders
Symptoms:
uneven shoulders; one shoulder blade more prominent; uneven hips; back pain; in severe cases, breathing difficulties
Root Cause:
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, typically in an "S" or "C" shape.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, X-rays to determine the degree of curvature, MRI or CT scans if underlying neurological issues are suspected.
Treatment:
Observation, physical therapy, bracing for moderate curvature, and surgery (spinal fusion) for severe cases.
Medications:
Pain relievers (NSAIDs like ibuprofen , acetaminophen ) may be prescribed to manage discomfort. Muscle relaxants such as cyclobenzaprine can be used for muscle spasms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 2-3% of the general population, with a higher prevalence among females. Most commonly diagnosed during childhood or adolescence.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, age (typically onset occurs between ages 10-15), sex (more common in girls), and certain genetic conditions (e.g., cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis is generally good if caught early. Mild scoliosis may not require treatment, while severe cases may lead to complications such as respiratory issues and chronic pain if untreated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic back pain, restricted lung function, nerve compression, and in severe cases, heart problems due to compromised lung function.
Kyphosis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Spinal Disorders
Sub-category: Structural Disorders
Symptoms:
rounded back; back pain; stiffness; fatigue; in severe cases, difficulty breathing
Root Cause:
Excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a hunchback or rounded appearance.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, X-rays to assess the degree of spinal curvature, MRI or CT scans to evaluate any associated spinal issues.
Treatment:
Posture correction exercises, physical therapy, braces for growing children, pain management, and surgery (spinal fusion or corrective surgery) in severe cases.
Medications:
Pain relief (NSAIDs like ibuprofen or acetaminophen ), muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine ), and corticosteroids for inflammation if necessary.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects around 1 in 10 people over the age of 50 due to age-related degeneration, but can also occur in adolescents (Scheuermann's kyphosis) and those with certain conditions (e.g., osteogenesis imperfecta).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age-related bone loss (osteoporosis), degenerative disc disease, congenital spinal deformities, and certain medical conditions like Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, many individuals experience symptom relief and improved posture. Severe kyphosis can lead to chronic pain and respiratory issues if left untreated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, nerve damage, difficulty breathing, decreased mobility, and spinal fractures (especially in older adults with osteoporosis).
Spondylolisthesis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Spinal Disorders
Sub-category: Structural Disorders
Symptoms:
lower back pain; muscle tightness; numbness or tingling in the legs; weakness in the legs; difficulty walking
Root Cause:
Forward displacement of one vertebra over another, usually in the lumbar spine. This can occur due to degeneration, injury, or congenital defects.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, X-rays to identify vertebral displacement, MRI or CT scans to assess nerve compression and spinal cord involvement.
Treatment:
Conservative treatments include physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and pain management. In severe cases, surgery (spinal fusion or decompression surgery) may be required.
Medications:
NSAIDs (ibuprofen , naproxen ) for pain relief, muscle relaxants (e.g., methocarbamol ) for muscle spasms, and corticosteroids for inflammation if necessary.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in about 5-7% of the population, most commonly in older adults, and can also affect younger individuals involved in sports or those with congenital spinal abnormalities.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (degenerative spondylolisthesis), genetics (familial history), trauma, sports (repetitive hyperextension of the spine), and osteoporosis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Many individuals with mild cases may manage symptoms with non-surgical treatments. Severe cases may require surgical intervention, and untreated spondylolisthesis can lead to chronic pain and nerve damage.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, nerve root compression, spinal stenosis, and in severe cases, permanent nerve damage leading to weakness or loss of function in the legs.
Spinal Fractures
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Spinal Disorders
Sub-category: Traumatic Injuries
Symptoms:
severe back pain; decreased mobility or movement; numbness or tingling in extremities; muscle weakness; loss of bowel or bladder control (in severe cases)
Root Cause:
Damage to the bones (vertebrae) of the spine due to trauma or injury, leading to fractures that can compress the spinal cord or nerves.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination. X-rays. MRI or CT scans (for more detailed images of soft tissues and bone fractures).
Treatment:
Conservative treatment (rest, pain management, bracing) for minor fractures. Surgical intervention (spinal fusion or decompression) for severe fractures or instability.
Medications:
Pain relievers such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (e.g., ibuprofen , naproxen ) for pain management. Muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine ) to alleviate muscle spasms. Opioids (e.g., oxycodone , morphine ) for severe pain under controlled conditions. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) may be used in some cases to reduce inflammation, though this is less common for spinal fractures.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated at 20 to 50 per 100,000 people annually, with higher rates in older populations and those with osteoporosis
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (older adults are more prone due to osteoporosis). High-impact trauma (e.g., car accidents, falls, sports injuries). Osteoporosis or other bone-weakening conditions. Tumors or infections affecting the spine.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good if treated early and appropriately, especially in cases of stable fractures. Poorer outcomes in severe cases with spinal cord injury or nerve involvement, which may lead to permanent disability.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spinal cord injury leading to paralysis. Nerve damage causing loss of sensation or motor function. Chronic pain and mobility issues. Infections or complications following surgery.
Whiplash
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Spinal Disorders
Sub-category: Traumatic Injuries
Symptoms:
neck pain and stiffness; headaches (particularly at the base of the skull); dizziness or vertigo; muscle spasms in the neck and shoulders; tingling or numbness in the arms
Root Cause:
Injury to the soft tissues (muscles, ligaments) in the neck from a sudden, forceful jerking motion, often from rear-end car collisions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination. X-rays or MRI scans (to rule out fractures or other injuries).
Treatment:
Rest and avoidance of activities that exacerbate pain. Physical therapy for neck strengthening and mobility. Application of heat or cold therapy. In severe cases, corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation.
Medications:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen to reduce pain and inflammation. Muscle relaxants (e.g., diazepam , cyclobenzaprine ) for muscle spasms. Opioids (e.g., hydrocodone ) for severe pain, though their use is typically limited to short-term management. Antidepressants or anticonvulsants (e.g., amitriptyline , gabapentin ) may be prescribed for chronic pain management.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Whiplash affects approximately 1 in 1,000 individuals per year, with a higher prevalence in rear-end automobile collisions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Vehicle accidents (particularly rear-end collisions). Age (older individuals may be more susceptible). Gender (women are more likely to develop chronic whiplash symptoms). Previous neck or back injuries.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover within a few weeks to months with proper treatment. Chronic pain or long-term neck issues may occur in a subset of patients, particularly if not properly treated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic neck pain. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Ongoing headache and dizziness. Nerve damage or chronic muscle spasms.
Spinal Cord Injury
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Spinal Disorders
Sub-category: Traumatic Injuries
Symptoms:
paralysis (partial or complete) below the level of the injury; loss of sensation or feeling in the extremities; difficulty breathing (if the injury affects the respiratory muscles); loss of bowel or bladder control; severe pain or burning sensations around the injury site
Root Cause:
Damage to the spinal cord resulting in a loss of function, sensation, and mobility. This can occur due to trauma, such as a car accident, fall, or gunshot wound, that compresses, stretches, or cuts the spinal cord.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical and neurological examination. MRI or CT scans to assess the location and extent of spinal cord damage.
Treatment:
Immediate immobilization of the spine to prevent further damage. Surgery to remove bone fragments or discs compressing the spinal cord. Rehabilitation to maximize independence and mobility. Medications to manage pain and inflammation, such as corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisolone)
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisolone ) within hours of injury to reduce inflammation and damage to the spinal cord. Pain relievers, including NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen ) and opioids (e.g., morphine ) for pain management. Muscle relaxants (e.g., baclofen ) for muscle spasms. Antidepressants or anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin ) for nerve pain.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 54 cases per million people annually. Approximately 17,000 new cases are reported in the U.S. each year.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Trauma (motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries, violence). Age (young adults, particularly men, are more commonly affected). Pre-existing spinal conditions, such as stenosis or degeneration.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis depends on the severity of the injury. Some individuals can recover partial function with rehabilitation, while others may experience permanent paralysis.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory complications (especially in high cervical injuries). Pressure sores or ulcers. Blood clots or deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Chronic pain and neuropathic pain. Increased risk of infections due to immobility or catheter use.
Rotator cuff injuries
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Muscle and Tendon Conditions
Symptoms:
shoulder pain, especially at night; weakness in the arm; limited range of motion in the shoulder; pain when lifting or rotating the arm; tenderness around the shoulder
Root Cause:
Damage to one or more of the four muscles and their tendons that stabilize the shoulder joint (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination (e.g., shoulder movement tests). MRI or ultrasound imaging to assess tendon tears or inflammation. X-rays to rule out bone abnormalities.
Treatment:
Conservative treatment (rest, ice, physical therapy). Steroid injections for inflammation. Surgery (arthroscopic repair or open surgery) in severe cases.
Medications:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen or naproxen , to reduce pain and inflammation. Corticosteroid injections may be prescribed for more severe cases to reduce inflammation. Analgesics like acetaminophen can be used for pain relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 30% of people over 60 experience rotator cuff tears. The prevalence increases with age and in individuals with repetitive overhead motions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (common in individuals over 40). Repetitive overhead activity (e.g., sports like baseball, swimming, or occupations like painting). Previous shoulder injuries or surgery. Poor posture or improper lifting techniques.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Many individuals improve with physical therapy and conservative management. Severe cases requiring surgery have a good prognosis, though recovery can take several months.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain. Weakness in the shoulder. Limited shoulder mobility. Re-injury or tendon rupture.
Tendonitis (e.g., Achilles tendonitis)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Muscle and Tendon Conditions
Symptoms:
pain along the tendon, particularly during activity or when stretching the tendon; swelling in the affected area; stiffness, particularly in the morning; tenderness when pressing on the tendon
Root Cause:
Inflammation of the tendon due to overuse, strain, or injury. In the case of Achilles tendonitis, it specifically affects the Achilles tendon at the back of the ankle.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination (palpation and movement tests). Ultrasound or MRI imaging to detect inflammation or tears.
Treatment:
Rest, ice, compression, and elevation (R.I.C.E.). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and inflammation. Physical therapy, stretching, and strengthening exercises. In severe cases, corticosteroid injections or surgery.
Medications:
NSAIDs like ibuprofen or diclofenac for pain relief and inflammation reduction. Corticosteroid injections may be considered in chronic cases to reduce inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in athletes, especially runners, and people with jobs that require repetitive motion or heavy lifting.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (more common in older adults due to tendon degeneration). Overuse or improper footwear in athletes. Poor warm-up before activity.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Tendonitis often resolves with rest and physical therapy. Severe or chronic cases may require surgery or extended rehabilitation.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain or recurrence of symptoms. Tendon rupture in severe cases. Limited mobility.
Muscle strains
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Muscle and Tendon Conditions
Symptoms:
sudden sharp pain in the muscle; muscle weakness; swelling and bruising at the site of injury; limited range of motion in the affected muscle
Root Cause:
Overstretching or tearing of muscle fibers due to sudden force or improper use.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination (assessing range of motion and tenderness). Ultrasound or MRI to evaluate the extent of the muscle tear.
Treatment:
Rest, ice, compression, and elevation (R.I.C.E.). Physical therapy to strengthen the muscle. NSAIDs for pain and inflammation. In severe cases, surgery may be required for a complete muscle tear.
Medications:
NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen for pain and swelling. Muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine ) for spasms in severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in athletes, especially in sports involving quick starts, stops, or changes in direction (e.g., soccer, football).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of proper warm-up or stretching. Previous muscle injuries. Dehydration or muscle fatigue.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most muscle strains heal within a few weeks with rest and proper treatment. Severe strains may take longer to heal and could result in long-term weakness.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain or weakness. Re-injury if the muscle is not fully healed before returning to activity.
Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Muscle and Tendon Conditions
Symptoms:
pain on the outer part of the elbow, which can radiate to the forearm and wrist; weakness in the forearm and difficulty with grip strength; pain worsens with gripping or lifting activities; tenderness on the outer elbow when pressed
Root Cause:
Overuse of the tendons attached to the lateral epicondyle of the elbow, leading to small tears and inflammation in the tendon.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination and tests (e.g., resisted wrist extension). MRI or ultrasound to check for tendon damage or inflammation.
Treatment:
Rest and activity modification. Ice and compression for pain relief. NSAIDs for inflammation. Physical therapy, stretching, and strengthening exercises. Corticosteroid injections in some cases. Surgery for severe or chronic cases.
Medications:
NSAIDs like ibuprofen , diclofenac , or naproxen to relieve pain and inflammation. Corticosteroid injections for persistent inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among athletes (e.g., tennis players, golfers) and workers who perform repetitive arm movements.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Repetitive strain from activities like tennis, painting, or using hand tools. Poor ergonomics or technique during repetitive movements.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases improve with conservative treatment. Chronic cases may require more aggressive therapy or surgery.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent pain and weakness in the forearm. Difficulty performing everyday tasks like lifting or gripping.
Golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Muscle and Tendon Conditions
Symptoms:
pain on the inner side of the elbow that can radiate down the forearm; weakness in the hand or wrist; pain worsens with gripping or lifting motions; tenderness at the medial epicondyle of the elbow
Root Cause:
Overuse of the forearm muscles and tendons that attach to the medial epicondyle of the elbow, resulting in inflammation and small tears.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination and tests (e.g., resisted wrist flexion). MRI or ultrasound for tendon damage.
Treatment:
Rest, ice, and activity modification. NSAIDs for pain relief. Physical therapy for strengthening and stretching. Corticosteroid injections for chronic cases. Surgery for severe cases that don't improve with conservative treatment.
Medications:
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or naproxen to reduce pain and inflammation. Corticosteroid injections for persistent inflammation in severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in individuals who perform repetitive arm motions, including golfers, baseball players, and workers in manual labor.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Repetitive use of the forearm muscles, especially with poor technique or form.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases improve with conservative treatment (rest, therapy, and medications) within a few months, but chronic or severe cases may require surgery. Recovery time can vary, but full recovery is common with appropriate treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If left untreated, it can lead to chronic pain, tendon rupture, or permanent weakness in the affected arm.
Sprains (e.g., ankle sprains)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Ligament Injuries
Symptoms:
pain around the ankle joint, especially when moved or touched; ankle swelling and bruising; limited range of motion; instability or weakness in the ankle joint
Root Cause:
Sprains occur when ligaments (the tough tissues that connect bones) are stretched or torn, usually due to an overstretching or twisting injury.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically based on clinical examination, with confirmation through imaging studies such as X-rays (to rule out fractures) or MRI (to evaluate the severity of ligament damage).
Treatment:
R.I.C.E. (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) for the initial treatment. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain and inflammation. Physical therapy to restore function and strengthen the ligaments. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary.
Medications:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen (classified as analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs) may be prescribed to reduce pain and inflammation. Topical pain relievers like diclofenac gel may also be used.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sprains are common injuries, especially in athletes and active individuals, with ankle sprains being one of the most frequent musculoskeletal injuries.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-impact sports (e.g., basketball, soccer), poor footwear, prior injury to the same area, and lack of strength or flexibility in muscles surrounding the joint.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most sprains heal with conservative management, though recovery time depends on the severity of the injury (ranging from a few days to several weeks). Severe sprains may require longer recovery or surgical intervention.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic instability, recurring sprains, and long-term joint damage, particularly if not properly treated or if there are repeated injuries.
Torn ligaments (e.g., ACL, PCL)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Ligament Injuries
Symptoms:
sudden pain and sharp discomfort at the time of injury; swelling and bruising around the knee joint; a feeling of instability or "giving way" of the joint; limited range of motion; inability to bear weight on the affected limb
Root Cause:
A torn ligament occurs when a ligament is overstretched or torn, commonly during activities that involve sudden movements, twisting, or direct impact to the joint. The ACL and PCL are the primary ligaments in the knee responsible for stabilizing the joint.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves a physical examination (e.g., Lachman test, anterior drawer test for ACL injury) and imaging studies such as MRI, which provides a clear picture of soft tissue damage and ligament tears.
Treatment:
For mild tears, conservative treatments include rest, ice, elevation, compression, and NSAIDs for pain relief. Severe tears often require surgical intervention, such as ligament reconstruction, followed by rehabilitation to restore strength and stability. Physical therapy is essential for recovery to regain full function.
Medications:
Pain relief can be managed with NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen (analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents). If prescribed after surgery, stronger pain medications such as opioids (e.g., oxycodone ) may be used in the short term to manage post-operative pain.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
ACL tears are particularly common in sports that involve pivoting, jumping, or sudden deceleration (e.g., soccer, basketball, skiing). The overall incidence of ACL injuries in athletes is significant, with more than 200,000 cases reported annually in the U.S.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Participation in high-risk sports, female gender (due to anatomical and hormonal factors), improper technique or training, and previous knee injuries.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover well with surgery and rehabilitation, but long-term outcomes depend on the severity of the injury and the treatment regimen. Complete recovery from ACL or PCL injuries can take up to 6-12 months.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent instability, osteoarthritis, chronic pain, and, in some cases, re-tearing of the ligament if proper rehabilitation isn't followed.
Trochanteric bursitis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Bursitis
Symptoms:
pain on the outer side of the hip; pain that worsens with activity, especially when lying on the affected side; tenderness over the greater trochanter; swelling around the hip
Root Cause:
Inflammation of the bursa over the greater trochanter of the hip, often caused by repetitive stress, trauma, or muscle imbalance.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, history of symptoms, imaging (X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI), and sometimes aspiration of bursa fluid for analysis.
Treatment:
Rest and activity modification. Ice therapy to reduce inflammation. Physical therapy for stretching and strengthening of surrounding muscles. Corticosteroid injections for severe inflammation. Surgery (rare) if symptoms persist despite other treatments.
Medications:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen , for pain relief and inflammation reduction. Corticosteroids for inflammation (oral or injection), which are classified as corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in middle-aged to older adults, especially those who are active or have jobs requiring repetitive hip movements.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, gender (more common in women), overuse or repetitive movements, hip misalignment, and obesity.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often improves with conservative treatment such as rest, physical therapy, and anti-inflammatory medications. Chronic cases may require surgical intervention.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, reduced mobility, and potential need for surgery if conservative treatment fails.
Olecranon bursitis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Bursitis
Symptoms:
swelling and redness over the elbow, at the tip of the elbow (olecranon process); pain and tenderness in the affected area, especially with pressure; warmth or fluid-filled mass over the elbow
Root Cause:
Inflammation or infection of the bursa located at the tip of the elbow, typically due to repetitive trauma, prolonged pressure, or infection.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, history of symptoms, imaging (X-rays to rule out fractures or calcifications), and aspiration of fluid from the bursa to check for infection.
Treatment:
Rest and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition. Ice to reduce swelling. NSAIDs for pain relief. Drainage of fluid in case of infection or severe swelling. Corticosteroid injections for inflammation.
Medications:
NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen , which are anti-inflammatory drugs used to reduce pain and swelling. Antibiotics (e.g., cephalexin or dicloxacillin) if an infection is suspected, classified as antibiotics.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in people who kneel frequently (e.g., plumbers or gardeners) or those with a history of elbow trauma.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Repetitive elbow pressure, trauma to the elbow, infection, or certain autoimmune diseases.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with conservative treatment. In cases of infection or chronic bursitis, surgical drainage may be required.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic bursitis, infection (septic bursitis), or limited range of motion.
Prepatellar bursitis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Bursitis
Symptoms:
swelling on the front of the knee, over the patella; pain with direct pressure on the knee, especially when kneeling; redness and warmth in the area of the bursa
Root Cause:
Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa due to repetitive kneeling, direct trauma, or infection.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical exam, imaging (X-rays to exclude fractures), and aspiration of bursal fluid to check for infection.
Treatment:
Rest and avoiding activities that involve kneeling. Ice therapy and compression to reduce swelling. NSAIDs for pain relief. Aspiration of fluid if necessary, followed by corticosteroid injection.
Medications:
NSAIDs like ibuprofen , which are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used to reduce pain and swelling. Antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin or clindamycin ) for bacterial infection, if septic bursitis is diagnosed, which are antibiotics used to treat infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in individuals who engage in occupations or sports involving frequent kneeling (e.g., carpet layers, gardeners, wrestlers).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged kneeling, trauma to the knee, and infection.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Usually resolves with rest, ice, and anti-inflammatory medications. In some cases, recurrent flare-ups can occur.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infection leading to septic bursitis, chronic inflammation, or limited knee movement.
Compound trauma (e.g., multiple fractures)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Trauma and Injury
Symptoms:
pain at the site of injury; swelling; bruising; deformity (misalignment of bones); loss of function or movement in the affected area; bleeding, if skin is broken
Root Cause:
Multiple fractures resulting from significant trauma that disrupts the continuity of bones and possibly the surrounding soft tissues, leading to open fractures where the bone protrudes through the skin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination of the injured area. X-rays or CT scans to assess the number and severity of fractures. MRI for soft tissue damage evaluation.
Treatment:
Immediate first aid (e.g., immobilization, elevation, and cold compress). Surgical intervention to realign and stabilize bones (open reduction and internal fixation, or ORIF). Splints or casts to immobilize the fractures. Physical therapy post-healing for rehabilitation.
Medications:
Analgesics like acetaminophen (non-opioid pain relief) and ibuprofen (NSAID) to reduce pain and inflammation. Opioid painkillers (e.g., oxycodone , morphine ) may be prescribed for severe pain in the initial stages of recovery. Antibiotics (e.g., cephalexin , clindamycin ) if there is a risk of infection from open fractures. Muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine ) for muscle spasms during recovery.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Compound trauma with multiple fractures is relatively rare but is often seen in high-energy trauma scenarios such as motor vehicle accidents, falls, or industrial accidents.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-energy trauma (e.g., car accidents, falls from height). Age (elderly individuals may have brittle bones, while children may be more prone to fractures). Osteoporosis or bone disorders. Substance use (e.g., alcohol or drugs affecting coordination).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper treatment, most fractures heal within a few months. However, compound fractures may lead to complications such as infection or improper healing, affecting function. Severe cases may result in long-term disability.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infection (e.g., osteomyelitis). Non-union or malunion of fractures. Nerve or vascular damage. Compartment syndrome (a serious condition that occurs when pressure builds up within a muscle compartment). Post-traumatic arthritis. Chronic pain or functional impairment.
Amputations and prosthetic care
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Soft Tissue Disorders
Sub-category: Trauma and Injury
Symptoms:
phantom limb sensation or pain (feeling that the amputated limb is still there); pain at the site of amputation; limited mobility or function without prosthetics; swelling or discomfort in the residual limb
Root Cause:
Loss of a limb due to trauma, disease, or surgery. Amputation leads to the need for prosthetic care to restore function and appearance.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation and medical history to determine the cause of amputation (e.g., trauma, disease, or congenital defect). Imaging (X-ray or CT) to assess the stump for complications. Functional assessments to determine the best type of prosthetic.
Treatment:
Surgical removal of the limb, followed by rehabilitation. Prosthetic fitting (e.g., artificial limbs for mobility or hand prostheses). Physical therapy for strengthening and improving the use of the prosthetic.
Medications:
Pain management with analgesics such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs. Opioids (e.g., oxycodone ) for post-surgical or post-trauma pain. Antidepressants or antianxiety medications (e.g., sertraline , fluoxetine ) to address emotional and psychological issues following amputation. Medications to manage phantom limb pain (e.g., gabapentin or pregabalin , which are anticonvulsants used off-label for nerve pain).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Amputation is relatively uncommon, though more frequent in individuals with severe trauma, vascular disease (e.g., diabetes), and cancer.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Trauma (e.g., motor vehicle accidents, industrial accidents). Vascular diseases (e.g., peripheral artery disease, diabetes). Infections (e.g., untreated diabetic foot ulcers or severe burns). Cancer (e.g., sarcoma or bone cancer).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment and rehabilitation, individuals can regain significant functionality and adapt to prosthetics. However, the psychological impact of amputation can be profound and may require counseling or support.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Phantom limb pain or sensation. Infection at the amputation site. Stump ulcerations or skin breakdown. Prosthetic-related issues (e.g., discomfort, fit problems, or mechanical failure). Psychological effects (e.g., depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder).
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Other Orthopedic Conditions
Symptoms:
numbness or tingling in the thumb, index, middle, and part of the ring finger; hand weakness; difficulty gripping objects; pain in the wrist and hand, especially at night
Root Cause:
Compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist, often due to repetitive motions, wrist positioning, or inflammation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical exam, Tinel’s sign, Phalen’s maneuver, nerve conduction studies (NCS), and electromyography (EMG).
Treatment:
Activity modification, wrist splinting, physical therapy, corticosteroid injections, or surgery to release the carpal tunnel.
Medications:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen ) for pain and inflammation; corticosteroid injections to reduce swelling and pressure on the median nerve.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 4-10 million people in the U.S.; more common in women and individuals aged 40-60.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Repetitive hand/wrist motions, prolonged wrist flexion/extension, obesity, diabetes, hypothyroidism, pregnancy, rheumatoid arthritis, or trauma to the wrist.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with appropriate treatment; mild cases may resolve with conservative management, while severe cases may require surgery with high success rates.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent nerve damage, loss of hand strength, chronic pain, and reduced ability to perform fine motor tasks if untreated.
De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Other Orthopedic Conditions
Symptoms:
pain on the thumb side of the wrist; swelling near the base of the thumb; difficulty grasping or pinching; worsened pain with thumb or wrist movements
Root Cause:
Inflammation or irritation of the tendons in the first dorsal compartment of the wrist (abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, positive Finkelstein’s test, and ruling out other causes of wrist pain.
Treatment:
Rest, activity modification, splinting, physical therapy, corticosteroid injections, or surgery for severe cases.
Medications:
NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen , naproxen ) for pain and inflammation; corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation in the tendon sheath.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in individuals aged 30-50, more prevalent in women and new mothers (often referred to as "mommy thumb").
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Repetitive thumb or wrist movements, overuse, pregnancy, postpartum hormonal changes, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with conservative treatment; most cases resolve completely, though severe cases may require surgery.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, limited thumb or wrist motion, and tendon rupture if untreated.
Plantar Fasciitis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Other Orthopedic Conditions
Symptoms:
heel pain, especially in the morning or after prolonged rest; pain worsens with prolonged standing or activity; tenderness along the bottom of the foot
Root Cause:
Microtears and inflammation of the plantar fascia, the thick band of tissue connecting the heel bone to the toes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, physical exam (tenderness and pain upon palpation of the plantar fascia), and imaging (X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI) if necessary.
Treatment:
Rest, stretching exercises, physical therapy, orthotics, night splints, shockwave therapy, or corticosteroid injections in severe cases.
Medications:
NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen , naproxen ) for pain relief and inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 10 people at some point in their lives; common in adults aged 40-60.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, prolonged standing, high-impact activities, tight calf muscles, improper footwear, and flat feet or high arches.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with conservative treatment; most cases resolve within 6-12 months, though recurrence is possible.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, altered gait, and secondary foot or ankle problems if untreated.
Ganglion Cysts
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Other Orthopedic Conditions
Symptoms:
visible lump or swelling on the wrist, hand, or foot; pain or discomfort if the cyst presses on a nerve; reduced range of motion
Root Cause:
Fluid-filled sac that forms near a joint or tendon, often due to joint irritation or degeneration.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, transillumination (light passing through the cyst), and imaging (ultrasound or MRI) if needed.
Treatment:
Observation (if asymptomatic), aspiration (draining the cyst), or surgical removal.
Medications:
No specific medications; corticosteroid injections may reduce inflammation if needed.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common soft tissue mass of the hand and wrist; affects women more than men and commonly occurs in individuals aged 20-40.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Repetitive joint use, previous joint injury, or arthritis in the affected area.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally excellent; recurrence is possible even after treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pain, nerve compression, and reduced joint mobility.
Dupuytren’s Contracture
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Other Orthopedic Conditions
Symptoms:
thickened skin on the palm; formation of nodules or cords in the palm; difficulty straightening fingers; limited hand function
Root Cause:
Abnormal thickening and tightening of the palmar fascia, leading to contractures of the fingers (commonly the ring and little fingers).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination and functional assessment of the hand.
Treatment:
Observation for mild cases, corticosteroid injections, enzymatic injections (collagenase), needle aponeurotomy, or surgical fasciectomy for severe cases.
Medications:
Collagenase clostridium histolyticum injections (enzyme therapy) to break down the cords; corticosteroid injections for inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 3-6% of the population, most common in men over 50 of Northern European descent.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, and age over 50.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive condition; mild cases may remain stable, while severe cases may require surgery, which can improve function but may not completely resolve the condition.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrence after treatment, reduced hand function, and stiffness or scarring post-surgery.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Arthritis
Symptoms:
joint pain and swelling (especially in the hands, wrists, and knees); stiffness, particularly in the morning; fatigue; low-grade fever; decreased range of motion; symmetrical joint involvement
Root Cause:
An autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium (lining of the joints), leading to inflammation, pain, and potential joint damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms, blood tests (e.g., rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-CCP), imaging tests (e.g., X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI), and physical examination findings.
Treatment:
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) like methotrexate, biologics like TNF inhibitors (e.g., infliximab), and corticosteroids for acute flare-ups. Joint protection techniques, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery.
Medications:
Methotrexate (a DMARD), which helps slow disease progression. TNF inhibitors (e.g., infliximab , adalimumab ), which reduce inflammation by blocking tumor necrosis factor. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) for reducing inflammation during flare-ups.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.5% to 1% of the global population, with a higher incidence in women (3 times more common in women than men).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic factors (e.g., presence of the HLA-DRB1 gene). Female sex. Smoking. Age (typically develops between ages 30 and 60). Family history of rheumatoid arthritis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early diagnosis and proper treatment, many people can manage symptoms and prevent joint damage. However, untreated or poorly managed RA can lead to significant joint destruction and disability.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Joint damage and deformities. Cardiovascular disease (due to chronic inflammation). Osteoporosis. Infections due to immunosuppressive therapy.
Psoriatic Arthritis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Arthritis
Symptoms:
joint pain, swelling, and stiffness, often affecting the fingers, toes, and spine; psoriasis (skin rash with red patches and silvery scales); nail changes (pitting, separation from the nail bed); morning stiffness; enthesitis (inflammation where tendons and ligaments attach to bone)
Root Cause:
An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the joints and skin, with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to disease development.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on symptoms, medical history, physical exam, and ruling out other conditions. Blood tests (e.g., ESR, CRP) and imaging (X-ray, MRI) can help confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment:
NSAIDs for pain and inflammation. DMARDs like methotrexate. Biologic agents (e.g., TNF inhibitors, IL-17 inhibitors).
Medications:
Methotrexate (a DMARD) to control joint inflammation and prevent progression. Adalimumab (a TNF inhibitor) to reduce inflammation. Corticosteroids for flare-ups, typically in topical or systemic form.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 0.1% to 0.25% of the population; 30% to 40% of people with psoriasis develop psoriatic arthritis.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. Trauma or infection triggering inflammation. Obesity.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be managed with medications, but some people experience chronic symptoms and joint damage if not adequately treated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Joint damage and deformities. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Psoriatic nail changes.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Arthritis
Symptoms:
chronic lower back pain and stiffness, particularly in the morning; pain that improves with exercise but worsens with rest; reduced flexibility in the spine; inflammation in other joints (hips, shoulders, knees); fatigue
Root Cause:
A chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to fusion of the spine over time. It is associated with an autoimmune response and genetic factors (HLA-B27 gene).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical exam, imaging (X-rays, MRI showing sacroiliitis or spinal changes), and blood tests (HLA-B27, ESR, CRP).
Treatment:
NSAIDs for pain relief. DMARDs like sulfasalazine and methotrexate. Biologics (TNF inhibitors, IL-17 inhibitors) for severe cases.
Medications:
Sulfasalazine (a DMARD) for peripheral joint inflammation. Infliximab (TNF inhibitor) to reduce inflammation and improve spinal mobility. NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen ) for pain relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.1% to 0.5% of the population, more common in men (3:1 male-to-female ratio).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Positive family history (especially HLA-B27 gene). Age (typically develops between 20 and 40 years). Male sex.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but manageable with treatment; progressive fusion of the spine can occur if untreated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spinal fusion and loss of flexibility. Increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Cardiovascular issues.
Enteropathic Arthritis (associated with IBD)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Arthritis
Symptoms:
joint pain and swelling, particularly in the lower back, hips, and knees; diarrhea or other gastrointestinal symptoms (as it is associated with ibd); stiffness, particularly in the morning; fatigue; peripheral arthritis (affecting the arms or legs) may occur along with axial arthritis (affecting the spine)
Root Cause:
An inflammatory arthritis that occurs in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, where immune system dysfunction causes both gastrointestinal and joint inflammation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms, association with IBD, imaging (X-rays or MRI), and exclusion of other causes of arthritis.
Treatment:
Treatment of the underlying IBD with biologics (e.g., infliximab). NSAIDs and DMARDs for joint symptoms. Physical therapy and joint protection strategies.
Medications:
Infliximab (a TNF inhibitor), which treats both the arthritis and IBD symptoms. Methotrexate or sulfasalazine (DMARDs) to control joint inflammation. NSAIDs (e.g., naproxen ) for pain relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect about 10-20% of individuals with IBD.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Having inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Genetic predisposition (HLA-B27 gene). Active or severe IBD symptoms.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The arthritis tends to improve with effective management of the underlying IBD. However, some patients may experience chronic joint issues.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic joint pain and deformities. Exacerbation of IBD symptoms. Development of spinal involvement (ankylosing spondylitis).
Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
Symptoms:
fatigue; joint pain or swelling; skin rashes (especially a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose); photosensitivity; hair loss; mouth or nose ulcers; chest pain or difficulty breathing; kidney issues (e.g., protein in urine, kidney failure)
Root Cause:
The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues and organs, leading to inflammation and damage in multiple systems including skin, joints, kidneys, heart, and lungs.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Medical history and physical examination. Blood tests, including antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, anti-dsDNA, and other specific autoantibodies. Urinalysis (to detect kidney involvement). Skin biopsy (if needed). Imaging tests for organ involvement (e.g., chest X-ray, echocardiogram).
Treatment:
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain relief. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) to reduce inflammation. Antimalarials (e.g., hydroxychloroquine) to control symptoms. Immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., methotrexate, azathioprine). Biologic drugs (e.g., belimumab) for more severe cases. Kidney dialysis or transplant if kidney failure occurs.
Medications:
NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen , naproxen ) - anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic medications. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone , methylprednisolone ) - immunosuppressants used to control inflammation. Hydroxychloroquine - an antimalarial used for immune modulation. Methotrexate - an immunosuppressive medication often used for severe or refractory cases. Belimumab - a monoclonal antibody used for lupus that inhibits B-cell activation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 2,000 people worldwide, more common in women (especially those of childbearing age) and individuals of African, Hispanic, and Asian descent.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender (more common in women). Family history of lupus or other autoimmune diseases. Genetic predisposition (certain genes related to immune system function). Exposure to sunlight (photosensitivity). Infections (can trigger or worsen symptoms). Use of certain medications (e.g., hydralazine, procainamide).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; with treatment, many patients can lead relatively normal lives. However, lupus can be life-threatening, especially when vital organs (kidneys, heart, lungs) are involved. Early diagnosis and management can help improve long-term outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Kidney damage (lupus nephritis). Cardiovascular disease (heart attacks, stroke). Pregnancy complications (e.g., preeclampsia, miscarriage). Osteoporosis (due to long-term corticosteroid use). Infections (due to immunosuppressive treatment).
Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
Symptoms:
skin thickening and tightening (especially hands and face); raynaud’s phenomenon (cold, discolored fingers or toes); joint pain or stiffness; difficulty swallowing; shortness of breath (due to lung involvement); digestive issues (acid reflux, constipation)
Root Cause:
The immune system attacks the skin and internal organs, leading to excessive collagen production, which causes fibrosis (scarring) of tissues.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for specific autoantibodies (e.g., anti-Scl-70, anticentromere antibodies). Skin biopsy to assess collagen deposition. Pulmonary function tests for lung involvement. Echocardiogram for heart involvement.
Treatment:
Immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., methotrexate, cyclophosphamide). Corticosteroids for inflammation control. ACE inhibitors for kidney involvement. Pulmonary vasodilators for lung hypertension (e.g., sildenafil). Physical therapy to manage skin tightness and joint mobility.
Medications:
Methotrexate - an immunosuppressant used to slow disease progression. Cyclophosphamide - used for severe pulmonary and renal involvement. ACE inhibitors (e.g., enalapril ) - used to manage kidney issues. Sildenafil - a vasodilator used for pulmonary hypertension.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1 in 100,000 people, more common in women (especially between ages 30 and 50).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender. Family history of autoimmune diseases. Environmental factors (e.g., silica dust exposure).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly variable; some individuals experience mild symptoms while others develop severe organ involvement. Early treatment can improve outcomes, but the disease can be life-threatening, especially if lung or heart complications arise.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary fibrosis. Heart failure due to fibrosis. Renal crisis leading to kidney failure.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
Symptoms:
combination of symptoms from lupus, scleroderma, and polymyositis; raynaud’s phenomenon (cold, discolored fingers or toes); joint pain and swelling; muscle weakness; swollen hands and fingers; esophageal reflux or swallowing difficulties; skin changes such as a rash or sclerodactyly (thickening of the skin on fingers)
Root Cause:
A condition characterized by the overlap of features from multiple autoimmune diseases (lupus, scleroderma, and polymyositis). The immune system attacks connective tissue, leading to inflammation and fibrosis.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for specific autoantibodies (e.g., anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein [RNP], anti-Smith, anti-Scl-70). Clinical history and physical examination to assess overlapping symptoms of other autoimmune diseases. Skin biopsy for signs of scleroderma or lupus involvement
Treatment:
Corticosteroids for inflammation control. Immunosuppressive medications (e.g., methotrexate, azathioprine). NSAIDs for joint pain. Physical therapy to maintain muscle and joint function.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) to reduce inflammation and control flare-ups. Methotrexate - used for managing systemic inflammation. Azathioprine - an immunosuppressant used for long-term disease control. NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen ) - used for managing joint pain and inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated prevalence of 1-5 cases per 100,000 people. It primarily affects young women (ages 15-50).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender. Family history of autoimmune diseases.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but manageable with early treatment. Disease progression can vary, with some individuals experiencing periods of remission while others develop severe organ involvement.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary hypertension. Interstitial lung disease. Renal complications (similar to lupus nephritis). Esophageal dysfunction and difficulty swallowing. Raynaud's phenomenon leading to digital ulcers.
Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease, CPPD)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Crystal-Induced Arthritis
Symptoms:
sudden onset of joint pain and swelling, often affecting the knees, wrists, or hips; redness, warmth, and tenderness in the affected joint; joint stiffness, particularly in the mornings
Root Cause:
Pseudogout is caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals in the joints. This results in inflammation and painful flare-ups, which can mimic gout.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination of affected joints. Joint aspiration and microscopic examination of synovial fluid for CPPD crystals. X-rays showing characteristic chondrocalcinosis (calcium deposits in the cartilage). Blood tests to rule out other causes of arthritis.
Treatment:
Acute attacks - NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen), colchicine, corticosteroid injections into the affected joint. Chronic management - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), physical therapy to maintain joint function, and in some cases, low-dose colchicine to prevent flare-ups;
Medications:
NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen , naproxen ) – Reduce inflammation and pain during acute attacks. Colchicine – Used for acute pseudogout attacks and to prevent future flare-ups. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone , methylprednisolone ) – Intra-articular or oral steroids used to reduce severe inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Pseudogout is less common than gout but is seen in about 5% of individuals over 65 years old. It is more common in older adults and those with underlying joint conditions like osteoarthritis.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging (older adults are more prone). Joint trauma or surgery. Family history of pseudogout. Hyperparathyroidism. Hemochromatosis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The condition is generally manageable with treatment, but it may cause recurrent attacks and, in some cases, lead to chronic joint damage and functional limitations.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent joint pain and inflammation. Chronic joint damage leading to arthritis. Limited range of motion or deformities in affected joints. Increased risk of osteoarthritis in affected joints.
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Symptoms:
muscle pain and stiffness in the shoulders and hips; fatigue; fever; weight loss; difficulty with movement or mobility; morning stiffness
Root Cause:
Inflammation of the muscles and joints, particularly around the shoulders and hips. It is often associated with Giant Cell Arteritis.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, elevated ESR and CRP levels, and the exclusion of other conditions. No specific test exists, but imaging or muscle biopsy may occasionally be used.
Treatment:
First-line treatment includes corticosteroids (prednisone) to reduce inflammation. Immunosuppressants like methotrexate may be used in cases of resistance to steroids.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (prednisone ) are the primary treatment for Polymyalgia Rheumatica. Methotrexate or other immunosuppressive agents may be used in cases where corticosteroids are insufficient or cause side effects.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 1,000 people over the age of 50, with a higher incidence in females and those of Northern European descent.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (over 50), female gender, family history of autoimmune conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, symptoms often improve within weeks; however, corticosteroids are typically required long-term.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Prolonged use of corticosteroids can lead to osteoporosis, diabetes, hypertension, and cataracts.
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Vasculitis
Symptoms:
sinus congestion; nasal ulcers; hemoptysis (coughing up blood); cough; joint pain; fever; fatigue; weight loss
Root Cause:
Autoimmune vasculitis affecting small to medium-sized blood vessels, primarily in the respiratory tract and kidneys, leading to inflammation and damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically confirmed through a combination of clinical symptoms, blood tests (elevated ANCA levels), imaging, and biopsy of affected tissues (e.g., lungs, kidneys).
Treatment:
The treatment typically includes high-dose corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents like cyclophosphamide or rituximab. Maintenance therapy with methotrexate or azathioprine may follow.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (prednisone ) are used for initial treatment, often in combination with immunosuppressants like cyclophosphamide or rituximab . Maintenance therapy may involve methotrexate or azathioprine .
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated incidence of 3 per million people per year.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (typically diagnosed in adults aged 40-60), male gender, positive ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) in blood tests.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early treatment, remission is possible, but the disease can cause irreversible damage, particularly to the kidneys and lungs.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Kidney failure, lung damage, hearing loss, and systemic organ damage.
Behçet’s Disease
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Symptoms:
recurrent oral and genital ulcers; skin lesions (e.g., erythema nodosum); eye inflammation (uveitis); arthritis; neurological symptoms; gastrointestinal involvement
Root Cause:
A chronic autoimmune disorder causing blood vessel inflammation (vasculitis) that affects multiple systems, including the skin, eyes, joints, and digestive system.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is clinical, with a combination of recurrent oral and genital ulcers, eye involvement, and a positive pathergy test (skin hypersensitivity). Other tests may include blood tests and imaging.
Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents like colchicine, azathioprine, and biologics like infliximab or adalimumab.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (prednisone ) are used to control flare-ups, along with colchicine for skin lesions and joint pain. Immunosuppressive drugs like azathioprine may be used, and biologics such as infliximab or adalimumab may help control severe disease.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common in Asia and the Middle East, with a prevalence of 20-70 per 100,000 in those regions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic factors, particularly HLA-B51 allele, and environmental triggers like infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic disease with periods of flare-ups and remissions. The disease can be severe and cause long-term damage, particularly to the eyes and joints.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Vision loss, stroke, gastrointestinal problems, and joint deformities.
Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
joint hypermobility (excessive flexibility in joints); joint pain and instability; frequent sprains or dislocations; muscle fatigue; soft tissue injuries
Root Cause:
A genetic disorder of connective tissue that results in overly flexible joints, with an associated risk of joint pain and instability. The problem lies in the collagen or other components of connective tissue that affect joint stability.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on the Beighton score (a scale to measure joint hypermobility). Genetic testing in some cases to identify mutations in connective tissue genes.
Treatment:
Physical therapy to strengthen muscles around hypermobile joints. Bracing or splints to stabilize joints. Pain management strategies, including medications and lifestyle changes. Occupational therapy for assistance with daily activities.
Medications:
NSAIDs for pain and inflammation. Muscle relaxants for joint-related muscle spasms. Topical analgesics for localized joint pain relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects around 5% of the general population, with women being more commonly affected.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of hypermobility. Being female (more common in women). Certain connective tissue disorders (e.g., Ehlers-Danlos syndrome).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition that may worsen with age if left untreated. Symptoms can be managed with early intervention and physical therapy.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent joint dislocations or injuries. Chronic.
Paget’s Disease
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Metabolic Bone and Joint Disorders
Symptoms:
bone pain; joint pain and stiffness; deformities in the affected bones (e.g., bowing of the legs, enlarged skull); hearing loss (if the skull is affected)
Root Cause:
Abnormal bone remodeling, where the normal bone resorption process is accelerated, followed by disorganized new bone formation. This leads to weakened bones and structural deformities.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests showing elevated alkaline phosphatase levels. X-rays or bone scans to detect changes in bone structure. Biopsy in rare cases for confirmation.
Treatment:
Bisphosphonates (oral or intravenous) to inhibit bone resorption. Pain relievers (e.g., NSAIDs) for bone pain. Surgery may be necessary for severe deformities or fractures.
Medications:
Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate , zoledronic acid) - Reduce bone turnover and help prevent bone pain and fractures. Calcitonin - May be used as a second-line therapy to inhibit bone resorption. NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen , naproxen ) - To manage bone pain and inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 1-3% of people over the age of 55, with a higher prevalence in individuals of European descent.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (more common in older adults), family history, being of European descent.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be controlled with medication, but symptoms may recur over time. Long-term monitoring is essential for managing complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Fractures, arthritis in the affected joints, nerve compression, hearing loss, and in rare cases, osteosarcoma (bone cancer).
Osteomalacia (adults) / Rickets (children)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Metabolic Bone and Joint Disorders
Symptoms:
bone pain and tenderness; muscle weakness; fractures; deformities (e.g., bowed legs in children with rickets)
Root Cause:
Defective mineralization of bone due to a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, leading to soft, weak bones.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (low calcium, low phosphate, elevated alkaline phosphatase). X-rays to detect bone deformities or signs of bone softening. Bone biopsy in rare cases for confirmation.
Treatment:
Vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Treatment of underlying causes (e.g., phosphate supplements if a deficiency is found). Weight-bearing exercises to strengthen bones and prevent deformities.
Medications:
Vitamin D (e.g., cholecalciferol , ergocalciferol ) - Helps in calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Calcium supplements - To restore normal calcium levels. Phosphate supplements - In cases of phosphate deficiency.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Osteomalacia is rare in developed countries but more common in areas with limited sunlight or poor nutrition. Rickets is seen more frequently in children with poor dietary intake or limited sunlight exposure.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Insufficient sunlight exposure, poor diet (especially lack of vitamin D, calcium), certain medical conditions (e.g., kidney disease), and age (elderly people are at higher risk due to decreased ability to synthesize vitamin D).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Reversible with appropriate supplementation, though bone deformities may persist if not treated early in children.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bone fractures, deformities (especially in children), muscle weakness, and in severe cases, permanent skeletal changes.
Sarcoidosis (with musculoskeletal involvement)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Other Rheumatologic Disorders
Symptoms:
muscle pain; joint pain; swelling of the joints; fatigue; difficulty moving affected limbs; muscle weakness
Root Cause:
Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease that results in the formation of granulomas (clusters of immune cells) in various organs, including the muscles and joints.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation, imaging (e.g., X-rays, MRI), and biopsy of affected tissue showing granulomas. Blood tests for elevated serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) may also be helpful.
Treatment:
Treatment typically involves corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) to reduce inflammation. Immunosuppressive agents may be prescribed in severe cases, and physical therapy is important for maintaining joint function and strength.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ), immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate , azathioprine , hydroxychloroquine ) — these are used to suppress inflammation and control granuloma formation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sarcoidosis affects approximately 1-40 per 100,000 people in the general population, with a higher prevalence in African American women and in certain geographical regions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of sarcoidosis, exposure to environmental factors (e.g., dust, chemicals), age (typically 20-40 years old), ethnicity (higher prevalence in African Americans and Scandinavians).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover with treatment, but some may experience chronic or recurrent symptoms, leading to long-term disability. In severe cases, organ damage can occur.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic joint damage, pulmonary fibrosis, heart and eye involvement, and nerve damage.
Osteomyelitis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Conditions with Overlap
Sub-category: Infections
Symptoms:
bone pain; swelling; redness over the affected area; fever; chills; fatigue; warmth over the infected bone
Root Cause:
An infection in the bone caused by bacteria or fungi, usually following trauma, surgery, or bloodstream infection.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, blood tests (elevated white blood cell count, ESR, CRP), imaging (X-rays, MRI, or bone scans), and bone biopsy or aspiration for culture.
Treatment:
Treatment usually requires both antibiotics and surgery. Antibiotics are given intravenously initially, followed by oral antibiotics. Surgery may be needed to drain abscesses or remove infected tissue.
Medications:
Antibiotics such as intravenous vancomycin (a broad-spectrum antibiotic) or ceftriaxone (a cephalosporin) are commonly used. Pain relief medications (NSAIDs or opioids) may also be prescribed.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to occur in 2 to 10 people per 100,000 annually in the general population. It is more common in children and elderly individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Diabetes, recent bone trauma or surgery, compromised immune system, intravenous drug use, and presence of prosthetic devices.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With prompt treatment, the prognosis is good, though chronic osteomyelitis may lead to long-term bone damage and recurrence of infection.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic infection, bone deformities, amputation, or spread of infection to other parts of the body such as the bloodstream (sepsis).
Tuberculosis of the Spine (Pott’s Disease)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Conditions with Overlap
Sub-category: Infections
Symptoms:
back pain; fever; night sweats; weight loss; fatigue; difficulty moving or bending; neurological symptoms if nerves are affected
Root Cause:
A form of tuberculosis that affects the spine, typically caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It often spreads from the lungs via the bloodstream to the vertebrae, leading to bone destruction and abscess formation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, imaging (X-rays, MRI, CT scans), positive tuberculosis skin test (TST), blood tests (e.g., TB-PCR, culture), and biopsy of the infected vertebrae.
Treatment:
Treatment includes long-term antibiotic therapy (often a combination of anti-TB drugs) and sometimes surgical intervention to stabilize the spine and drain abscesses if necessary.
Medications:
First-line anti-TB drugs include isoniazid , rifampin , pyrazinamide , and ethambutol . In some cases, corticosteroids are prescribed to reduce inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Tuberculosis of the spine is a rare complication, with Pott's disease occurring in less than 1% of all TB cases. It is more common in individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Active pulmonary tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, weakened immune system, and living in or traveling to areas with high rates of TB.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate and prolonged treatment, the prognosis is generally good, but delayed treatment can lead to deformities, neurological impairment, or even paraplegia.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spinal deformities (e.g., kyphosis), neurological damage, paraplegia, chronic pain, and recurrent infections.
Bone metastases (e.g., from breast or prostate cancer)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Conditions with Overlap
Sub-category: Neoplastic Conditions
Symptoms:
bone pain (often deep, aching); swelling at the site of metastasis; fractures or bone instability; difficulty moving the affected limb or joint; numbness or weakness if spinal metastases are present; fatigue
Root Cause:
Cancer cells from primary tumors (e.g., breast, prostate) spread to bones, disrupting bone structure and causing pain, fractures, and other complications.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Imaging (X-rays, CT scans, MRI, bone scans). Biopsy of bone tissue or suspected lesions. Blood tests (e.g., elevated alkaline phosphatase, calcium levels). PET scan to detect metastasis spread.
Treatment:
Treatment of primary cancer (chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation therapy). Bisphosphonates (e.g., zoledronic acid) or Denosumab to strengthen bones. Pain management (NSAIDs, opioids). Surgery (e.g., fixation of fractures, joint replacement). Radiation therapy to target metastatic bone lesions. Palliative care if the condition is advanced and not amenable to curative treatment.
Medications:
Bisphosphonates (e.g., Zoledronic acid, Alendronate ) are used to reduce bone pain and prevent fractures by inhibiting bone resorption. Denosumab (a monoclonal antibody) works similarly to bisphosphonates to inhibit bone resorption. Pain medications
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Bone metastases occur in approximately 70% of patients with advanced cancer, with the most common primary cancers being breast, prostate, and lung cancers.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Having a history of cancer (especially breast, prostate, lung, or kidney cancers). Advanced stage of primary cancer. Older age.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the extent of metastasis and the type of cancer. Survival can be prolonged with appropriate treatment, but the condition is often associated with a poor overall prognosis in the late stages.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pathologic fractures. Spinal cord compression (if metastasis affects the spine). Hypercalcemia of malignancy. Decreased mobility and quality of life.
Paraneoplastic syndromes with rheumatologic manifestations
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Conditions with Overlap
Sub-category: Neoplastic Conditions
Symptoms:
muscle weakness; joint pain and inflammation; myositis (muscle inflammation); arthritis (often asymmetric); raynaud's phenomenon; skin rashes (e.g., dermatomyositis); fever and malaise; neurologic symptoms (e.g., sensory changes or neuropathy)
Root Cause:
Paraneoplastic syndromes occur due to the body’s immune response to a malignancy, where the immune system mistakenly targets normal tissues such as joints, muscles, and skin. These are not caused by direct tumor invasion but by autoimmunity triggered by the cancer.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (e.g., presence of paraneoplastic antibodies, elevated muscle enzymes such as CK for myositis). Imaging to evaluate joints or muscles. Biopsy of affected tissues (muscle biopsy for myositis, skin biopsy for dermatologic manifestations). Cancer screening (e.g., CT scan, MRI, or PET scan for underlying malignancy). Electromyography (EMG) for muscle involvement.
Treatment:
Treating the underlying cancer is crucial, as this may alleviate the paraneoplastic symptoms. Immunosuppressive therapy (e.g., corticosteroids, methotrexate, azathioprine) to control inflammation and autoimmune response. Physical therapy and rehabilitation to address muscle weakness and joint dysfunction. Plasmapheresis or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for severe cases.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) are used to suppress inflammation and immune activity. Methotrexate (an immunosuppressive medication) to manage inflammation in conditions like myositis. Azathioprine (another immunosuppressive drug) can be used for severe cases. IVIG (Intravenous Immunoglobulin), used in refractory cases to modulate immune response.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Paraneoplastic syndromes are relatively rare, with an incidence of around 1-5% of cancer patients. Rheumatologic manifestations are less common but seen in cancers like lung cancer, breast cancer, and hematologic malignancies.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Presence of underlying malignancy, particularly small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, or lymphomas. Genetic predisposition to autoimmune diseases. Advanced cancer stage.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis is highly dependent on the underlying malignancy. Paraneoplastic syndromes can sometimes improve with successful cancer treatment, but they may persist or worsen if the cancer progresses.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent muscle or joint damage if not treated early. Neurological complications (e.g., peripheral neuropathy or myopathy). Decreased quality of life due to pain and disability.
Diabetes-related musculoskeletal complications (e.g., Charcot joint)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Conditions with Overlap
Sub-category: Systemic Conditions
Symptoms:
swelling in the affected joint; warmth over the joint; decreased joint stability and deformity; pain (often absent in charcot joint due to diabetic neuropathy)
Root Cause:
The condition arises due to the combination of chronic hyperglycemia and neuropathy, leading to abnormal mechanical stress on the joints. Charcot joint disease is characterized by joint destruction, deformity, and instability.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination (observing swelling, deformity, and lack of pain in some cases due to neuropathy). X-rays and MRI to assess joint damage and bone changes. Bone scintigraphy (in some cases).
Treatment:
Offloading and immobilization of the affected joint (e.g., using specialized shoes, braces, or casts). Surgical intervention for deformities or instability in severe cases. Management of blood glucose levels to prevent progression
Medications:
Analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen or NSAIDs for pain, though often not as effective in Charcot joint due to neuropathy). Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for any associated inflammatory component (though not commonly used specifically for Charcot joint). Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate ) may be used for bone remodeling in certain cases, although they are typically more for osteoporosis.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 0.1% to 0.5% of people with diabetes develop Charcot joint disease, with higher prevalence in those with poorly controlled diabetes and diabetic neuropathy.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Long-standing diabetes (type 1 or type 2). Diabetic neuropathy. Poorly controlled blood glucose levels. Trauma or repetitive stress on the joints.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis can vary, but early intervention and good blood sugar control can prevent or slow joint destruction. Severe deformity may lead to permanent disability or amputation in extreme cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Joint deformities and instability. Increased risk of fractures due to weakened joints. Difficulty with mobility. Risk of amputation in severe cases.
Hemophilia-associated joint disease
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Conditions with Overlap
Sub-category: Systemic Conditions
Symptoms:
hemarthrosis (bleeding into the joints); joint pain and swelling; decreased range of motion; chronic joint damage and deformities (e.g., hemophilic arthropathy); stiffness and limited mobility
Root Cause:
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that impairs the blood’s ability to clot, leading to spontaneous bleeding episodes. Recurrent bleeding into joints (especially knees, elbows, and ankles) causes inflammation, cartilage damage, and fibrosis, leading to joint degeneration over time.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history of bleeding episodes. Blood tests to measure clotting factors (Factor VIII or Factor IX levels, depending on hemophilia type). Imaging (X-rays, MRI, or ultrasound) to assess joint damage and synovial changes.
Treatment:
Prophylactic factor replacement therapy to prevent bleeding episodes (Factor VIII or IX infusion for hemophilia A and B, respectively). Joint aspiration to remove blood from the joint during acute bleeding episodes. Physical therapy to maintain joint function and reduce stiffness. Surgery (e.g., joint replacement) for severe joint damage
Medications:
Clotting factor concentrates (Factor VIII or IX, depending on the type of hemophilia). Desmopressin (used in mild hemophilia A to stimulate release of endogenous Factor VIII). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and inflammation (with caution due to bleeding risk).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Hemophilia affects about 1 in 5,000 live male births. Hemophilia-associated joint disease is common in severe cases, particularly in untreated or inadequately treated individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Type of hemophilia (severe forms are more likely to result in joint disease). Frequency and severity of bleeding episodes. Lack of access to or adherence to clotting factor replacement therapy.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper treatment (e.g., clotting factor therapy), joint disease can be prevented or minimized. Without adequate treatment, it can lead to chronic pain, disability, and joint deformity.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic hemophilic arthropathy, which leads to joint deformity, pain, and reduced function. Recurrent bleeding episodes in joints causing long-term damage. Limited mobility and potential need for joint replacement surgery in severe cases