Condition Lookup
Speciality:
Allergies and Immunology
Number of Conditions: 61
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Respiratory Allergies
Symptoms:
sneezing; runny or stuffy nose; itchy eyes, nose, or throat; watery, red, or swollen eyes; postnasal drip; fatigue
Root Cause:
Overreaction of the immune system to airborne allergens such as pollen, dust mites, or mold.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, physical examination, skin prick tests, or specific IgE blood tests.
Treatment:
Antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, decongestants, allergen immunotherapy (allergy shots).
Medications:
Oral or intranasal antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Cetirizine , Fexofenadine , Diphenhydramine , Azelastine ), intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone , Budesonide , Mometasone , Beclomethasone ), leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., Montelukast ), decongestants for short-term use (e.g., Pseudoephedrine , Phenylephrine , Oxymetazoline ), and allergy immunotherapy (e.g., Grastek , Ragwitek ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10-30% of the global population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of allergies, atopic conditions, exposure to allergens, urban living, pollution.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with treatment; symptoms may persist but can improve with allergen avoidance and therapy.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sinusitis, sleep disturbances, reduced quality of life, potential development of asthma.
Psoriasis
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune Disorders
Symptoms:
red, scaly patches of skin; itching; cracking or bleeding skin; nail changes (pitting, discoloration); joint pain (in psoriatic arthritis)
Root Cause:
Chronic autoimmune disease causing rapid skin cell turnover and inflammation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination of skin lesions, skin biopsy in uncertain cases.
Treatment:
Topical therapies (e.g., corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs), phototherapy, systemic medications (e.g., methotrexate, biologics).
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs (e.g., Calcipotriol), systemic immunosuppressants (e.g., Methotrexate , Cyclosporine ), and biologics (e.g., Adalimumab , Ustekinumab ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 2–3% of the global population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, infections (e.g., strep throat), stress, obesity, smoking, certain medications.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition; manageable with treatment, but symptoms can wax and wane.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Psoriatic arthritis, cardiovascular disease, depression, metabolic syndrome.
Contact Dermatitis
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Skin Allergies
Symptoms:
red, itchy rash; blisters or hives; swelling and tenderness; cracking or peeling skin
Root Cause:
Skin reaction caused by direct contact with an irritant or allergen.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Patch testing, clinical history, and identification of exposure to irritants/allergens.
Treatment:
Avoidance of irritants/allergens, topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and emollients.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., Hydrocortisone , Betamethasone ) and oral antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine , Loratadine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 20% of the population at some point.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupations with frequent exposure to chemicals or irritants, personal or family history of allergies.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Usually resolves upon avoidance of triggers; chronic exposure can lead to persistent symptoms.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary skin infections, chronic dermatitis.
Celiac Disease
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune Disorders
Symptoms:
diarrhea; abdominal pain; bloating; weight loss; iron deficiency anemia; fatigue; dermatitis herpetiformis (skin rash)
Root Cause:
Autoimmune reaction to gluten, causing damage to the small intestine lining and nutrient malabsorption.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for anti-tTG or EMA antibodies, endoscopic biopsy of the small intestine.
Treatment:
Strict lifelong gluten-free diet.
Medications:
Gluten-free diet and supplements for nutrient deficiencies.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1% of the population globally.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition (HLA-DQ2/DQ8), family history, other autoimmune disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with adherence to a gluten-free diet; untreated cases can lead to serious complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Malnutrition, osteoporosis, infertility, small intestinal cancer, other autoimmune disorders.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune Disorders
Symptoms:
increased thirst; frequent urination; unintended weight loss; fatigue; blurred vision; slow-healing wounds
Root Cause:
Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insufficient insulin production.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for fasting glucose, HbA1c, random glucose levels, or autoantibody testing.
Treatment:
Lifelong insulin therapy (injections or pumps), blood sugar monitoring, healthy diet, and exercise.
Medications:
Insulin therapy and immunomodulatory treatments in experimental stages (e.g., Teplizumab ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for 5–10% of diabetes cases worldwide; often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition (HLA genes), family history, certain viral infections, low vitamin D levels.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Lifelong condition; manageable with proper treatment, but risk of complications increases with poor glucose control.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Diabetic ketoacidosis, cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy.
Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Skin Allergies
Symptoms:
dry, scaly skin; itching (often severe); red, inflamed patches; crusting or oozing lesions; thickened, leathery skin in chronic cases
Root Cause:
Chronic inflammatory skin condition involving immune dysregulation and a defective skin barrier.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, patient history, exclusion of other skin disorders, and occasionally skin biopsy.
Treatment:
Topical corticosteroids, moisturizers, calcineurin inhibitors, phototherapy, and biologic medications (e.g., dupilumab).
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., Hydrocortisone , Triamcinolone ), topical calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., Tacrolimus , Pimecrolimus ), and oral antihistamines (e.g., Cetirizine , Diphenhydramine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 15-20% of children and 1-3% of adults worldwide.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of eczema, asthma, or allergic rhinitis; environmental triggers; stress; low humidity.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; often improves with age in children but may persist or recur in adulthood.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial or viral infections, sleep disturbances, and mental health issues like anxiety or depression.
Urticaria (Hives)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Skin Allergies
Symptoms:
raised, itchy welts on the skin; red or skin-colored bumps; swelling; flares triggered by allergens or stress
Root Cause:
Histamine release from mast cells due to an allergic or non-allergic trigger.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, patient history, and allergen testing if a trigger is suspected.
Treatment:
Antihistamines, corticosteroids for severe cases, and avoidance of triggers.
Medications:
Non-sedating antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Cetirizine , Fexofenadine ), sedating antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine , Hydroxyzine ), and corticosteroids for severe cases (e.g., Prednisone ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 20% of people at some point in their lives.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Allergies, infections, stress, and certain medications or foods.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Acute cases resolve within hours or days; chronic urticaria may last months to years.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Angioedema, anaphylaxis in severe cases.
Angioedema
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Skin Allergies
Symptoms:
swelling of the deeper layers of the skin; often affects lips, eyes, hands, feet, or genitals; can cause throat swelling and breathing difficulties in severe cases
Root Cause:
Increased vascular permeability due to allergic or idiopathic triggers or hereditary factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, patient history, allergen testing, and sometimes complement level testing for hereditary forms.
Treatment:
Antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinephrine for severe cases, and C1 inhibitor concentrate for hereditary cases.
Medications:
Oral antihistamines (e.g., Cetirizine , Fexofenadine ), corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone ), and epinephrine for anaphylaxis.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Exact prevalence unknown; hereditary angioedema affects approximately 1 in 50,000 people.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history (hereditary form), allergies, and ACE inhibitors.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; acute cases resolve with treatment, but hereditary forms require ongoing management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Airway obstruction, asphyxiation in severe cases.
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune Disorders
Symptoms:
dry eyes; dry mouth; joint pain; fatigue; swollen salivary glands; difficulty swallowing; vaginal dryness (in women)
Root Cause:
Autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks moisture-producing glands and other parts of the body.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, physical examination, blood tests (e.g., ANA, SS-A, SS-B antibodies), salivary gland biopsy, Schirmer’s test (tear production), and imaging (e.g., salivary gland scintigraphy).
Treatment:
Symptom management with artificial tears, saliva substitutes, medications like hydroxychloroquine or pilocarpine, and immunosuppressants for severe cases.
Medications:
Artificial tears, cholinergic agonists (e.g., Pilocarpine ), and immunosuppressants (e.g., Hydroxychloroquine , Methotrexate ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.1–0.6% of the population, more common in women, especially over 40.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender, middle age, family history of autoimmune diseases.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition that is manageable but can reduce quality of life; systemic complications may occur.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of lymphoma, dental cavities, oral yeast infections, kidney disease, and systemic organ involvement.
Allergic Asthma
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Respiratory Allergies
Symptoms:
wheezing; shortness of breath; chest tightness; coughing, especially at night or early morning; triggered by allergens like pollen, dust mites, or mold
Root Cause:
Inflammation and constriction of the airways due to immune system overreaction to allergens.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Lung function tests (spirometry), allergy testing, medical history, peak flow measurement.
Treatment:
Inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, leukotriene receptor antagonists, allergen avoidance, biologic therapies (e.g., monoclonal antibodies).
Medications:
Inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone , Budesonide , Mometasone ), long-acting beta agonists (e.g., Salmeterol , Formoterol used with ICS), leukotriene modifiers (e.g., Montelukast ), biologics for severe asthma (e.g., Omalizumab , Mepolizumab , Dupilumab ), and rescue medications (e.g., Albuterol , Levalbuterol ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 8-10% of the global population; up to 60% of asthma cases have an allergic component.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of asthma or allergies, exposure to allergens, pollution, smoking, respiratory infections in childhood.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms are controllable with proper management; untreated asthma can lead to chronic lung issues.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe asthma attacks, chronic obstructive airway disease, decreased quality of life, potential hospitalization.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune Disorders
Symptoms:
muscle weakness; vision problems; numbness or tingling; fatigue; balance and coordination issues; cognitive problems
Root Cause:
Autoimmune attack on the myelin sheath of nerves in the central nervous system, causing communication disruptions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
MRI of the brain and spinal cord, lumbar puncture, evoked potential tests, and clinical examination.
Treatment:
Disease-modifying therapies (e.g., interferons, ocrelizumab), corticosteroids for flare-ups, physical therapy, symptomatic management.
Medications:
Disease-modifying therapies (e.g., Interferon beta, Glatiramer acetate, Ocrelizumab ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2.8 million people globally; more common in women and people of Northern European descent.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender, family history, Epstein-Barr virus infection, vitamin D deficiency, smoking.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; some have mild symptoms, while others may experience significant disability over time.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progressive disability, depression, bladder dysfunction, spasticity, and increased risk of infections.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune Disorders
Symptoms:
joint pain, swelling, and stiffness; morning stiffness lasting over an hour; fatigue; low-grade fever
Root Cause:
Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks joint linings, causing inflammation and joint damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-CCP antibodies; X-rays or MRI of joints; Elevated ESR or CRP (inflammatory markers)
Treatment:
DMARDs (e.g., methotrexate); biologic agents (e.g., TNF inhibitors); NSAIDs; physical therapy
Medications:
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (e.g., Methotrexate ), biologics (e.g., Adalimumab , Etanercept ), and corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 0.5-1% of the global population, more common in women and older adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history; smoking; female sex; obesity
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition; early treatment improves outcomes and prevents severe joint deformities.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Joint deformities; osteoporosis; cardiovascular disease; lung disease
Seasonal Allergies (Pollen Allergy)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Respiratory Allergies
Symptoms:
sneezing; nasal congestion; itchy and watery eyes; coughing; wheezing or difficulty breathing in some cases
Root Cause:
Immune system response to seasonal pollen release from trees, grasses, or weeds.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick testing or specific IgE blood tests against common pollens; patient history.
Treatment:
Antihistamines, nasal sprays, leukotriene receptor antagonists, allergen immunotherapy.
Medications:
Oral or intranasal antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Cetirizine , Fexofenadine , Diphenhydramine , Azelastine ), intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone , Budesonide , Mometasone , Beclomethasone ), leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., Montelukast ), decongestants for short-term use (e.g., Pseudoephedrine , Phenylephrine , Oxymetazoline ), and allergy immunotherapy (e.g., Grastek , Ragwitek ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Around 10-20% of the population in temperate climates, depending on pollen season intensity.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, high pollen exposure, other allergic conditions (e.g., eczema or asthma).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with medications and allergen avoidance strategies; symptoms return seasonally.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sinus infections, exacerbation of asthma, and chronic nasal inflammation.
Perennial Allergic Rhinitis
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Respiratory Allergies
Symptoms:
chronic sneezing; nasal congestion; itchy nose; persistent runny nose; postnasal drip
Root Cause:
Immune system overreaction to year-round allergens like dust mites, mold, or pet dander.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick or blood tests for perennial allergens; patient history and physical exam.
Treatment:
Allergen avoidance, antihistamines, corticosteroid nasal sprays, immunotherapy for chronic cases.
Medications:
Oral or intranasal antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Cetirizine , Fexofenadine , Diphenhydramine , Azelastine ), intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone , Budesonide , Mometasone , Beclomethasone ), leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., Montelukast ), and decongestants for short-term use (e.g., Pseudoephedrine , Phenylephrine , Oxymetazoline ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 13% of the global population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Indoor allergen exposure, atopic family history, presence of other allergies or asthma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Long-term management can control symptoms effectively; not curable but treatable.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinusitis, impaired sleep, reduced productivity and quality of life.
Milk Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Food Allergies
Symptoms:
hives; vomiting; stomach cramps; diarrhea; wheezing; anaphylaxis in severe cases
Root Cause:
Immune system reaction to milk proteins, primarily casein or whey.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick testing, specific IgE blood tests, oral food challenges under medical supervision.
Treatment:
Complete avoidance of milk and milk-containing products, use of epinephrine for anaphylaxis.
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q) for anaphylaxis and oral antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine , Loratadine ) for mild reactions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1-3% of children; often outgrown by adolescence.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of allergies, eczema, or asthma; early exposure to cow's milk proteins.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good for most children as they often outgrow it; lifelong management needed for persistent cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anaphylaxis, nutritional deficiencies if not replaced properly, social challenges.
Egg Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Food Allergies
Symptoms:
skin reactions like hives or eczema; stomach pain; nausea; nasal congestion; anaphylaxis in severe cases
Root Cause:
Immune system reaction to proteins in egg whites or yolks, most commonly ovalbumin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick tests, specific IgE blood tests, oral food challenge.
Treatment:
Avoidance of eggs and egg-based products, epinephrine for severe reactions, oral immunotherapy in some cases.
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q) for anaphylaxis and oral antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine , Loratadine ) for mild reactions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.5-5% of children; many outgrow it by age 5-
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of allergies, atopic conditions, early introduction of eggs in diet.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable for most children; lifelong management needed for persistent cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anaphylaxis, dietary restrictions leading to potential nutrient deficiencies.
Peanut Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Food Allergies
Symptoms:
hives; swelling; difficulty breathing; vomiting; anaphylaxis
Root Cause:
Immune system response to peanut proteins, particularly arachin and conarachin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick tests, specific IgE blood tests, oral food challenge.
Treatment:
Avoidance of peanuts, epinephrine for anaphylaxis, oral immunotherapy under medical supervision.
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q), antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine , Cetirizine ), and oral immunotherapy (e.g., Palforzia in specific cases).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1-2% of the population; prevalence has been rising in recent decades.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, eczema, early or delayed introduction of peanuts in infancy.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Lifelong condition for many; emerging treatments like oral immunotherapy offer hope for desensitization.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe anaphylaxis, social and psychological impacts, dietary restrictions.
Tree Nut Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Food Allergies
Symptoms:
skin reactions like hives; swelling of lips or tongue; difficulty swallowing; wheezing; anaphylaxis
Root Cause:
Immune system reaction to proteins in tree nuts such as almonds, walnuts, cashews, and pecans.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick tests, specific IgE blood tests, oral food challenge.
Treatment:
Avoidance of tree nuts, carrying epinephrine for severe reactions, allergen immunotherapy in development.
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q) and oral antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Cetirizine ) for mild reactions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.5-1% of the population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of allergies, atopic conditions, prior allergic reactions to nuts.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Rarely outgrown; lifelong management is often necessary.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anaphylaxis, cross-reactivity with other nuts, social and dietary challenges.
Shellfish Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Food Allergies
Symptoms:
hives; itching; swelling; wheezing or difficulty breathing; nausea or vomiting; anaphylaxis in severe cases
Root Cause:
Immune system reaction to proteins found in shellfish, such as tropomyosin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick tests, specific IgE blood tests, oral food challenge under medical supervision.
Treatment:
Complete avoidance of shellfish, use of epinephrine for anaphylaxis, education on reading food labels.
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q) and oral antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine , Loratadine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2% of adults and 0.5% of children; more common in adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of allergies, previous allergic reactions to shellfish.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Rarely outgrown; lifelong management is typically necessary.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe anaphylaxis, cross-reactivity with other shellfish, dietary restrictions.
Fish Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Food Allergies
Symptoms:
hives; swelling; stomach pain; nausea; difficulty breathing; anaphylaxis
Root Cause:
Immune system reaction to fish proteins, such as parvalbumin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick testing, specific IgE blood tests, oral food challenge.
Treatment:
Avoidance of fish, use of epinephrine for severe reactions, education on avoiding cross-contamination.
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q) and oral antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine , Cetirizine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1% of the global population; more common in adults than children.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of allergies, prior reactions to fish, geographic dietary practices.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Rarely outgrown; lifelong avoidance is typically required.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anaphylaxis, cross-reactivity with other types of fish, limited dietary options in certain regions.
Wheat Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Food Allergies
Symptoms:
hives; swelling; nausea; vomiting; difficulty breathing; anaphylaxis
Root Cause:
Immune system reaction to proteins found in wheat, including gluten and albumin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick tests, specific IgE blood tests, oral food challenge.
Treatment:
Avoidance of wheat products, substitution with gluten-free grains, use of epinephrine for severe reactions.
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q) and oral antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine , Loratadine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.2-1% of children and adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of allergies, atopic conditions, prior allergic reactions to wheat.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Many children outgrow it by age 12; adults may need lifelong management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anaphylaxis, misdiagnosis with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity, limited dietary options.
Soy Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Food Allergies
Symptoms:
hives; itching; swelling; stomach pain; nausea or vomiting; anaphylaxis in severe cases
Root Cause:
Immune system reaction to proteins in soybeans, such as glycinin and conglycinin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick tests, specific IgE blood tests, oral food challenge under medical supervision.
Treatment:
Avoidance of soy products, reading food labels carefully, use of epinephrine for severe reactions.
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q) and oral antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine , Cetirizine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.4% of children, with most outgrowing it by age
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of allergies, early introduction of soy in diet.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good for most children, as it is often outgrown; lifelong management required for persistent cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anaphylaxis, challenges with dietary management, potential cross-reactivity with other legumes.
Latex Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Skin Allergies
Symptoms:
itchy skin or hives upon contact with latex; runny nose; sneezing; difficulty breathing; anaphylaxis in severe cases
Root Cause:
Immune system reaction to proteins found in natural rubber latex.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick test, specific IgE blood test, and clinical history of reactions to latex products.
Treatment:
Avoidance of latex, antihistamines for mild reactions, and epinephrine for anaphylaxis.
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q) and oral antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine , Loratadine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 1-6% of the general population, higher in healthcare workers and those with frequent latex exposure.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Healthcare workers, people with multiple surgeries, or spina bifida.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with strict latex avoidance; severe cases require emergency preparedness for anaphylaxis.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anaphylaxis and cross-reactions with certain foods like bananas, avocados, and kiwis.
Penicillin Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Drug Allergies
Symptoms:
hives; swelling; shortness of breath; anaphylaxis in severe cases
Root Cause:
Immune system overreaction to penicillin antibiotics.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin testing for penicillin-specific IgE, clinical history, and sometimes graded oral challenges.
Treatment:
Avoidance of penicillin, alternative antibiotics, antihistamines, corticosteroids, and epinephrine for anaphylaxis.
Medications:
Antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine ), corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone ), and epinephrine for severe reactions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Reported by up to 10% of the population, but true allergy is confirmed in only about 1%.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous exposure to penicillin, family history of drug allergies.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with alternative medications; many people outgrow the allergy over time.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Limited antibiotic options, which may lead to suboptimal treatment.
Sulfa Drug Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Drug Allergies
Symptoms:
rash or hives; fever; swelling; difficulty breathing; stevens-johnson syndrome (rare but severe)
Root Cause:
Immune-mediated hypersensitivity to sulfonamide-containing medications.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, exclusion of other causes, and sometimes skin testing.
Treatment:
Discontinuation of sulfa drugs, antihistamines, corticosteroids, and supportive care for severe reactions.
Medications:
Antihistamines (e.g., Cetirizine , Diphenhydramine ) and corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone ) for severe reactions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 3% of the population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
HIV infection, slow acetylator phenotype, and female gender.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt discontinuation of the drug; severe cases require close monitoring.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe reactions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis.
NSAID Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Drug Allergies
Symptoms:
hives or angioedema; wheezing; nasal congestion; anaphylaxis in severe cases
Root Cause:
Hypersensitivity reaction to NSAIDs caused by immune or non-immune mechanisms.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, oral challenge, and exclusion of other causes.
Treatment:
Avoidance of NSAIDs, use of alternative medications like acetaminophen, and desensitization protocols when necessary.
Medications:
Antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Diphenhydramine ) and epinephrine for anaphylaxis.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 0.1-0.3% of the general population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Asthma, chronic urticaria, nasal polyps.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with avoidance of offending drugs; severe reactions require emergency preparedness.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Life-threatening anaphylaxis, limited treatment options for pain or inflammation.
Anesthesia Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Drug Allergies
Symptoms:
hives or rash; difficulty breathing; low blood pressure; anaphylaxis
Root Cause:
Immune-mediated reaction or direct histamine release triggered by anesthetic agents.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, perioperative monitoring, skin testing, or specific IgE testing.
Treatment:
Avoidance of the specific anesthetic, preoperative antihistamines or corticosteroids, and epinephrine for anaphylaxis.
Medications:
Epinephrine for severe reactions, corticosteroids (e.g., Hydrocortisone ) for inflammation, and antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
True allergies are rare, estimated at 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 20,000 anesthesia administrations.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous surgeries, atopy, and certain medications.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate preoperative planning and alternative anesthetic options.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, or death in rare cases.
Chemotherapy Drug Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Drug Allergies
Symptoms:
hives or rash; swelling; shortness of breath; fever; anaphylaxis
Root Cause:
Hypersensitivity reaction to chemotherapeutic agents due to immune activation or direct mast cell degranulation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, skin testing, and drug challenge under close supervision.
Treatment:
Premedication with antihistamines or corticosteroids, desensitization protocols, or alternative agents.
Medications:
Premedication with corticosteroids (e.g., Dexamethasone ) and antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 10% of patients receiving chemotherapy, depending on the drug.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous exposure to chemotherapy, atopy, female gender.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with premedication or desensitization; alternative drugs may be required in severe cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Delayed treatment, anaphylaxis, and therapy-limiting reactions.
Bee Sting Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Insect Allergies
Symptoms:
swelling at the sting site; redness; itching; hives; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; anaphylaxis in severe cases
Root Cause:
An overreaction of the immune system to bee venom, leading to the release of histamine and other chemicals that cause allergic symptoms.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick test with bee venom extract; blood test for venom-specific IgE antibodies; clinical history of reactions to stings
Treatment:
Epinephrine injection for severe reactions; antihistamines for mild symptoms; immunotherapy (allergy shots) for long-term management; avoidance of bee stings
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q), oral antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Diphenhydramine ), and corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone ) for severe swelling.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 5% of the population; life-threatening reactions (anaphylaxis) occur in 0.5-3% of cases.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous allergic reaction to a sting; family history of sting allergies; frequent exposure to bees (e.g., beekeepers)
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with proper management; immunotherapy can reduce sensitivity over time.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anaphylaxis; cardiovascular collapse; death if not treated promptly in severe cases
Wasp Sting Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Insect Allergies
Symptoms:
pain and swelling at the sting site; redness; itching; hives; difficulty breathing; anaphylaxis in severe cases
Root Cause:
Immune system hypersensitivity to wasp venom, causing release of histamine and inflammatory chemicals.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick test with wasp venom extract; blood test for venom-specific IgE antibodies; clinical history of reactions to stings
Treatment:
Epinephrine injection for severe cases; antihistamines or corticosteroids for mild to moderate symptoms; immunotherapy for long-term desensitization; avoidance of stings
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q), oral antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Diphenhydramine ), and corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone ) for severe swelling.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Similar to bee sting allergy; affects around 5% of the population, with anaphylaxis occurring in 0.5-3%.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous allergic reactions to wasp stings; frequent exposure to wasps; family history of venom allergies
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; immunotherapy can reduce severity and frequency of reactions.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe anaphylaxis; cardiovascular issues; potential death if untreated
Fire Ant Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Insect Allergies
Symptoms:
intense burning and itching; red swollen welts; pus-filled blisters; systemic allergic reactions such as hives, swelling, difficulty breathing, or anaphylaxis
Root Cause:
Hypersensitivity to alkaloid venom injected by fire ants, leading to an overactive immune response.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick or intradermal testing with fire ant venom; blood test for specific IgE antibodies; clinical history of reactions
Treatment:
Epinephrine for severe systemic reactions; antihistamines for localized symptoms; immunotherapy for long-term prevention; avoidance of fire ant habitats
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q), oral antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Diphenhydramine ), and corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone ) for severe swelling.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1% of the population in fire ant endemic areas.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living in or traveling to fire ant-infested regions; history of previous fire ant stings; family history of venom allergies
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate management; immunotherapy highly effective in reducing reactions.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe anaphylaxis; cardiac or respiratory arrest; skin infections from scratching blisters
Dust Mite Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Environmental Allergies
Symptoms:
sneezing; nasal congestion; runny nose; itchy or watery eyes; coughing; wheezing; asthma exacerbations
Root Cause:
Allergic reaction to proteins found in dust mite feces, body parts, and secretions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick test with dust mite allergen; blood test for specific IgE antibodies; evaluation of symptom history
Treatment:
Antihistamines; nasal corticosteroids; decongestants; allergy immunotherapy; environmental control measures (e.g., using dust-proof bedding covers, regular vacuuming, humidity control)
Medications:
Oral or intranasal antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Cetirizine , Fexofenadine , Azelastine ), intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone , Budesonide ), leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., Montelukast ), and allergy immunotherapy (e.g., Dust Mite Sublingual Tablets like Odactra ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 10-20% of people worldwide; a leading cause of perennial allergic rhinitis.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of allergies; exposure to dusty environments; living in humid climates
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms can be well-managed with treatment and environmental controls.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinusitis; asthma exacerbations; reduced quality of life due to persistent symptoms
Mold Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Environmental Allergies
Symptoms:
sneezing; nasal congestion; runny nose; itchy or watery eyes; coughing; postnasal drip; wheezing; asthma exacerbations
Root Cause:
Allergic reaction to mold spores inhaled from the environment, triggering immune system responses.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick test with mold allergens; blood test for specific IgE antibodies; assessment of environmental exposure
Treatment:
Antihistamines; nasal corticosteroids; decongestants; immunotherapy; removal or remediation of mold sources
Medications:
Oral or intranasal antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Cetirizine , Fexofenadine ), intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone , Budesonide ), leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., Montelukast ), and environmental control measures.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10% of the population; varies by region and exposure.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living or working in damp or moldy environments; family history of allergies; asthma or other respiratory conditions
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with environmental control and medical treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinusitis; asthma attacks; allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in severe cases
Animal Dander Allergy (e.g., Cat, Dog)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Environmental Allergies
Symptoms:
sneezing; runny nose; nasal congestion; itchy or watery eyes; wheezing; asthma symptoms
Root Cause:
Immune system overreacts to proteins found in animal skin flakes (dander), saliva, or urine.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick test with dander allergens; blood test for specific IgE antibodies; assessment of symptoms and exposure
Treatment:
Antihistamines; nasal corticosteroids; allergy immunotherapy; avoiding contact with animals; using air purifiers
Medications:
Oral or intranasal antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Cetirizine , Fexofenadine ), intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone , Budesonide ), leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., Montelukast ), and immunotherapy for specific allergens.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 10-20% of the population; more common in people with asthma or other allergies.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to pets; family history of allergies; existing respiratory conditions
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with treatment and allergen avoidance.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinusitis; asthma exacerbations
Cockroach Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Allergic Disorders
Sub-category: Environmental Allergies
Symptoms:
sneezing; nasal congestion; itchy or watery eyes; wheezing; asthma attacks; skin rashes
Root Cause:
Allergic reaction to proteins found in cockroach feces, saliva, and body parts.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick test with cockroach allergens; blood test for specific IgE antibodies; evaluation of living conditions
Treatment:
Antihistamines; nasal corticosteroids; allergy immunotherapy; pest control to reduce exposure
Medications:
Oral antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Cetirizine ), intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone ), and allergen control measures.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 5-10% of the population, especially in urban areas.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living in cockroach-infested areas; poor sanitation; family history of allergies
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms can be controlled with treatment and environmental management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Asthma exacerbations; chronic respiratory issues
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders (PIDD)
Symptoms:
frequent bacterial infections (sinuses, lungs, ears); chronic diarrhea; autoimmune disorders; fatigue
Root Cause:
Deficient production of immunoglobulins due to impaired B-cell differentiation and antibody production.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Low immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, and/or IgM) levels; poor vaccine response; exclusion of other causes of hypogammaglobulinemia
Treatment:
Immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IVIG or SCIG); antibiotic prophylaxis for recurrent infections
Medications:
Immunoglobulin replacement therapy (e.g., IVIG, SCIG), prophylactic antibiotics, and treatment for specific infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1 in 25,000 individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of CVID; genetic predispositions
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; many lead a normal life with treatment, though increased risk of infections and complications persists.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic lung disease (bronchiectasis); autoimmune disorders; lymphoma or other cancers
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia (Bruton’s Disease)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders (PIDD)
Symptoms:
recurrent bacterial infections; otitis media; sinusitis; pneumonia
Root Cause:
Mutation in the BTK gene causing failure of B-cell maturation and antibody production.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Markedly low immunoglobulin levels; absent or very low B cells in flow cytometry; BTK genetic testing
Treatment:
Lifelong immunoglobulin replacement therapy; antibiotic prophylaxis
Medications:
Immunoglobulin replacement therapy (e.g., IVIG, SCIG) and prophylactic antibiotics.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; approximately 1 in 200,000 live births.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Male infants with a family history of XLA.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early diagnosis and regular immunoglobulin therapy; untreated leads to severe infections and complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic infections; bronchiectasis; autoimmune conditions
Hyper IgE Syndrome (HIES)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders (PIDD)
Symptoms:
recurrent skin abscesses; eczema; recurrent pneumonias; elevated serum ige levels
Root Cause:
Genetic mutations affecting immune pathways (e.g., STAT3) causing impaired neutrophil function and immune dysregulation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Elevated serum IgE (>2000 IU/mL); genetic testing for STAT3 mutations; clinical features like recurrent infections and facial/skeletal abnormalities
Treatment:
Prophylactic antibiotics; antifungals; skin care for eczema; management of infections
Medications:
Prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole), antifungal medications (e.g., Itraconazole ), and supportive treatments for skin infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare; less than 1 in 1,000,000.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of HIES or specific genetic mutations.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early intervention improves outcomes. Risk of severe lung and skin infections.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic lung damage (bronchiectasis); fungal infections; osteopenia/fractures
Selective IgA Deficiency
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders (PIDD)
Symptoms:
frequent respiratory infections (sinusitis, bronchitis); gastrointestinal infections; allergies; asymptomatic in many cases
Root Cause:
Deficient production of immunoglobulin A (IgA), which is critical for mucosal immunity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Low serum IgA levels (<7 mg/dL) with normal IgG and IgM; absence of other immune deficiencies
Treatment:
Management of infections with antibiotics; avoidance of blood products with IgA to prevent anaphylaxis
Medications:
Symptomatic treatment for infections (e.g., antibiotics) and careful monitoring of autoimmune complications.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common primary immunodeficiency, occurring in approximately 1 in 500 to 1 in 700 people.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of IgA deficiency; associated with autoimmune diseases like celiac disease and lupus
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good; most individuals are asymptomatic, but some develop complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased susceptibility to infections; autoimmune diseases; allergic disorders
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders (PIDD)
Symptoms:
recurrent infections; eczema; thrombocytopenia (low platelet count); easy bruising or bleeding
Root Cause:
Mutation in the WAS gene affecting cytoskeletal regulation in immune cells, leading to immune dysfunction and low platelets.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Low platelet count and small platelets on blood smear; genetic testing for WAS mutation; flow cytometry for WAS protein
Treatment:
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT); prophylactic antibiotics and antivirals; immunoglobulin replacement therapy
Medications:
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), prophylactic antibiotics, and immunoglobulin replacement therapy.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; approximately 1 in 100,000 live births.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Male infants with a family history of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Without HSCT, prognosis is poor due to infections, bleeding, or malignancies. With HSCT, prognosis is significantly improved.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe infections; autoimmune diseases; increased risk of lymphoma or leukemia
DiGeorge Syndrome (22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders (PIDD)
Symptoms:
congenital heart defects; cleft palate; hypocalcemia (low calcium levels); immune deficiency; developmental delays
Root Cause:
Deletion of a portion of chromosome 22 (22q11.2) causing underdevelopment of the thymus, parathyroid glands, and other structures.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or microarray for 22q11.2 deletion; low T-cell count; clinical features like heart defects and facial anomalies
Treatment:
Calcium supplementation for hypocalcemia; surgical correction of heart defects and cleft palate; thymus transplant or HSCT for severe immune deficiency
Medications:
Calcium and vitamin D supplementation, prophylactic antimicrobials, and in severe cases, thymus transplantation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1 in 4,000 live births.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Usually de novo mutations, though familial inheritance occurs in about 10% of cases.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; depends on severity of heart defects and immune dysfunction. Early interventions improve outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe infections; developmental and learning disabilities; psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia
Immunodeficiency due to HIV/AIDS
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Symptoms:
persistent fatigue; frequent infections; weight loss; swollen lymph nodes; night sweats; fever; opportunistic infections like pneumocystis pneumonia or kaposi's sarcoma
Root Cause:
HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to a weakened immune system and vulnerability to infections and cancers.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
HIV antibody/antigen tests; CD4+ T cell count; Viral load testing; AIDS diagnosis based on specific opportunistic infections or CD4 count below 200 cells/mm³
Treatment:
Antiretroviral therapy (ART); Prophylaxis for opportunistic infections; Immune-boosting treatments in some cases
Medications:
Antiretroviral therapy (ART), prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole), and vaccines as appropriate.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 39 million people living with HIV globally as of 2022.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unprotected sexual activity; IV drug use; Mother-to-child transmission; Contaminated blood transfusions
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With ART, individuals can lead near-normal life spans; untreated HIV progresses to AIDS, leading to high mortality.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Opportunistic infections; Cancers (e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma); Neurological disorders; Wasting syndrome
Cancer-related Immunodeficiency
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Symptoms:
increased susceptibility to infections; delayed wound healing; fatigue; low blood counts
Root Cause:
Cancer itself or treatments like chemotherapy can suppress the immune system by damaging bone marrow or reducing immune cell function.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Complete blood count (CBC); Immunoglobulin level testing; Bone marrow biopsy in some cases
Treatment:
Addressing the underlying cancer; Prophylactic antibiotics or antivirals; Immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IVIG); Supportive care to boost immunity
Medications:
Prophylactic antibiotics, antifungals, and colony-stimulating factors (e.g., Filgrastim ) to boost white blood cell counts.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among cancer patients, particularly those with leukemia, lymphoma, or undergoing chemotherapy.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Type of cancer; intensity of treatment (e.g., chemo, radiation); malnutrition; comorbidities
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Dependent on cancer type, stage, and immune recovery post-treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sepsis; opportunistic infections; delayed cancer treatments due to infections
Immunodeficiency from Chemotherapy or Immunosuppressive Therapy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Symptoms:
frequent infections; fevers; slow wound healing; mouth sores; low energy
Root Cause:
Chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs suppress bone marrow and reduce immune cell production.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
CBC to monitor white blood cell count; Immunoglobulin levels; Clinical history of recurrent infections
Treatment:
Discontinuation or adjustment of immunosuppressive therapy; G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) to boost white blood cells; Prophylactic antibiotics
Medications:
Colony-stimulating factors (e.g., Filgrastim ), prophylactic antimicrobials, and immunoglobulin replacement if necessary.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects most individuals undergoing intensive chemotherapy or organ transplant recipients on immunosuppressive drugs.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Type and duration of treatment; older age; malnutrition; coexisting conditions like diabetes
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally reversible after stopping immunosuppressive therapy; longer recovery if bone marrow is severely affected.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sepsis; severe infections; delayed recovery of immune function
Immunodeficiency related to Organ Transplantation
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Symptoms:
recurrent infections; poor wound healing; fevers; opportunistic infections like cytomegalovirus (cmv)
Root Cause:
Long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent organ rejection reduces immune surveillance and response.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
CBC; immunoglobulin levels; monitoring for infections
Treatment:
Balancing immunosuppressive drug levels; Prophylactic antimicrobial treatments; Vaccinations prior to transplantation
Medications:
Immunosuppressive medications (e.g., Tacrolimus , Mycophenolate Mofetil) and prophylactic antimicrobials.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among all organ transplant recipients.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Type of transplant; intensity of immunosuppression; underlying comorbidities
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Long-term survival depends on infection control and organ function; frequent monitoring required.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic infections; opportunistic infections; increased cancer risk
Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune Disorders
Symptoms:
fatigue; joint pain and swelling; skin rash (especially butterfly-shaped on face); photosensitivity; mouth ulcers; fever
Root Cause:
Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks healthy tissues, causing inflammation and organ damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
ANA (antinuclear antibody) test; Anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies; CBC and inflammatory markers; Clinical criteria (e.g., organ involvement)
Treatment:
Corticosteroids; immunosuppressive drugs; hydroxychloroquine; NSAIDs; targeted biologics (e.g., belimumab)
Medications:
Hydroxychloroquine , corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone ), immunosuppressants (e.g., Methotrexate , Mycophenolate Mofetil), and biologics (e.g., Belimumab ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 20-150 per 100,000 people, more common in women (especially of childbearing age).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female sex; African-American or Asian descent; family history of autoimmune diseases
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly variable; controlled with treatment but may involve relapses. Severe cases can affect organs like kidneys or the brain.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Lupus nephritis; blood clots; cardiovascular disease; infections from immunosuppression
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Immunologic Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune Disorders
Symptoms:
fatigue; weight gain; cold intolerance; constipation; dry skin; hair thinning; hoarseness; goiter
Root Cause:
Autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for TSH, free T4, and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies; physical exam for goiter.
Treatment:
Lifelong thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine).
Medications:
Levothyroxine for thyroid hormone replacement.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common; affects up to 5% of the population, especially women aged 30–50.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender, family history, other autoimmune conditions, iodine deficiency or excess.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with proper treatment; untreated cases can lead to severe hypothyroidism (myxedema).
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Goiter, cardiovascular problems, infertility, myxedema, rarely thyroid lymphoma.
Severe, life-threatening allergic reactions (Anaphylaxis)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Sub-category: Anaphylaxis
Symptoms:
difficulty breathing; swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat; hives or rash; rapid or weak pulse; nausea or vomiting; dizziness or fainting; loss of consciousness
Root Cause:
An overreaction of the immune system to an allergen (e.g., food, insect stings, or medications) leading to widespread histamine release, causing severe inflammation and systemic effects.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical presentation and patient history of exposure to allergens; skin or blood tests may identify specific allergens.
Treatment:
Immediate administration of epinephrine (via EpiPen), followed by antihistamines, corticosteroids, and emergency medical care. Long-term management includes allergen avoidance and carrying an epinephrine auto-injector.
Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q), antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine ), and corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Anaphylaxis affects 1-2% of the population; prevalence is increasing, particularly among children.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of allergies, asthma, prior anaphylactic reactions, family history of allergies, and exposure to common triggers like peanuts, shellfish, or insect stings.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with prompt treatment, but recurrent episodes may occur without appropriate allergen avoidance.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe airway obstruction, cardiovascular collapse, shock, and death if untreated.
Mastocytosis
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Sub-category: Mast Cell Disorders
Symptoms:
flushing; itching; skin lesions (urticaria pigmentosa); abdominal pain; diarrhea; low blood pressure; anaphylaxis
Root Cause:
Abnormal accumulation and activation of mast cells in the skin, bone marrow, or other organs, leading to excessive histamine release.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin or bone marrow biopsy showing increased mast cells, blood tryptase levels, and genetic testing (e.g., KIT mutation).
Treatment:
Symptom management with antihistamines, leukotriene inhibitors, mast cell stabilizers (e.g., cromolyn sodium), and avoidance of triggers. Severe cases may require tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Medications:
Antihistamines (e.g., Cetirizine , Diphenhydramine ), mast cell stabilizers (e.g., Cromolyn Sodium), and epinephrine for anaphylaxis.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; estimated to affect 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 20,000 individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Mutations in the KIT gene, certain environmental triggers, and other immune or systemic disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies; indolent forms have a good prognosis, while aggressive forms can lead to organ dysfunction.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Osteoporosis, organ failure, and anaphylaxis due to mast cell degranulation.
Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Sub-category: Mast Cell Disorders
Symptoms:
flushing; hives; low blood pressure; abdominal cramping; diarrhea; brain fog; fatigue; anaphylaxis
Root Cause:
Dysfunctional activation of mast cells causing excessive release of histamine and other mediators, leading to recurrent allergic-like symptoms.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical criteria include symptoms consistent with mast cell activation, elevated mediators (e.g., tryptase, histamine), and symptom improvement with medications like antihistamines.
Treatment:
Antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and avoidance of known triggers.
Medications:
H1 and H2 blockers (e.g., Cetirizine , Ranitidine), mast cell stabilizers (e.g., Cromolyn Sodium), and epinephrine for severe reactions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Precise prevalence unknown; considered an underdiagnosed condition.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, coexisting allergic disorders, chronic infections, and environmental triggers.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but manageable with lifestyle adjustments and medications; quality of life can vary widely.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anaphylaxis, organ damage due to chronic inflammation, and significant impact on daily functioning.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Sub-category: Eosinophilic Disorders
Symptoms:
difficulty swallowing; food impaction; chest pain; heartburn; abdominal pain; vomiting in children; failure to thrive in children
Root Cause:
Chronic immune-mediated inflammation of the esophagus with eosinophil infiltration, often triggered by food allergens.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Upper endoscopy with esophageal biopsy showing eosinophilic infiltration; allergy testing may identify triggers.
Treatment:
Elimination diets, proton pump inhibitors, corticosteroids (topical or systemic), and esophageal dilation for strictures.
Medications:
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., Omeprazole ), topical corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone ), and elimination diets.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1 in 2,000 individuals in the U.S.; more common in males.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Personal or family history of allergic diseases, including asthma, eczema, or food allergies.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with proper treatment, but symptoms often recur if treatment is stopped.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Esophageal strictures, food impaction, and chronic inflammation leading to fibrosis.
Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Sub-category: Eosinophilic Disorders
Symptoms:
abdominal pain; nausea; diarrhea; vomiting; weight loss; fatigue; anemia
Root Cause:
Eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract, likely triggered by food or environmental allergens.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Endoscopy with biopsy showing eosinophilic infiltration, imaging studies, and blood tests for eosinophilia.
Treatment:
Elimination diets, corticosteroids, and symptom management (e.g., anti-nausea medications).
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone ) and dietary modifications.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; precise prevalence is unknown.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Allergic diseases, family history of eosinophilic disorders, and certain infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but manageable with treatment; symptoms may relapse without ongoing management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bowel obstruction, malabsorption, and perforation in severe cases.
Chronic Urticaria
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Sub-category: Chronic Inflammatory Disorders
Symptoms:
itchy hives lasting longer than six weeks; angioedema (swelling beneath the skin); recurrent flare-ups without clear triggers
Root Cause:
Persistent activation of mast cells and histamine release in the skin without an identifiable allergen.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed clinically by recurrent hives lasting >6 weeks without identifiable triggers.
Treatment:
Treated with antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and immunomodulators (e.g., omalizumab).
Medications:
H1 antihistamines (e.g., Cetirizine , Loratadine ), H2 blockers (e.g., Ranitidine), and biologics (e.g., Omalizumab ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1% of the population; more common in women and young adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune disorders; Chronic stress; Thyroid disease; Infections
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases resolve within 1–5 years; some may persist for decades.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Impaired quality of life; Sleep disturbances; Emotional distress; Anaphylaxis (rare in chronic idiopathic cases)
Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Sub-category: Chronic Inflammatory Disorders
Symptoms:
nasal congestion; loss of smell; runny nose; facial pain or pressure; recurrent sinus infections
Root Cause:
Persistent inflammation of the nasal and sinus mucosa, often involving Type 2 inflammation (elevated eosinophils and IgE).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
.Diagnosed via clinical exam, nasal endoscopy, and CT imaging.
Treatment:
Treated with intranasal corticosteroids, biologics (e.g., dupilumab), and sometimes surgical removal of polyps.
Medications:
Intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone ), leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., Montelukast ), and biologics (e.g., Dupilumab ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 4% of the general population; higher in adults over 40 years.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Asthma; Aspirin sensitivity; Allergies; Cystic fibrosis; Smoking
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate management, but polyps may recur even after surgery.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinus infections; Asthma exacerbations; Obstructive sleep apnea
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Sub-category: Immune System Dysregulation Disorders
Symptoms:
persistent high fever; hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen); cytopenias (low blood counts); lymphadenopathy; neurological symptoms (e.g., seizures, confusion)
Root Cause:
Overactivation of the immune system causing excessive inflammation and tissue damage due to failure of cytotoxic T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells to regulate immune response.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed using HLH diagnostic criteria (e.g., ferritin, bone marrow biopsy, genetic testing).
Treatment:
Treated with immunosuppressive therapy, chemotherapy (e.g., etoposide), and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in severe cases.
Medications:
Immunosuppressive therapy (e.g., Dexamethasone , Etoposide ) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; estimated at 1 in 800,000 in familial cases; higher in children.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic mutations; Viral infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr Virus); Autoimmune diseases; Cancer
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Life-threatening if untreated; early intervention improves survival to 50–70%.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Multiorgan failure; Neurological damage; Recurrent HLH episodes in genetic cases
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome (ALPS)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Sub-category: Immune System Dysregulation Disorders
Symptoms:
chronic lymphadenopathy; splenomegaly; autoimmune cytopenias (e.g., anemia, thrombocytopenia); recurrent infections
Root Cause:
Genetic mutations in apoptosis-regulating genes (e.g., FAS) causing failure to eliminate self-reactive lymphocytes, leading to autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through clinical symptoms, flow cytometry (e.g., elevated double-negative T cells), and genetic testing.
Treatment:
Treated with immunosuppressive agents (e.g., steroids) and biologics (e.g., rituximab).
Medications:
Immunosuppressants (e.g., Mycophenolate Mofetil), corticosteroids, and biologics (e.g., Rituximab ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; exact prevalence unknown but more common in children.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of autoimmune diseases or genetic mutations in apoptosis pathways.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with treatment but requires lifelong monitoring for complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of lymphoma; Recurrent infections; Severe autoimmune episodes
Hereditary Angioedema (HAE)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Symptoms:
swelling of the skin and mucosal tissues; abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; difficulty breathing; laryngeal swelling that may lead to airway obstruction
Root Cause:
Genetic mutation leading to a deficiency or dysfunction of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), causing uncontrolled activation of the complement system and increased bradykinin production.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests measuring C1-INH levels and function, complement component C4 levels, and genetic testing for mutations in the SERPING1 gene.
Treatment:
C1-INH replacement therapy, bradykinin receptor antagonists (e.g., icatibant), kallikrein inhibitors (e.g., lanadelumab), and prophylactic medications for preventing attacks.
Medications:
C1 esterase inhibitor replacement therapy, bradykinin receptor antagonists (e.g., Icatibant ), and androgens (e.g., Danazol ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated at 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000 individuals worldwide.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of HAE (autosomal dominant inheritance), stress, trauma, infections, hormonal changes, certain medications (e.g., ACE inhibitors).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper management, most patients can lead normal lives; untreated cases may result in life-threatening airway obstruction.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Potentially fatal laryngeal edema, psychological distress due to unpredictable swelling episodes, reduced quality of life, and delays in diagnosis.
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Symptoms:
chronic cough; wheezing; shortness of breath; fever; brownish mucus plugs; recurrent asthma exacerbations
Root Cause:
Hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus fumigatus spores, leading to immune-mediated lung inflammation and airway damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Elevated total serum IgE levels, specific IgE and IgG antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus, imaging studies (CT or X-rays) showing central bronchiectasis or mucus impaction, and pulmonary function tests.
Treatment:
Oral corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, antifungal therapy (e.g., itraconazole or voriconazole) to control fungal load, and bronchodilators for symptomatic relief.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone ), antifungals (e.g., Itraconazole ), and biologics (e.g., Omalizumab ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1-2% of individuals with asthma and 2-15% of individuals with cystic fibrosis.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Asthma, cystic fibrosis, environmental exposure to Aspergillus spores, and underlying atopic conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies depending on early diagnosis and treatment; progression to chronic pulmonary aspergillosis or permanent lung damage is possible without treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bronchiectasis, chronic respiratory insufficiency, recurrent lung infections, pulmonary fibrosis, and reduced lung function.
Long COVID-related Hypersensitivity or Autoimmune-like Syndromes
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Sub-category: Post-COVID-19 Immune Dysregulation
Symptoms:
persistent fatigue; brain fog; joint pain; palpitations; skin rashes; worsened allergies
Root Cause:
Post-viral immune dysregulation leading to hypersensitivity or autoimmunity in genetically predisposed individuals.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed based on persistent post-COVID symptoms and exclusion of other conditions.
Treatment:
Treated with supportive care, immunomodulators, or targeted therapy for specific symptoms.
Medications:
Symptomatic treatment with antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine ), corticosteroids, and immunomodulators as needed.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated in 10–30% of people recovering from COVID-19, depending on study populations.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Severe COVID-19 illness; Female sex; Preexisting allergies or autoimmune diseases
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly variable; most recover gradually over months, but some experience prolonged symptoms.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Reduced quality of life; Disability; Secondary autoimmune conditions
Vaccine Adjuvant Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Sub-category: Vaccine-related Allergies
Symptoms:
redness and swelling at the injection site; urticaria; angioedema; anaphylaxis (rare); systemic symptoms (e.g., fever, malaise)
Root Cause:
Hypersensitivity to vaccine adjuvants (e.g., aluminum salts, polyethylene glycol), which are used to enhance the immune response.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed via clinical history and allergy testing (e.g., skin tests or blood tests for adjuvants).
Treatment:
Treated with desensitization protocols, alternative vaccines, or premedication strategies.
Medications:
Antihistamines (e.g., Cetirizine ) and corticosteroids (e.g., Prednisone ) for mild reactions, with avoidance strategies for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; exact rates are unknown.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of allergic reactions to medications or cosmetics; Multiple allergies; Previous vaccine reactions
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with alternative vaccination strategies; reactions can often be prevented or minimized.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Missed vaccinations; Anaphylaxis (if undiagnosed); Reduced immunity to preventable diseases
PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) or Polysorbate Allergy
Specialty: Allergies and Immunology
Category: Other Related Disorders
Sub-category: Vaccine-related Allergies
Symptoms:
urticaria; angioedema; anaphylaxis; respiratory distress
Root Cause:
Hypersensitivity reaction to PEG or polysorbates, commonly used as excipients in medications, cosmetics, and vaccines.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin testing, oral or intramuscular challenge under medical supervision, and review of reaction history.
Treatment:
Avoidance of PEG or polysorbate-containing products, use of alternative formulations, and epinephrine for anaphylactic reactions.
Medications:
Epinephrine for severe reactions and careful evaluation before re-exposure or alternative formulations.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare; true prevalence is unknown but increasing awareness due to vaccine reactions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prior exposure to PEG or polysorbates, history of drug allergies, and atopic conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with avoidance strategies and alternative therapies.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe allergic reactions with accidental exposure.