Condition Lookup

Diverticulitis

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
lower left abdominal pain; fever; nausea; constipation or diarrhea; bloating

Root Cause:
Inflammation or infection of diverticula (small pouches in the colon wall) often caused by fecal impaction or micro-perforations.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
CT scan of the abdomen, blood tests (elevated white blood cell count, markers of inflammation like CRP), and, in some cases, colonoscopy (not during acute phase).

Treatment:
Antibiotics for mild to moderate cases, clear liquid diet during acute episodes, and surgery for complications like abscess, perforation, or obstruction.

Medications:
Ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone antibiotic) and Metronidazole (nitroimidazole antibiotic) often used together; Amoxicillin-clavulanate as an alternative.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in older adults; affects about 35–45% of people over age 60 in Western countries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, low-fiber diet, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and NSAID use.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment; recurrent episodes may lead to chronic complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Abscess formation, perforation, peritonitis, fistulas, and bowel obstruction.

Giardiasis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
watery diarrhea; greasy, foul-smelling stools; abdominal cramps; bloating; nausea; fatigue; weight loss

Root Cause:
Protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia infects the small intestine, often transmitted via contaminated water, food, or contact with infected individuals.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Stool tests for Giardia antigens, microscopic examination of stool samples, or molecular tests like PCR.

Treatment:
Antiparasitic medications, hydration, and supportive care.

Medications:
Metronidazole (nitroimidazole antibiotic), Tinidazole (similar to metronidazole , also a nitroimidazole), or Nitazoxanide (antiprotozoal agent).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in developing countries; in the U.S., Giardia is a leading cause of waterborne outbreaks of diarrhea.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Consuming contaminated water (e.g., from lakes or streams), poor sanitation, travel to endemic areas, and close contact with infected individuals.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; without treatment, symptoms can persist or become chronic.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, weight loss, and in severe cases, growth retardation in children.

Alcoholic Hepatitis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
jaundice; abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; fever; weight loss; fatigue; anorexia

Root Cause:
Inflammation and liver cell damage caused by prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption leading to toxic metabolites.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history of alcohol use, physical examination, liver function tests (elevated AST, ALT, and bilirubin levels), imaging (ultrasound/CT), and sometimes liver biopsy.

Treatment:
Cessation of alcohol, nutritional support, corticosteroids (for severe cases), and addressing complications like infections or ascites.

Medications:
Medications include corticosteroids (e.g., prednisolone ), which reduce inflammation; pentoxifylline , a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that may prevent complications like hepatorenal syndrome. Vitamin supplementation (e.g., thiamine and folate) is often provided for nutritional deficiencies.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Alcoholic hepatitis is most common in individuals with a history of chronic alcohol use, with a prevalence of approximately 1–2% of heavy drinkers annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic heavy alcohol consumption, malnutrition, genetic predisposition, female gender (higher susceptibility), obesity, and prior liver disease.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies with severity; mild cases may recover with alcohol cessation, while severe cases have a high mortality rate without intervention.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Liver cirrhosis, portal hypertension, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and increased risk of infections.

Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; bloating; loss of appetite; unintentional weight loss; dark or tarry stools (indicating bleeding)

Root Cause:
Chronic infection caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria, leading to inflammation of the stomach lining and increased risk of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Urea breath test, stool antigen test, blood test for antibodies, endoscopy with biopsy.

Treatment:
Combination of antibiotics to eradicate the bacteria and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid.

Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin , clarithromycin , metronidazole ) to kill the bacteria. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs, e.g., omeprazole , lansoprazole ) to reduce stomach acid and promote healing. Bismuth subsalicylate (part of quadruple therapy) to protect the stomach lining.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 50% of the global population; more common in developing countries due to poor sanitation.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor sanitation, contaminated food and water, close contact with an infected individual, family history of H. pylori infection.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Eradication is successful in most cases with appropriate therapy; untreated infections can lead to complications like ulcers or gastric cancer.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, chronic gastritis, iron-deficiency anemia.

Amebic Liver/Hepatic Abscesses

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
fever; right upper quadrant abdominal pain; hepatomegaly; jaundice; weight loss; night sweats

Root Cause:
Liver abscess formation due to Entamoeba histolytica infection, typically contracted via contaminated food or water.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Serologic tests for antibodies, imaging (ultrasound or CT showing hypoechoic lesions in the liver), and stool tests for E. histolytica.

Treatment:
Antimicrobial therapy and, in some cases, drainage of abscesses. Avoid invasive procedures unless necessary.

Medications:
Metronidazole or tinidazole (antiprotozoal agents) to treat the infection, followed by luminal agents like paromomycin to eradicate intestinal colonization.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in endemic regions like South and Central America, Africa, and Asia, with an estimated global prevalence of up to 50 million cases annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Travel to endemic regions, poor sanitation, immunosuppression, and male gender.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with timely treatment; untreated cases can lead to rupture and high mortality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rupture into pleural or peritoneal spaces, secondary bacterial infections, and sepsis.

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
diarrhea (often watery or bloody); abdominal cramps; fever; nausea; vomiting; dehydration

Root Cause:
Infection of the gastrointestinal tract caused by pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, or Campylobacter.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Stool cultures, stool antigen tests, and molecular testing (PCR) to identify bacterial pathogens; clinical history of recent travel or food exposure.

Treatment:
Rehydration therapy (oral or intravenous), dietary adjustments, and in severe cases, antibiotics depending on the pathogen.

Medications:
Antibiotics like ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone) or azithromycin (macrolide) are used for severe infections. Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) and zinc supplementation help manage dehydration.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
A common cause of morbidity worldwide, particularly in low-resource settings; affects millions annually, especially children under five.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Contaminated food or water, poor hygiene, travel to endemic areas, and immunocompromised states.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Usually self-limiting; severe cases may lead to complications without prompt treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe dehydration, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and reactive arthritis.

Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
abdominal bloating; diarrhea; malabsorption; weight loss; fatigue; nausea

Root Cause:
Excessive growth of bacteria in the small intestine causing nutrient malabsorption and gastrointestinal symptoms.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Breath tests (hydrogen or methane), small bowel aspirate and culture, and clinical response to treatment.

Treatment:
Addressing underlying causes, dietary modifications, and antibiotics to reduce bacterial load.

Medications:
Rifaximin (broad-spectrum non-absorbable antibiotic), metronidazole (antimicrobial), and probiotics to restore gut flora balance.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Exact prevalence is uncertain; common in conditions causing motility disorders or structural abnormalities of the GI tract.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic gastrointestinal diseases (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn’s disease), previous surgeries (e.g., gastric bypass), and use of proton pump inhibitors.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate treatment; symptoms often resolve but recurrence is possible.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies (B12, fat-soluble vitamins), and increased intestinal permeability.

Cholangitis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
fever; jaundice; right upper quadrant pain; chills; hypotension (in severe cases); mental confusion

Root Cause:
Infection and inflammation of the bile ducts, often caused by obstruction (e.g., gallstones or strictures) leading to bacterial overgrowth.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation (Charcot’s triad), liver function tests, blood cultures, and imaging (ultrasound, CT, or MRCP) to identify obstruction or infection.

Treatment:
Broad-spectrum antibiotics, biliary drainage (ERCP or percutaneous), and supportive care.

Medications:
Antibiotics like piperacillin-tazobactam (broad-spectrum beta-lactam), meropenem (carbapenem), or ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone) combined with metronidazole (anaerobic coverage).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in adults with biliary tract disease; prevalence increases with age and risk factors.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Gallstones, bile duct strictures, previous biliary surgeries, ERCP, or malignancies of the biliary system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with timely treatment; untreated cases can progress to sepsis and organ failure.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Biliary sepsis, abscess formation, acute pancreatitis, and chronic liver damage.

Clostridioides (Clostridium) Difficile Colitis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
watery diarrhea; abdominal pain; fever; nausea; loss of appetite; dehydration; foul-smelling stool

Root Cause:
Infection caused by Clostridioides difficile bacteria, leading to an overgrowth in the colon often triggered by antibiotic use that disrupts normal gut flora.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Stool tests for C. difficile toxins or genetic material (PCR), colonoscopy to identify pseudomembranous colitis, and imaging (e.g., CT scan) in severe cases.

Treatment:
Discontinuation of the inciting antibiotic, initiation of specific antibiotics to target C. difficile, and, in severe cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

Medications:
Vancomycin (oral, first-line treatment for severe cases, classified as glycopeptide antibiotics), Fidaxomicin (narrow-spectrum antibiotic targeting C. difficile), and Metronidazole (alternative treatment for mild to moderate cases, classified as a nitroimidazole antibiotic).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 500,000 people annually in the U.S.; more common in hospitalized or recently discharged patients.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Recent antibiotic use, advanced age, hospitalization, weakened immune system, gastrointestinal surgery, proton pump inhibitor use.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate treatment; however, recurrence occurs in approximately 20–25% of patients.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe dehydration, toxic megacolon, bowel perforation, sepsis, and death in extreme cases.

Cyclospora Infection (Cyclosporiasis)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
watery diarrhea; loss of appetite; weight loss; cramping; bloating; gas; fatigue; nausea; low-grade fever

Root Cause:
Protozoan parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis infects the small intestine, often transmitted via contaminated food or water.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Stool examination for Cyclospora oocysts, using microscopy with special stains or molecular techniques like PCR.

Treatment:
Antiparasitic therapy, rehydration, and electrolyte replacement.

Medications:
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX, classified as a combination antibiotic) is the primary treatment. No alternative medications are well-established for sulfa-allergic patients.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sporadic outbreaks in the U.S. often linked to imported fresh produce; endemic in tropical and subtropical regions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Consumption of contaminated food or water, international travel, and weakened immune systems.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; without treatment, symptoms may persist for weeks.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe dehydration and malabsorption in prolonged or untreated cases.

Pancreatic Necrosis and Pancreatic Abscess

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
severe abdominal pain; fever; nausea; vomiting; abdominal tenderness; tachycardia; jaundice in severe cases

Root Cause:
Pancreatic necrosis involves the death of pancreatic tissue due to severe inflammation or infection, often following acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic abscess is a collection of pus resulting from infected necrotic tissue or fluid accumulation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through clinical evaluation, imaging studies (CT scan or MRI), and blood tests including elevated white blood cell count, CRP, and amylase/lipase levels. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) may confirm infection.

Treatment:
Treatment includes supportive care, drainage of abscesses, and, in severe cases, surgical debridement or necrosectomy. Antibiotics are used to manage infections.

Medications:
Antibiotics such as carbapenems (e.g., meropenem ), third-generation cephalosporins (e.g., ceftriaxone ), or fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin ) combined with metronidazole to cover anaerobes. These are classified as broad-spectrum antibiotics. Pain management includes opioids like morphine or hydromorphone .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare but occurs in 10-20% of cases of severe acute pancreatitis.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Alcohol abuse, gallstones, hyperlipidemia, pancreatic trauma, and delayed or inadequate treatment of acute pancreatitis.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on early diagnosis and treatment. Mortality rates can reach 30-50% in cases of infected necrosis or untreated abscesses.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sepsis, multiorgan failure, hemorrhage, diabetes mellitus, and chronic pancreatitis.

Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
jaundice; recurrent abdominal pain; fever with chills; malaise; pruritus

Root Cause:
Chronic bacterial infections and inflammation of the bile ducts, often associated with biliary obstruction, stones, or parasites like liver flukes.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Ultrasound, CT, or MRI (especially MRCP) to visualize biliary stones or strictures. Laboratory tests show elevated liver enzymes, bilirubin, and white blood cell counts.

Treatment:
Endoscopic or surgical removal of stones, biliary drainage, and treatment of infections with antibiotics. Long-term monitoring for recurrence is necessary.

Medications:
Broad-spectrum antibiotics like piperacillin-tazobactam, fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin ), or cephalosporins (e.g., ceftriaxone ) to treat infections. Ursodeoxycholic acid may help prevent stone formation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in Southeast Asia; less prevalent in Western countries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of biliary tract infection, gallstones, parasitic infections, and bile duct strictures.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with timely treatment, but recurrence is common. Risk of cholangiocarcinoma in chronic cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sepsis, biliary cirrhosis, liver abscesses, and bile duct cancer.

Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
diarrhea; fever; abdominal cramps; nausea; vomiting; headache

Root Cause:
Infection by Salmonella bacteria, typically via contaminated food, water, or contact with infected animals.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Stool culture, blood culture in severe cases, and molecular testing (PCR) to identify Salmonella species.

Treatment:
Supportive care with fluids and electrolytes; antibiotics (only for severe cases).

Medications:
Antibiotics like ciprofloxacin , azithromycin , or ceftriaxone for severe or systemic infections. These are classified as fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and third-generation cephalosporins, respectively.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide; significant in developing regions due to poor sanitation.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Consumption of contaminated food, immunosuppression, and travel to endemic regions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Self-limited in most cases; good with appropriate treatment for severe cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Dehydration, bacteremia, reactive arthritis, and localized infections (e.g., osteomyelitis).

Shigellosis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
bloody diarrhea; fever; abdominal cramps; tenesmus; fatigue

Root Cause:
Infection of the intestines by Shigella species, causing inflammation and ulceration of the colonic mucosa.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Stool culture, PCR, or antigen detection tests to confirm Shigella infection.

Treatment:
Rehydration therapy and antibiotics for severe cases.

Medications:
Antibiotics like ciprofloxacin , azithromycin , or ceftriaxone .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide, especially in areas with poor sanitation.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Contaminated food or water, overcrowded living conditions, and young age.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; self-limiting in mild cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Dehydration, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and reactive arthritis.

Small Intestinal Diverticulosis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
abdominal discomfort; bloating; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea or constipation; occult gastrointestinal bleeding in some cases

Root Cause:
Formation of diverticula (small pouches) in the small intestine, often due to increased intraluminal pressure or connective tissue weakness.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Radiographic imaging (CT scan, small bowel follow-through, or capsule endoscopy) and incidental findings during evaluations for other conditions.

Treatment:
Mostly asymptomatic; dietary modifications and antibiotics for diverticulitis. Surgery in cases of complications like perforation.

Medications:
Antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin and metronidazole for diverticulitis. Prokinetics may be used for motility issues.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; increases with age.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, connective tissue disorders, and motility disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good in asymptomatic cases; complications may worsen outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Diverticulitis, perforation, fistula, and small bowel obstruction.

Strongyloidiasis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Sub-category: Parasitic Infections

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; diarrhea; weight loss; itchy skin rash; cough or wheezing in disseminated cases

Root Cause:
Chronic intestinal infection caused by the parasitic nematode Strongyloides stercoralis, with potential for autoinfection and systemic dissemination.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Stool examination, serological tests (antibody detection), or PCR. Larvae may also be identified in duodenal aspirates or sputum in disseminated cases.

Treatment:
Anti-parasitic therapy with ivermectin or albendazole.

Medications:
Ivermectin (first-line) or albendazole (alternative). Both are anti-helminthic drugs.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in tropical and subtropical regions; less frequent in temperate areas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor sanitation, immunosuppression, corticosteroid use, and travel to endemic regions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with timely treatment; life-threatening in disseminated strongyloidiasis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hyperinfection syndrome, sepsis, and respiratory distress in severe cases.

Viral Gastroenteritis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
watery diarrhea; nausea; vomiting; fever; abdominal cramps; dehydration

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by viral infections (e.g., norovirus, rotavirus, adenovirus).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms; stool PCR or antigen tests in specific cases.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including rehydration and electrolyte replacement. Antiemetics may be used for severe nausea.

Medications:
No specific antiviral treatment; oral rehydration solutions (ORS) and antiemetics like ondansetron may be used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common worldwide, especially in children and in areas with poor sanitation.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, contaminated food or water, poor hand hygiene.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent in most cases with supportive care; severe dehydration can be life-threatening without treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and in rare cases, kidney injury.

Yellow Fever

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
fever; headache; muscle pain; nausea; vomiting; jaundice; abdominal pain; bleeding (e.g., from the gums or nose); organ failure in severe cases

Root Cause:
Yellow fever is caused by the yellow fever virus, a flavivirus transmitted by infected mosquitoes (primarily Aedes aegypti). It leads to systemic infection, liver damage, and subsequent jaundice and bleeding tendencies in severe cases.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through serologic tests or PCR.

Treatment:
Treated supportively, as no specific antiviral therapy exists, with vaccination as a key preventive measure.

Medications:
No antiviral medications are available for yellow fever. Supportive medications include antipyretics like acetaminophen (avoid NSAIDs like ibuprofen or aspirin to reduce bleeding risks) and intravenous fluids for dehydration. Hemostatic agents may be used in cases of severe bleeding.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Yellow fever is endemic in tropical areas of Africa and South America. Annually, it causes an estimated 200,000 cases and 30,000 deaths globally, with most cases unreported.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Traveling to or living in endemic areas, lack of vaccination, and exposure to mosquito bites.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
In mild cases, recovery occurs within days to weeks without long-term effects. Severe cases with complications like liver failure or bleeding have a mortality rate of 20–50%. Survivors of severe cases typically recover fully but may require prolonged convalescence.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hepatic failure, renal failure, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), multi-organ failure, and death in severe cases.