Condition Lookup

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Adolescents and Young Adults With HIV Infection

Category: HIV

Symptoms:
fatigue; fever; lymphadenopathy; weight loss; delayed growth or puberty; opportunistic infections

Root Cause:
Immune suppression due to HIV infection leading to vulnerability to infections and delayed development.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HIV serology (ELISA and Western blot), CD4 count, HIV RNA viral load, and resistance testing.

Treatment:
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) tailored to age, weight, and resistance profiles. Regular counseling and adherence support are crucial.

Medications:
Dolutegravir-based regimens (integrase inhibitors), emtricitabine /tenofovir (reverse transcriptase inhibitors), abacavir /lamivudine (nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Increasingly common with 1.8 million adolescents globally living with HIV.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Perinatal HIV transmission, early sexual activity, and poor adherence to ART.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early and consistent treatment; delayed treatment can lead to complications and lower life expectancy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Drug resistance, delayed growth and development, social stigma, and mental health challenges.

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Pregnant People With HIV Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: HIV

Symptoms:
asymptomatic in early stages; fatigue; opportunistic infections; frequent viral or bacterial infections

Root Cause:
Suppressed immune function due to HIV, with additional metabolic and hormonal challenges during pregnancy.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HIV testing during pregnancy, CD4 count, HIV RNA viral load, and resistance testing.

Treatment:
ART to maintain maternal health and prevent vertical transmission, tailored for pregnancy. Delivery planning (e.g., cesarean section) may be part of care.

Medications:
Preferred regimens include dolutegravir (integrase inhibitors) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine or lamivudine (reverse transcriptase inhibitors). Avoid teratogenic drugs like efavirenz in the first trimester.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1.3 million women with HIV give birth annually worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Late diagnosis of HIV, poor adherence to ART, lack of prenatal care.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent for mother and child with proper care; without ART, up to 45% vertical transmission risk.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Preterm birth, low birth weight, stillbirth, neonatal HIV infection.

Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Treatment-Naive Patients With HIV Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: HIV

Symptoms:
fever; night sweats; weight loss; lymphadenopathy; diarrhea; opportunistic infections

Root Cause:
Progressive immune system destruction due to untreated HIV.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HIV serology, baseline CD4 count, HIV RNA viral load, and drug resistance testing.

Treatment:
Immediate initiation of a combination ART regimen tailored to resistance profiles and patient tolerance.

Medications:
Bictegravir /tenofovir alafenamide /emtricitabine (integrase inhibitor + NRTIs), darunavir (protease inhibitor) combined with ritonavir or cobicistat .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Globally, around 39 million people live with HIV; ART-naive prevalence varies by region.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Late diagnosis, lack of access to healthcare, and socioeconomic challenges.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with early ART; poor without treatment due to progression to AIDS and opportunistic infections.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Opportunistic infections, multi-organ failure, and death if untreated.

Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: HIV

Symptoms:
asymptomatic in early stages; opportunistic infections in advanced stages; fatigue; lymphadenopathy

Root Cause:
Progressive loss of CD4 T cells due to HIV replication.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Confirmatory HIV testing (ELISA, Western blot, PCR), CD4 count, viral load, and resistance testing.

Treatment:
Combination ART to suppress viral replication, restore immune function, and improve quality of life. Lifelong adherence is required.

Medications:
Integrase inhibitors (dolutegravir , bictegravir ), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (tenofovir alafenamide , emtricitabine ), protease inhibitors (darunavir , atazanavir ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
39 million people worldwide live with HIV; ART coverage is around 75% globally.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unsafe sexual practices, intravenous drug use, untreated HIV.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With consistent ART, life expectancy approaches that of uninfected individuals; without treatment, HIV progresses to AIDS within 8-10 years.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cardiovascular disease, renal dysfunction, neurocognitive disorders, and drug resistance with poor adherence.