Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Commonly seen in critically ill patients; exact prevalence depends on the underlying condition (e.g., sepsis, trauma).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Sepsis, trauma, malignancy, obstetric complications, and severe infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the underlying cause; untreated DIC can lead to multi-organ failure and death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Organ failure, severe hemorrhage, and death.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; incidence is approximately 0.36–0.9 cases per 100,000 per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, male sex, and certain molecular mutations (e.g., PDGFRA rearrangements).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly variable; manageable with treatment but may be life-threatening without intervention.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cardiac complications (e.g., endomyocardial fibrosis), thromboembolism, and organ failure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, approximately 2-6 cases per million annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune disorders, HIV, certain medications, pregnancy.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Potentially life-threatening without treatment; survival improves significantly with plasma exchange.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Stroke, organ damage, recurrence.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for about 1% of adult cancers; incidence increases with age (median age at diagnosis ~68 years).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, prior chemotherapy/radiation, smoking, benzene exposure, and certain genetic disorders (e.g., Fanconi anemia).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poorer in older adults; overall 5-year survival ~29%; better outcomes with favorable cytogenetics.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Relapse, infection, bleeding, organ damage, and treatment-related secondary cancers.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 6,000–7,000 people in the U.S., with an incidence of 0.3 cases per 100,000 annually; more common in middle-aged and older men.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Male gender, age 40–60, exposure to certain chemicals (e.g., pesticides), and genetic mutations like BRAF V600E.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate treatment, with long-term remission in most cases after therapy; relapses can occur but are usually manageable.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent neutropenia, recurrent infections, secondary cancers, splenic rupture, and autoimmune phenomena.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, accounting for less than 5% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, male gender, and genetic predisposition.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early stages are manageable, but advanced stages can be challenging to treat.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary infections, disfigurement, progression to systemic disease, and treatment-related toxicities.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare; exact prevalence is unknown, but it is a rare inherited disorder.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic mutations in the SERPINF2 gene (inherited in an autosomal recessive manner).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Lifelong management is required; patients can live a normal life with appropriate treatment, but severe bleeding episodes may be life-threatening.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Life-threatening hemorrhages, chronic joint damage due to recurrent bleeding, and potential over-treatment leading to thrombosis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare; typically occurs in industrial settings with accidental exposure to arsine gas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Working in industries handling arsenic compounds, such as semiconductor manufacturing or metallurgical processes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Recovery is possible with prompt treatment, but severe cases may lead to kidney failure or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Acute kidney injury, severe anemia, multi-organ failure, and death if untreated.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; occurs more often in patients on anticoagulation therapy or with trauma to the esophagus.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Anticoagulant use, trauma, esophageal varices, or coagulopathies.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable with prompt treatment; complications may arise if diagnosis or management is delayed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe bleeding, esophageal rupture, or mediastinitis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; estimated at 1 in 1 million people.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Inherited mutations in the F5 gene or acquired conditions like liver disease.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate management; spontaneous bleeding is rare in mild to moderate cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe bleeding episodes, particularly in surgical or trauma settings.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; estimated at 1 in 1 million people.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Inherited mutations in the F10 gene or acquired vitamin K deficiency due to malnutrition or liver disease.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate treatment; severe cases may require lifelong management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe bleeding episodes, particularly in surgical or trauma settings.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare, affecting 1 in 1–5 million people worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autosomal recessive inheritance with mutations in F13A1 or F13B genes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Lifelong replacement therapy significantly improves outcomes; untreated cases risk life-threatening bleeding.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Intracranial hemorrhage, recurrent pregnancy loss, and delayed wound healing.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
STEC-HUS is more common in children under 5 years, with approximately 1-2 cases per 100,000 annually in developed countries. Atypical HUS is extremely rare, with an estimated incidence of 2 cases per 1 million individuals annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to contaminated food or water (for STEC-HUS), genetic predisposition (for atypical HUS), and certain infections or medications.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis for STEC-HUS in children is favorable with appropriate supportive care, though some may develop long-term kidney damage. Atypical HUS has a more variable prognosis, heavily reliant on timely treatment with eculizumab.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic kidney disease, hypertension, seizures, or neurological complications; in atypical HUS, recurrent episodes can lead to significant morbidity.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 25,000 male births worldwide. Females can be carriers but rarely exhibit symptoms.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of hemophilia B, X-linked inheritance pattern.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, individuals can lead near-normal lives. Long-acting factor IX products have improved management for severe cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic joint damage from recurrent hemarthrosis (arthropathy), development of inhibitors against factor IX, severe hemorrhages, or infections from blood product transfusions (historically).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Inherited thrombophilias affect up to 10% of the general population (e.g., Factor V Leiden in 5% of individuals of European descent). Acquired hypercoagulability is more variable, depending on underlying conditions like malignancy or antiphospholipid syndrome.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of thrombophilia, immobility (e.g., post-surgery or long travel), obesity, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, cancer, and autoimmune conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the underlying cause and management. With appropriate anticoagulation, most patients avoid recurrent thrombosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent thromboembolic events (DVT, pulmonary embolism), chronic post-thrombotic syndrome, organ damage (e.g., from arterial clots), and complications of anticoagulation therapy (e.g., bleeding).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Acute ITP in emergency settings is uncommon but can occur during severe disease exacerbations or in undiagnosed individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Viral infections, autoimmune conditions, recent surgery, certain medications, or trauma can precipitate acute ITP episodes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prompt intervention in emergency settings can stabilize patients and prevent severe complications. Long-term management depends on the chronicity and response to therapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Life-threatening bleeding, particularly intracranial hemorrhage; complications from transfusions (e.g., alloimmunization); and adverse effects of emergency treatments like corticosteroids or IVIG.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated incidence of 0.2–1 per 100,000 people annually. It is more common in hospitalized patients with risk factors like central venous catheters or cancer.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Central venous catheterization, head and neck infections (e.g., Lemierre’s syndrome), malignancy, trauma, hypercoagulable disorders, and intravenous drug use.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable with prompt treatment, although delayed diagnosis can lead to serious complications like pulmonary embolism or septicemia.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary embolism, septic thrombophlebitis (Lemierre's syndrome), venous congestion, and, in rare cases, death.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies widely; hemophilia A affects approximately 1 in 5,000 males, hemophilia B affects 1 in 25,000 males, and von Willebrand disease affects about 1% of the population, though many cases are mild and undiagnosed.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic mutations, family history of bleeding disorders, and in rare cases, acquired deficiencies due to autoimmune conditions or liver disease.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper diagnosis and management, most individuals can live normal lives, though severe forms may require lifelong treatment and monitoring.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe bleeding episodes, chronic joint damage (in hemophilia), and complications from transfusions or factor concentrates, such as inhibitors or infections (historically).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
The prevalence varies depending on the disorder. For example, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) affects 2–5 per 100,000 individuals annually, while inherited disorders like Bernard-Soulier syndrome are extremely rare.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition (inherited disorders), autoimmune conditions, certain medications (e.g., chemotherapy, heparin), infections, and bone marrow suppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the specific condition. With appropriate treatment, many platelet disorders can be managed effectively, although severe inherited conditions may require lifelong care.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe bleeding episodes, intracranial hemorrhage, chronic anemia from frequent blood loss, and complications from platelet transfusions, such as alloimmunization or infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1 in 500 individuals, with increased frequency in those with a personal or family history of thrombotic events.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of Protein S Deficiency, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, prolonged immobility, surgery, and malignancy.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with anticoagulant therapy; however, untreated cases carry a significant risk of recurrent thrombotic events. Severe deficiency can result in neonatal purpura fulminans or other life-threatening thrombotic complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent venous thromboembolism, arterial thrombotic events, warfarin-induced skin necrosis, and long-term damage to affected tissues and organs.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Fairly common, especially in people with varicose veins or those using intravenous catheters.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Varicose veins, prolonged immobility, intravenous catheter use, hypercoagulable states, malignancy.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate treatment; resolves within weeks. Rarely progresses to deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Extension into deep veins causing DVT, pulmonary embolism in rare cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common inherited bleeding disorder, affecting approximately 1% of the population.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of von Willebrand disease.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with appropriate management; most cases are mild.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe bleeding during surgery or trauma, menorrhagia-related anemia.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 20,000 individuals; more common in women than men.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female sex, hormonal fluctuations, certain medications (e.g., barbiturates, sulfa drugs), fasting, alcohol consumption.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper management, acute attacks are treatable; however, untreated attacks can lead to complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent neurological damage, chronic pain, liver cancer (in rare cases).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare, with cases limited to specific familial clusters.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of porphyria, environmental triggers.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Management of symptoms leads to stable outcomes; rare complications possible.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Photosensitivity-related skin damage, chronic pain.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies widely among types; AIP is most common, with a prevalence of 1 in 20,000.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, environmental factors, hormonal fluctuations.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies by type; manageable with appropriate treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Neuropathy, chronic pain, liver cancer (in severe cases).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; associated with specific conditions like Waldenström macroglobulinemia and polycythemia vera.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Plasma cell dyscrasias, polycythemia vera, multiple myeloma, high serum protein levels.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the underlying cause; reversible with timely treatment but may lead to severe complications if untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Retinal vein occlusion, stroke, organ ischemia, and heart failure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common as a complication of chemotherapy or certain infections; varies widely based on underlying cause.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chemotherapy, autoimmune diseases, congenital conditions, viral infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on severity and cause; reversible in many cases but may lead to severe infections if untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Life-threatening infections, sepsis, organ damage from uncontrolled infection.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; primarily affects children following viral infections.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Recent viral infection, cold exposure, autoimmune predisposition.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good; self-limited in post-infectious cases, but may require treatment in chronic or severe cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe anemia, kidney damage due to hemoglobinuria.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; incidence estimated at 1 in 10,000–20,000 individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic mutations (e.g., KIT D816V), familial mastocytosis.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; indolent forms have a good prognosis, while aggressive forms may have significant morbidity and mortality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Organ dysfunction, osteoporosis, anaphylaxis, and increased risk of secondary malignancies.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; incidence is estimated at 21–25 cases per million per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), HIV infection, and possibly autoimmune conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis for unicentric disease is excellent after surgical excision, while prognosis for multicentric disease varies based on the underlying cause, age, and treatment response.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications may include organ dysfunction, infection due to immunosuppression, progression to lymphoma, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare; predominantly reported in middle-aged and older individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, underlying lymphoproliferative disorders, and possibly genetic predisposition.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; dependent on the associated condition. Prognosis improves with effective treatment of the underlying disorder.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Transformation to aggressive lymphoma, systemic amyloidosis, or organ dysfunction.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; often associated with multiple myeloma or MGUS.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Plasma cell dyscrasias, genetic predisposition, and advanced age.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Guarded; progression to end-stage renal disease is common without effective treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic kidney disease, dialysis dependency, systemic amyloidosis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 3% of individuals over 50 years old and 5% over 70 years old.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, male sex, African-American ethnicity, and family history of plasma cell disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally excellent; however, approximately 1% of cases per year progress to multiple myeloma, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, or amyloidosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Potential progression to malignancy (e.g., multiple myeloma), amyloidosis, or other plasma cell disorders.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 4–5 per 100,000 people annually, more common in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, male sex, African-American ethnicity, family history, and MGUS.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Improved with modern therapies but still considered incurable; median survival varies from 5–10 years depending on stage and response to treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe bone pain, fractures, kidney failure, hypercalcemia, anemia, and susceptibility to infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an incidence of about 3 per million annually. More common in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, male sex, family history, and MGUS.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Slowly progressive but treatable; median survival ranges from 5–10 years, depending on response to therapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hyperviscosity syndrome, neuropathy, bleeding, infections, and secondary amyloidosis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in elderly populations, affecting approximately 10% of people over 65 years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, chronic diseases (e.g., kidney disease, inflammatory disorders), malnutrition, and medications interfering with absorption of nutrients.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Dependent on identifying and managing the cause. Nutritional deficiencies often respond well to treatment, while chronic disease-associated anemia may require long-term management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased mortality, cardiovascular events, frailty, and reduced quality of life.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, affecting approximately 1-2 individuals per million people annually worldwide, with higher incidence in Asia.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to toxic chemicals (e.g., benzene), radiation or chemotherapy, certain medications (e.g., chloramphenicol), viral infections (e.g., hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus), autoimmune diseases, and genetic predisposition (e.g., Fanconi anemia).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, prognosis varies. Bone marrow transplantation offers a potential cure for eligible patients. Immunosuppressive therapy is effective for many, though relapses can occur. Without treatment, severe aplastic anemia is often fatal.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Life-threatening infections, severe bleeding, iron overload from repeated transfusions, progression to myelodysplastic syndrome or leukemia, and organ damage from iron overload.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Southeast Asian populations; worldwide incidence is around 1 in 100,000.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of thalassemia, carrier status for beta-thalassemia mutations, consanguineous marriage.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Life expectancy depends on severity; regular treatment improves quality of life but severe cases require lifelong care.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Iron overload, heart disease, liver damage, endocrine dysfunction, and bone abnormalities.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; incidence is estimated to be 1 case per million annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, underlying infections (e.g., mycoplasma pneumonia), or lymphoproliferative disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with management; severe hemolysis requires lifelong care.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe anemia, thromboembolism, and organ damage due to hemolysis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in malaria-endemic regions, affecting approximately 400 million people globally.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Male sex (X-linked condition), African, Mediterranean, or Asian ancestry.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with trigger avoidance; hemolytic episodes are self-limiting.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Acute hemolysis, neonatal jaundice, and potential kidney damage during severe episodes.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Associated with hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell disease; prevalence varies based on hemoglobinopathy distribution.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Underlying hemoglobinopathies (e.g., sickle cell disease, hemoglobin SC disease), poorly managed systemic symptoms.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early diagnosis and treatment improve outcomes, but untreated retinopathy can lead to significant vision loss.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, permanent vision loss.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
The most common nutritional deficiency worldwide, affecting up to 25% of the global population.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor dietary intake, chronic blood loss (e.g., heavy menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding), pregnancy, and malabsorption disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate treatment; symptoms resolve as iron levels normalize.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe anemia, delayed growth in children, heart failure, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies by region; more common in areas with dietary deficiencies or high rates of malabsorption disorders (e.g., pernicious anemia). Common among older adults and populations with limited access to fortified foods.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate; alcoholism; pregnancy; pernicious anemia; gastrointestinal surgeries (e.g., gastrectomy); malabsorption conditions (e.g., celiac disease, Crohn's disease); medications interfering with vitamin absorption (e.g., methotrexate, metformin, proton pump inhibitors)

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate supplementation and treatment of the underlying cause, symptoms typically resolve, and prognosis is excellent. Untreated cases can lead to irreversible neurological damage in vitamin B12 deficiency.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
irreversible neurological damage; infertility; cardiovascular risks due to elevated homocysteine levels; increased susceptibility to infections; peripheral neuropathy; cognitive decline or memory issues

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, primarily associated with malignancies (e.g., metastatic cancer, leukemia, lymphoma) or chronic infections (e.g., tuberculosis).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
malignancies; chronic granulomatous infections; fibrotic disorders; radiation exposure; certain genetic predispositions

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the underlying condition. Early diagnosis and treatment of the causative factor can improve outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
severe anemia; organ failure due to infiltration; increased susceptibility to infections; bleeding disorders

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in individuals over 60 years old; higher prevalence in people of Northern European descent and those with autoimmune conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune conditions (e.g., Hashimoto's thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes), family history, vegetarian or vegan diets (due to low dietary B12), and gastrointestinal surgeries or disorders (e.g., gastric bypass, chronic gastritis).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with timely treatment; symptoms and hematologic abnormalities often resolve with B12 replacement therapy. Delayed treatment may lead to irreversible neurological damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Neurological symptoms (e.g., peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairment), increased risk of gastric cancer, and severe anemia.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects millions globally, particularly individuals of African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Indian descent. In the U.S., it affects approximately 1 in 365 African-American births.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of SCD, being a carrier (sickle cell trait) with a partner who is also a carrier.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With modern treatments, life expectancy has improved, but complications may limit quality of life. Stem cell transplant offers a potential cure in select cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Stroke, acute chest syndrome, organ damage (kidney, liver, spleen), chronic pain, and increased risk of infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies by region; more common in Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, Southeast Asian, and African populations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of thalassemia, being a carrier of the beta or alpha thalassemia trait.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Better than thalassemia major but may require lifelong management. Risk of complications increases without proper treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Iron overload from transfusions, bone deformities, growth delays, and increased risk of thrombosis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare but can occur in any age group, more commonly seen in physically active individuals or during activities that cause a Valsalva maneuver.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Activities or conditions causing sudden pressure changes, such as heavy lifting, vomiting, coughing, or sneezing.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; most cases resolve without intervention. Severe cases may require surgical management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and vision loss in untreated severe cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Increased risk in people with untreated HIV/AIDS; accounts for 3–5% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced HIV, low CD4 counts, and co-infection with EBV.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly variable depending on HIV control and lymphoma type; overall 5-year survival ~30–50%.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Opportunistic infections, relapse, and progression to other AIDS-defining illnesses.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common non-Hodgkin lymphoma, accounting for about 85% of cases globally.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, male gender, family history of lymphoma, immunosuppression, viral infections (e.g., EBV, HIV), and chronic inflammation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on subtype and stage; early-stage localized lymphoma often has a good prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate exceeding 70% in some cases. Advanced-stage lymphoma is more challenging but can respond well to modern therapies.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary cancers, organ damage due to metastasis, infections, anemia, and treatment-related toxicities.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
DLBCL is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, accounting for about 30-40% of cases worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, male sex, family history of lymphoma, weakened immune system, exposure to certain infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus), and previous cancer treatments.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis varies; approximately 60-70% achieve remission with R-CHOP therapy. Advanced stage, high-risk genetic markers, and refractory disease worsen outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Relapse, tumor lysis syndrome, secondary infections, organ dysfunction, and therapy-related secondary cancers.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, often associated with myeloproliferative disorders such as essential thrombocytosis or polycythemia vera.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Underlying hematologic conditions, genetic predisposition, and nerve damage.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; managing the underlying condition can significantly reduce symptoms.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, skin damage, and functional impairment.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for 20-30% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas; more common in middle-aged and older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, family history, immune system dysfunction, and certain infections (e.g., HCV).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often indolent but incurable; median survival is over 10 years with appropriate management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Transformation to a more aggressive lymphoma (e.g., DLBCL), infections, and therapy-related side effects.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, accounting for 2–4% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases, most common in young adults and children.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, prior radiation or chemotherapy, and immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; five-year survival rates range from 40–70%, depending on age and response to treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Disease relapse, tumor lysis syndrome, and treatment-related toxicity.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for 2–4% of all lymphomas, more common in young women aged 20–40.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender, Epstein-Barr virus, and genetic abnormalities in tumor suppressor genes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with modern treatment; five-year survival rates exceed 80% for most patients.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Superior vena cava syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, and relapse.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10,000–12,000 people annually in the U.S., primarily older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, prior chemotherapy/radiation, exposure to toxins (e.g., benzene), and genetic predisposition.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; median survival ranges from months to years depending on risk group (low vs. high).

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), infections, and bleeding complications.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 4% of all cancers in the U.S.; more common in men and older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age over 60, weakened immune system, infections (HIV, EBV, H. pylori), exposure to chemicals or radiation, family history of lymphoma.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies widely based on subtype and stage; 5-year survival rate is around 73% overall but higher for indolent forms.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of infections, secondary malignancies, organ dysfunction due to metastasis, treatment-related side effects.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1.5 cases per 100,000 annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age over 50, mutations in JAK2, CALR, or MPL genes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Median survival 5-7 years; better outcomes with stem cell transplantation.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe anemia, infections, progression to acute myeloid leukemia.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; accounts for less than 5% of all thyroid malignancies.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, female sex, underlying Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, family history of lymphoma.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good if detected early; 5-year survival rate is over 80% with appropriate treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Compression of trachea or esophagus, metastasis to other organs, treatment-related toxicities.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in approximately 1-2% of all transfusion recipients but higher in patients with repeated transfusions, such as those with sickle cell disease or thalassemia.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Multiple transfusions, non-identical blood group antigens, pregnancy, or a history of transplantation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with appropriate management, but complications can arise in cases of severe immune responses.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hemolytic reactions, increased difficulty in finding compatible blood for future transfusions, organ dysfunction due to severe hemolysis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Widely used in clinical practice for various immune-mediated and immunodeficient conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune diseases, genetic immunodeficiencies, or secondary immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often effective in managing immune-mediated conditions or replacing deficient antibodies.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Allergic reactions, thromboembolism, renal dysfunction, aseptic meningitis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in developed countries due to stringent screening, but higher in regions with less stringent blood safety measures.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Receiving unscreened or inadequately tested blood products, transfusions in areas with high endemic rates of infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies depending on the disease; prompt diagnosis and treatment generally improve outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic infections, organ damage, or death if untreated.