Comprehensive Symptom Navigator

Atrial Fibrillation

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Chronic Diseases and Multimorbidity

Sub-category: Cardiovascular Diseases

Symptoms:
irregular heartbeats; palpitations; fatigue; dizziness; shortness of breath; chest pain

Root Cause:
An irregular and often rapid heart rate caused by abnormal electrical impulses in the heart's atria.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
ECG, Holter monitor, and echocardiogram to evaluate heart rhythm and identify underlying causes.

Treatment:
Anticoagulants (to prevent blood clots), antiarrhythmic drugs, rate or rhythm control medications, and sometimes cardioversion or ablation.

Medications:
Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin , Apixaban ) – Prevent clot formation to reduce stroke risk. Beta-blockers (e.g., Metoprolol ) – Help control heart rate and reduce palpitations. Calcium channel blockers (e.g., Diltiazem ) – Help control heart rate by blocking calcium channels in the heart.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 2-3% of the population; more common in older adults and those with heart disease.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, excessive alcohol use, family history, obesity.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with medication; however, if untreated, AF can increase the risk of stroke and heart failure.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Stroke, heart failure, blood clots, fatigue.

Hypertension in Children

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Cardiovascular Disorders

Sub-category: Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders

Symptoms:
headaches; fatigue; dizziness; nosebleeds; shortness of breath; blurred vision; chest pain; asymptomatic (common in mild cases)

Root Cause:
Elevated blood pressure due to either primary (essential) hypertension or secondary causes such as kidney disease, obesity, endocrine disorders, or congenital cardiovascular abnormalities.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Serial blood pressure measurements compared to age, sex, and height percentiles; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; laboratory tests (e.g., kidney function tests, electrolytes); imaging studies (e.g., renal ultrasound, echocardiography).

Treatment:
Lifestyle modifications (e.g., diet, exercise, weight management) and medications for severe or secondary cases. Treating the underlying cause if identified (e.g., managing kidney disease).

Medications:
ACE inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril ) - To lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels. Calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine ) - To reduce blood vessel constriction. Diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide ) - To decrease fluid retention and lower blood pressure. Beta-blockers (e.g., atenolol ) - To reduce heart rate and blood pressure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Increasing in prevalence due to rising rates of obesity; affects 2-5% of children and adolescents.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, family history of hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, high-sodium diet, chronic kidney disease, endocrine disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early detection and treatment, but untreated hypertension can lead to long-term complications like cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and stroke.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Left ventricular hypertrophy, chronic kidney disease, atherosclerosis, stroke, and heart attack.

Iron-deficiency anemia

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Hematologic and Oncologic Disorders

Sub-category: Hematologic Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; weakness; pale skin; shortness of breath; cold hands and feet; brittle nails; cravings for non-nutritive substances (pica); dizziness; headaches

Root Cause:
Caused by insufficient iron levels in the body, leading to reduced hemoglobin production and decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Complete blood count (CBC) showing low hemoglobin and hematocrit; low serum ferritin and iron levels; increased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC); peripheral blood smear showing microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells.

Treatment:
Iron supplementation (oral or intravenous), dietary changes to include iron-rich foods (e.g., red meat, leafy greens, fortified cereals), and treating the underlying cause of iron loss (e.g., bleeding, malabsorption).

Medications:
Oral iron supplements, such as ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, or ferrous fumarate, are the first-line treatment. Intravenous iron formulations, such as ferric carboxymaltose or iron sucrose, may be used in cases of severe deficiency or malabsorption.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 20–25% of children worldwide; more common in developing countries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Premature birth, inadequate dietary iron intake, rapid growth during childhood, chronic blood loss (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding), malabsorption disorders (e.g., celiac disease).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate treatment; symptoms typically resolve within weeks, and hemoglobin levels normalize in a few months. Untreated cases can result in developmental delays, cognitive impairment, and heart complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Developmental delays, cognitive and behavioral issues, weakened immune system, and heart problems like tachycardia and heart failure in severe, prolonged cases.

Concussion and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Trauma and Injuries

Sub-category: Blunt Trauma

Symptoms:
headache; confusion; dizziness; nausea; vomiting; temporary loss of consciousness; difficulty concentrating; memory problems; sleep disturbances; mood changes

Root Cause:
Disruption in normal brain function due to a direct blow, jolt, or penetrating injury to the head causing mechanical damage to brain tissue.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), neurological exam, imaging studies (CT scan or MRI).

Treatment:
Rest, symptom management, physical and cognitive rehabilitation, and monitoring for complications.

Medications:
Pain relievers (acetaminophen ), anti-nausea medications, and sometimes anticonvulsants (e.g., phenytoin ) or diuretics (e.g., mannitol ) to reduce intracranial pressure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Millions of cases worldwide annually, with mild TBI (concussion) being the most common.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Sports injuries, motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most mild TBIs resolve with proper care; severe TBIs may result in lasting neurological deficits or disability.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Post-concussion syndrome, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), seizures, and long-term cognitive or psychological impairments.

Splenic Rupture

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Trauma and Injuries

Sub-category: Internal Organ Trauma

Symptoms:
left upper abdominal pain; shoulder pain; dizziness; fainting; low blood pressure; rapid heart rate

Root Cause:
Tearing or damage to the spleen due to blunt or penetrating trauma, leading to internal bleeding.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical exam, ultrasound (FAST), CT scan, and laboratory tests to assess blood loss.

Treatment:
Monitoring for stable cases, surgical intervention (splenectomy or repair) for severe cases, and blood transfusions if needed.

Medications:
Pain management (opioids or acetaminophen ), prophylactic antibiotics post-splenectomy, and vaccinations (e.g., pneumococcal vaccine).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; most common in high-impact trauma cases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Abdominal trauma, pre-existing splenic conditions (e.g., splenomegaly).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with timely intervention; loss of spleen increases risk of infections.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hemorrhagic shock, infection, and immune system compromise post-splenectomy.

Internal Bleeding

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Trauma and Injuries

Sub-category: Internal Organ Trauma

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; swelling; pallor; dizziness; fainting; rapid heartbeat; low blood pressure

Root Cause:
Damage to blood vessels or organs resulting in bleeding within the body, often due to trauma or rupture of blood vessels.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan), blood tests (hemoglobin/hematocrit), and clinical signs.

Treatment:
Stabilization, fluid resuscitation, blood transfusions, and surgical intervention to stop bleeding.

Medications:
Antifibrinolytics (e.g., tranexamic acid) in certain trauma cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in severe trauma cases and certain medical conditions (e.g., aortic aneurysm rupture).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-impact trauma, anticoagulant therapy, and coagulopathies.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the source and volume of bleeding; timely treatment is crucial.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hemorrhagic shock, organ failure, and death if untreated.

Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Response (AFib with RVR)

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Cardiac Emergencies

Sub-category: Arrhythmias

Symptoms:
palpitations; shortness of breath; chest discomfort; dizziness; fatigue

Root Cause:
Electrical impulses in the atria are disorganized and rapid, leading to ineffective atrial contractions. This rapid rate can cause the ventricles to beat too fast, impairing cardiac output.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Electrocardiogram (ECG), physical examination, vital signs, blood tests (electrolytes, thyroid function), echocardiogram.

Treatment:
Rate control (e.g., beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers), rhythm control (e.g., cardioversion or antiarrhythmics), anticoagulation to prevent stroke.

Medications:
Beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol ) to slow the heart rate, calcium channel blockers (e.g., diltiazem or verapamil ) for rate control, and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin , rivaroxaban ) to reduce the risk of stroke. Antiarrhythmics (e.g., amiodarone ) may be used for rhythm control.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2% of the global population; more common in older adults and those with heart disease.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Hypertension, heart failure, coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, hyperthyroidism, alcohol use, obesity.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper rate/rhythm control and anticoagulation, most patients have a good prognosis. Untreated, it may lead to heart failure or stroke.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart failure, thromboembolism (e.g., stroke), tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)

Specialty: Cardiovascular

Category: Heart Diseases

Sub-category: Arrhythmias (Heart Rhythm Disorders)

Symptoms:
rapid heartbeat; chest pain; dizziness; shortness of breath; loss of consciousness; palpitations

Root Cause:
Abnormal electrical signals originating in the ventricles cause rapid and ineffective contractions, impairing blood flow.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG), Holter monitor, cardiac MRI, or electrophysiology study.

Treatment:
Antiarrhythmic medications, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), or catheter ablation.

Medications:
Amiodarone (antiarrhythmic), lidocaine (sodium channel blocker), beta-blockers (e.g., carvedilol ), or magnesium sulfate (for Torsades de Pointes).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in the general population; more common in patients with underlying heart disease or structural abnormalities.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Coronary artery disease, heart failure, previous myocardial infarction, electrolyte imbalances, and genetic conditions (e.g., long QT syndrome).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be life-threatening if untreated, but ICDs and medical therapy significantly improve survival.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sudden cardiac arrest, heart failure, and syncope.

Bradycardia (e.g., Heart Block)

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Cardiac Emergencies

Sub-category: Arrhythmias

Symptoms:
fatigue; dizziness; lightheadedness; syncope; shortness of breath; chest discomfort

Root Cause:
Impaired electrical conduction through the heart, commonly at the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, or bundle branches, leading to a slow heart rate and reduced cardiac output.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
ECG, Holter monitoring, electrophysiology studies, blood tests (to evaluate reversible causes such as electrolyte imbalances or hypothyroidism).

Treatment:
Reversible causes are addressed first (e.g., electrolyte correction, medication adjustments). Pacemaker placement may be required in symptomatic cases or high-grade heart block.

Medications:
Atropine (anticholinergic to increase heart rate in emergencies), dopamine or epinephrine (vasopressors for hemodynamic support).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in older adults or individuals with underlying heart disease; can occur in healthy individuals due to athletic conditioning.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, prior cardiac surgery, electrolyte disturbances, certain medications (e.g., beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate treatment; untreated severe bradycardia can lead to syncope, heart failure, or sudden cardiac arrest.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Syncope, heart failure, sudden cardiac arrest in untreated cases.

Ischemic Stroke

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Cerebrovascular Diseases

Symptoms:
sudden weakness or numbness, especially on one side of the body; confusion; trouble speaking or understanding speech; vision problems; difficulty walking; dizziness; severe headache without known cause

Root Cause:
Blockage of blood flow to the brain due to a blood clot or atherosclerosis, leading to reduced oxygen supply and cell death.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Neurological examination, CT scan or MRI of the brain, carotid ultrasound, echocardiography, and blood tests for clotting factors and cholesterol.

Treatment:
Emergency treatment with thrombolytic therapy (e.g., alteplase), mechanical thrombectomy, blood thinners, and management of underlying risk factors such as hypertension and high cholesterol. Rehabilitation follows.

Medications:
Thrombolytics like alteplase (tissue plasminogen activator, or tPA) are used in acute cases; antiplatelet drugs (e.g., aspirin , clopidogrel ) and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin , dabigatran ) are prescribed for long-term prevention. Statins (e.g., atorvastatin , rosuvastatin ) may also be used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 87% of all strokes are ischemic strokes; incidence increases with age.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, high cholesterol, obesity, atrial fibrillation, and family history of stroke.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early treatment improves outcomes, with recovery dependent on the extent and location of the brain damage. Rehabilitation plays a critical role.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent neurological deficits, recurrent strokes, post-stroke depression, and increased risk of infections like pneumonia.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Toxicology and Overdose

Sub-category: Chemical Exposures

Symptoms:
headache; dizziness; nausea; shortness of breath; confusion; loss of consciousness; chest pain; seizures

Root Cause:
Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin with a higher affinity than oxygen, reducing oxygen delivery to tissues and causing hypoxia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Measurement of carboxyhemoglobin levels in blood using co-oximetry, pulse CO-oximeter, or arterial blood gas analysis. Symptoms and exposure history also aid diagnosis.

Treatment:
Immediate removal from the CO exposure source, 100% oxygen therapy through a non-rebreather mask, or hyperbaric oxygen therapy in severe cases.

Medications:
No direct medications, but 100% oxygen therapy and hyperbaric oxygen are the main treatments. Hyperbaric oxygen is classified as a high-pressure oxygen delivery treatment.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
A leading cause of poisoning-related deaths worldwide, with an estimated 50,000 emergency department visits annually in the U.S.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poorly ventilated spaces, faulty heating systems, exposure to fires, and use of charcoal or gas grills indoors.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with timely treatment; delayed or severe exposure may lead to long-term neurological complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Neurological sequelae (e.g., memory loss, difficulty concentrating), myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, and death.

Severe Menorrhagia

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Obstetric and Gynecologic Emergencies

Sub-category: Gynecologic Conditions

Symptoms:
heavy menstrual bleeding lasting more than 7 days; clots larger than a quarter; fatigue; shortness of breath; dizziness; pallor

Root Cause:
Excessive uterine bleeding, often caused by hormonal imbalances, uterine fibroids, endometrial polyps, bleeding disorders, or underlying medical conditions.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, physical exam, pelvic ultrasound, blood tests (CBC for anemia, coagulation profile, thyroid function tests), and endometrial biopsy if indicated.

Treatment:
Depends on the underlying cause but includes medical management and sometimes surgical interventions.

Medications:
Hormonal therapy, antifibrinolytics, and NSAIDs. Examples - Tranexamic acid (antifibrinolytic), Combined oral contraceptives (hormonal), Ibuprofen (NSAID).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10-30% of menstruating individuals, with higher rates in perimenopausal women.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, anticoagulant use, hereditary bleeding disorders (e.g., von Willebrand disease).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies; treatable in most cases with appropriate management. Severe or untreated cases may lead to chronic anemia.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Iron-deficiency anemia, fatigue, poor quality of life, and in rare cases, severe hypovolemia requiring transfusion.

Otosclerosis

Specialty: Ear

Category: Hearing Disorders

Sub-category: Conductive Hearing Loss

Symptoms:
gradual hearing loss; tinnitus (ringing in the ears); dizziness; difficulty hearing low-pitched sounds; progressive worsening of hearing in one or both ears

Root Cause:
Abnormal bone remodeling in the middle ear, particularly around the stapes bone, leading to fixation of the stapes and impaired sound conduction.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
audiometry testing; tympanometry; CT scan of the temporal bones; clinical examination by an ENT specialist

Treatment:
Surgery (stapedectomy or stapedotomy), hearing aids, or observation for mild cases.

Medications:
Sodium fluoride or bisphosphonates may be prescribed to slow bone remodeling, though evidence of their efficacy is limited.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.3-0.4% of the population; more common in women and individuals of Caucasian descent.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, female gender, pregnancy, and genetic predisposition.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Hearing can be significantly improved with surgery or hearing aids; untreated cases may lead to severe hearing loss.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
persistent hearing loss; vertigo; tinnitus; possible surgical complications such as damage to the facial nerve or further hearing loss

Earwax Impaction (Cerumen Impaction)

Specialty: Ear

Category: Hearing Disorders

Symptoms:
hearing loss; earache; fullness in the ear; tinnitus; itching in the ear; dizziness

Root Cause:
Accumulation of cerumen (earwax) blocking the ear canal, often due to overproduction or improper cleaning techniques.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
otoscopic examination; clinical history and symptoms

Treatment:
Manual removal (using curette or suction), irrigation, or cerumenolytic agents.

Medications:
Cerumenolytics such as carbamide peroxide or saline drops to soften wax for easier removal.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10% of children, 5% of adults, and 33% of the elderly population.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Narrow or hairy ear canals, use of hearing aids, improper ear cleaning, certain skin conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; symptoms resolve with proper removal of earwax.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
ear infections; persistent hearing loss; damage to the ear canal from improper cleaning methods

Vestibular Migraine

Specialty: Ear

Category: Balance and Vestibular Disorders

Sub-category: Central Vestibular Disorders

Symptoms:
dizziness; vertigo; imbalance; motion sensitivity; nausea; light/sound sensitivity; headaches associated with episodes

Root Cause:
A neurological condition involving abnormal sensory signal processing in the brain, potentially linked to migraine pathophysiology.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical criteria, patient history, and exclusion of other conditions; imaging (e.g., MRI) may be used to rule out structural causes.

Treatment:
Lifestyle changes, avoidance of triggers, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, and pharmacological management of migraine.

Medications:
Beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol ), calcium channel blockers (e.g., verapamil ), anticonvulsants (e.g., topiramate ), or triptans for acute attacks. Medications belong to prophylactic migraine treatments, acute migraine treatments, and vestibular suppressants.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect approximately 1% of the population; more common in women.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Personal or family history of migraines, stress, hormonal changes, and certain foods or sensory triggers.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally manageable with treatment, though some individuals may experience recurrent or chronic symptoms.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Impaired quality of life, risk of falls due to imbalance, anxiety, and depression.

Brainstem or Cerebellar Lesions (e.g., Stroke, Multiple Sclerosis)

Specialty: Ear

Category: Balance and Vestibular Disorders

Sub-category: Central Vestibular Disorders

Symptoms:
dizziness; vertigo; ataxia (lack of coordination); imbalance; visual disturbances; nausea; difficulty speaking; facial numbness or weakness

Root Cause:
Damage to the brainstem or cerebellum due to ischemia (stroke), demyelination (multiple sclerosis), or other neurological conditions.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, imaging studies (MRI/CT scans), and neurological exams; additional tests like lumbar puncture for MS.

Treatment:
Depends on the cause

Medications:
For strokes

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Stroke prevalence varies widely, with millions affected annually worldwide; MS affects approximately 2.8 million globally.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
For strokes

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Stroke prognosis varies based on severity and timing of intervention; MS is chronic and progressive but can be managed with treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Long-term disability, chronic dizziness, visual disturbances, cognitive deficits, and emotional challenges like depression.

Mal de Debarquement Syndrome (MdDS)

Specialty: Ear

Category: Balance and Vestibular Disorders

Sub-category: Motion Sensitivity Disorders

Symptoms:
persistent sensation of rocking, swaying, or bobbing (often described as feeling ‘like being on a boat’); fatigue; difficulty concentrating (‘brain fog’); headache; dizziness; anxiety or depression (as a result of the chronic symptoms)

Root Cause:
MdDS is believed to occur due to the brain's inability to readjust its perception of movement and balance after prolonged exposure to passive motion, such as on a boat, airplane, or train. The exact neurological mechanism is not well understood.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed clinically by a sensation of rocking after travel.

Treatment:
Vestibular rehabilitation therapy, motion desensitization techniques, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and in some cases, medications.

Medications:
Medications may help alleviate symptoms. Commonly prescribed drugs include benzodiazepines or antidepressants to manage symptoms.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Exact prevalence is unknown but considered rare. More common among middle-aged women and individuals after prolonged motion exposure.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender (particularly middle-aged women). Prolonged exposure to passive motion (e.g., cruises, long flights, car rides). History of motion sensitivity or migraines.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms often resolve within weeks to months but can persist for years in some cases. Prognosis is variable and depends on individual response to treatments.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic fatigue and impaired quality of life. Anxiety and depression due to persistent symptoms. Potential difficulties with employment or daily functioning.

Labyrinthitis (Inner Ear Infection Affecting Hearing and Balance)

Specialty: Ear

Category: Infectious and Inflammatory Ear Conditions

Sub-category: Inner Ear Infections

Symptoms:
vertigo; dizziness; nausea; vomiting; loss of balance; hearing loss; tinnitus (ringing in the ears); difficulty focusing the eyes

Root Cause:
Inflammation or infection of the labyrinth (inner ear), typically due to a viral or bacterial cause, affecting both the vestibular and auditory systems.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on symptoms and history, physical examination, hearing tests (audiometry), and sometimes imaging studies (MRI or CT) to rule out other causes like stroke.

Treatment:
Rest, hydration, physical therapy for balance (vestibular rehabilitation therapy), and medications to alleviate symptoms. If bacterial, antibiotics may be prescribed.

Medications:
Antihistamines (e.g., meclizine ) for vertigo. Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam ) to suppress vestibular symptoms. Antiemetics (e.g., prochlorperazine ) for nausea and vomiting. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) to reduce inflammation in severe cases. Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin ) if a bacterial infection is confirmed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in adults aged 30–60; exact prevalence varies but is more frequent during viral outbreaks (e.g., flu season).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Recent viral or bacterial infections, respiratory illnesses, weakened immune system, history of ear infections, and smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good for most cases; symptoms usually improve within a few weeks to months. Persistent balance issues or hearing loss can occur in severe cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic dizziness, permanent hearing loss, and secondary conditions like anxiety due to prolonged vertigo episodes.

Temporal Bone Fractures

Specialty: Ear

Category: Trauma and Injury to the Ear

Sub-category: Fractures Involving the Ear

Symptoms:
hearing loss; ear bleeding; dizziness; facial weakness; cerebrospinal fluid (csf) leakage from the ear or nose; tinnitus

Root Cause:
Fracture of the temporal bone due to blunt head trauma, affecting the middle and/or inner ear structures.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
CT imaging of the temporal bone, otoscopy to assess eardrum damage, audiometry, and facial nerve testing.

Treatment:
Observation for minor fractures, surgical intervention for displaced fractures or CSF leaks, and facial nerve decompression if necessary.

Medications:
Pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen , NSAIDs), antibiotics (if there is a risk of infection or meningitis), and corticosteroids for nerve inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, associated with severe head trauma, commonly in motor vehicle accidents or falls.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-energy trauma, lack of protective equipment during high-risk activities, and osteoporosis (increasing bone fragility).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on severity; minor fractures heal without intervention, but severe cases may result in permanent hearing loss or facial nerve dysfunction.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic hearing loss, vertigo, persistent tinnitus, facial paralysis, and meningitis due to CSF leakage.

Cholesteatoma

Specialty: Ear

Category: Chronic Ear Conditions

Sub-category: Infections and Growths

Symptoms:
persistent ear drainage (otorrhea); hearing loss; ear fullness; foul-smelling discharge; dizziness; ear pain in severe cases

Root Cause:
Abnormal growth of keratinizing squamous epithelium in the middle ear or mastoid due to chronic infections or Eustachian tube dysfunction.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Otoscopic examination, CT scan to evaluate the extent of bone destruction, and audiometry to assess hearing loss.

Treatment:
Surgical removal of the cholesteatoma through tympanomastoidectomy; medical management of infection with antibiotics if needed.

Medications:
Antibiotic ear drops (e.g., ciprofloxacin ) for infection control; systemic antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin-clavulanate) for more extensive infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 9–12 per 100,000 annually in developed countries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic otitis media, Eustachian tube dysfunction, cleft palate, and previous ear surgery.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with timely surgical intervention, but recurrence is possible.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hearing loss, facial nerve paralysis, intracranial infections (e.g., meningitis, brain abscess), and labyrinthitis.

Glomus Tumors (Paragangliomas)

Specialty: Ear

Category: Tumors and Growths of the Ear

Sub-category: Vascular Tumors

Symptoms:
pulsatile tinnitus; hearing loss; dizziness; ear fullness; cranial nerve deficits in advanced cases

Root Cause:
Rare, usually benign vascular tumors arising from paraganglionic tissue in the middle ear or along cranial nerves.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
MRI and/or CT imaging; angiography may be used for vascular mapping; biopsy if needed.

Treatment:
Surgical excision; radiation therapy for inoperable or residual tumors.

Medications:
Medications are not typically used to treat glomus tumors. Pre-surgical embolization agents may be used to minimize bleeding during surgery.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very rare; estimated at 1 in 1.3 million people per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history (hereditary paraganglioma syndromes), age (middle-aged adults), and certain genetic mutations (e.g., SDH gene mutations).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable for benign tumors; potential recurrence or incomplete removal in complex cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hearing loss, cranial nerve damage, stroke (in rare cases), and rare malignant transformation.

Airplane Ear

Specialty: Ear

Category: Eustachian Tube Disorders

Sub-category: Baro-Challenge-Induced Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

Symptoms:
ear pain or discomfort during altitude changes; a feeling of fullness in the ear; muffled hearing; dizziness; ear popping or clicking sounds; mild to moderate hearing loss; rarely, vertigo or tinnitus

Root Cause:
Occurs when the Eustachian tube fails to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the external environment, often during rapid altitude changes, such as in an airplane ascent or descent.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on patient history (symptoms during altitude changes), physical examination (otoscopy revealing retracted or bulging eardrum), and possibly tympanometry to assess middle ear pressure.

Treatment:
Self-care measures (swallowing, yawning, chewing gum), nasal decongestant sprays before flight, oral antihistamines, and in severe cases, surgical intervention such as myringotomy or tympanostomy tube placement.

Medications:
Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ) to reduce nasal and sinus congestion, antihistamines (e.g., loratadine ) to alleviate allergic symptoms, and nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone ) to reduce inflammation. These medications are used to help relieve Eustachian tube dysfunction.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common; most individuals experience mild symptoms at least once, especially during airplane travel.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Flying while having a cold or sinus infection, allergies, a naturally narrow Eustachian tube, children under 10 (due to immature Eustachian tubes).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally resolves within a few hours to days without permanent damage; symptoms may persist longer if there is an infection or significant barotrauma.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe barotrauma can cause middle ear bleeding, tympanic membrane rupture, or permanent hearing loss.

Scuba Diving Barotrauma

Specialty: Ear

Category: Eustachian Tube Disorders

Sub-category: Baro-Challenge-Induced Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

Symptoms:
ear pain during descent; muffled hearing; dizziness; vertigo; ear fullness; tinnitus; nosebleeds; severe cases may involve tympanic membrane rupture

Root Cause:
Results from the inability to equalize middle ear pressure with the increasing pressure in the external environment during a scuba dive descent.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history (onset during or after diving), physical examination (otoscopy may show middle ear effusion, eardrum bulging or perforation), and audiometry to assess hearing loss.

Treatment:
Ceasing the dive to ascend slowly, self-care measures like Valsalva maneuver, medications to relieve nasal congestion, and in severe cases, medical intervention for ear drum repair.

Medications:
Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ) to relieve nasal congestion, nasal corticosteroids (e.g., mometasone ) to reduce inflammation, and sometimes antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin ) to prevent or treat secondary infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively common among divers, especially beginners or those diving with a cold or nasal congestion.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor equalization techniques, diving with nasal or sinus congestion, allergies, or having a narrow Eustachian tube.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms typically resolve with proper management; permanent damage is rare if barotrauma is addressed early.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tympanic membrane rupture, secondary infections, persistent vertigo, or hearing loss in severe cases.

Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease (AIED)

Specialty: Ear

Category: Autoimmune and Systemic Conditions with Ear Involvement

Symptoms:
progressive hearing loss; tinnitus; dizziness; balance problems; ear fullness

Root Cause:
Immune system attacks the inner ear, leading to inflammation and damage to auditory and vestibular structures.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, audiometry, imaging (MRI to rule out other causes), and response to corticosteroid treatment.

Treatment:
Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, immunosuppressive therapies, hearing aids, or cochlear implants in severe cases.

Medications:
Corticosteroids like prednisone (anti-inflammatory) and methotrexate (immunosuppressive) are commonly prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; estimated to affect 1 in 100,000 individuals annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Personal or family history of autoimmune diseases, middle-aged adults.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; hearing loss may stabilize with treatment but can progress without intervention.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent hearing loss, balance disorders, and reduced quality of life.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (IPAH)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pulmonary Vascular Diseases

Sub-category: Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; fatigue; chest pain; dizziness; fainting; swelling in ankles or legs (edema); palpitations; blue discoloration of lips or skin (cyanosis)

Root Cause:
Narrowing and stiffening of pulmonary arteries with no known cause, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and high blood pressure in the lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made using echocardiography, right heart catheterization (gold standard), pulmonary function tests, chest X-ray, CT scan, and blood tests to rule out other causes.

Treatment:
Treatment includes medications to lower pulmonary blood pressure, improve exercise capacity, and prevent disease progression; oxygen therapy; and in severe cases, lung transplantation.

Medications:
Medications include phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil , tadalafil ), endothelin receptor antagonists (e.g., bosentan , ambrisentan , macitentan ), prostacyclin analogs (e.g., epoprostenol , treprostinil , iloprost ), soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators (e.g., riociguat ), and calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine , diltiazem , only for specific cases).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; estimated prevalence is 1-2 cases per million annually, with a higher incidence in women aged 30-50 years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender, genetic predisposition (BMPR2 gene mutation), and autoimmune diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; prognosis depends on the severity at diagnosis and response to therapy. Without treatment, survival is 2-3 years, but modern therapies improve long-term outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Right-sided heart failure, arrhythmias, blood clots, and potential death if untreated.

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pulmonary Vascular Diseases

Sub-category: Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; fatigue; chest pain; dizziness; fainting; swelling in ankles or legs (edema); persistent cough; reduced exercise tolerance

Root Cause:
Chronic obstruction and remodeling of pulmonary arteries due to unresolved blood clots, causing high blood pressure in the lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed using echocardiography, right heart catheterization (gold standard), ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan, CT pulmonary angiography, and pulmonary angiography. Blood tests and other imaging may rule out other causes.

Treatment:
Treatment options include pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) surgery, balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA), anticoagulation therapy, oxygen therapy, and medications to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance.

Medications:
Medications include anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin , rivaroxaban , apixaban ), soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators (e.g., riociguat ), and prostacyclin analogs or endothelin receptor antagonists in inoperable cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; affects approximately 3-5% of individuals who have had a pulmonary embolism.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of acute pulmonary embolism, inadequate anticoagulation treatment, thrombophilia, splenectomy, or chronic inflammatory diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With successful pulmonary endarterectomy, prognosis is excellent. In inoperable cases, long-term medical management improves quality of life but prognosis varies.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Right-sided heart failure, arrhythmias, blood clots, and recurrent pulmonary embolism.

Hyperventilation Syndrome

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Other Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
rapid breathing; feeling of breathlessness; dizziness; chest tightness; tingling or numbness in fingers and toes; palpitations

Root Cause:
Often triggered by anxiety or panic attacks, hyperventilation leads to a rapid loss of carbon dioxide from the blood, disrupting normal physiological balance.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is largely clinical, based on a history of rapid, shallow breathing, and ruling out other causes through tests like arterial blood gases or a chest X-ray.

Treatment:
Treatment involves breathing retraining techniques such as diaphragmatic breathing, relaxation exercises, and sometimes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to address underlying anxiety.

Medications:
Medications may include anti-anxiety drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, e.g., fluoxetine ), benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam ), or beta-blockers for palpitations (e.g., propranolol ). These belong to the categories of anxiolytics and beta-blockers.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
It is common in the general population, especially among individuals with anxiety disorders, though exact prevalence is difficult to measure.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Anxiety disorders, panic attacks, stress, hyperthyroidism.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper management, individuals can often control symptoms effectively. Chronic hyperventilation is less common and typically improves with behavioral interventions.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic hyperventilation can lead to further anxiety, fainting, or exacerbation of panic attacks.

Atrial Fibrillation (AFib)

Specialty: Cardiovascular

Category: Heart Diseases

Sub-category: Arrhythmias (Heart Rhythm Disorders)

Symptoms:
irregular or rapid heartbeat; palpitations; shortness of breath; fatigue; dizziness; chest pain

Root Cause:
Abnormal electrical signals in the atria cause them to beat irregularly and out of sync with the ventricles.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG), Holter monitor, echocardiogram, stress tests, or event recorders.

Treatment:
Rate control (medications), rhythm control (medications or cardioversion), catheter ablation, and lifestyle modifications (e.g., weight loss, avoiding triggers).

Medications:
Beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol ), calcium channel blockers (e.g., diltiazem ), antiarrhythmics (e.g., amiodarone ), and anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin , apixaban , or rivaroxaban ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1–2% of the global population, with increasing prevalence in individuals over 65 years of age.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, obesity, diabetes, alcohol consumption, and hyperthyroidism.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate management, patients can maintain a good quality of life, but the condition increases the risk of stroke and heart failure.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Stroke, heart failure, blood clots, and cardiomyopathy.

Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)

Specialty: Cardiovascular

Category: Heart Diseases

Sub-category: Arrhythmias (Heart Rhythm Disorders)

Symptoms:
rapid heartbeat; palpitations; dizziness; shortness of breath; chest tightness; fainting (syncope)

Root Cause:
Rapid electrical activity originating above the ventricles, often due to reentrant circuits or accessory pathways.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG), Holter monitor, event recorder, or electrophysiology study.

Treatment:
Vagal maneuvers, cardioversion, catheter ablation, and lifestyle modifications (e.g., avoiding stimulants like caffeine).

Medications:
Adenosine (acute episodes), beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol ), calcium channel blockers (e.g., verapamil ), and antiarrhythmics (e.g., flecainide ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated at 2.25 per 1,000 people, with a higher prevalence in women and younger individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Structural heart abnormalities, accessory pathways (e.g., Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome), thyroid dysfunction, and caffeine or stimulant use.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Usually benign and treatable, especially with catheter ablation, but recurrent episodes can affect quality of life.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart failure, syncope, or progression to more severe arrhythmias.

Sick Sinus Syndrome

Specialty: Cardiovascular

Category: Heart Diseases

Sub-category: Arrhythmias (Heart Rhythm Disorders)

Symptoms:
fatigue; dizziness; syncope (fainting); bradycardia or tachycardia; shortness of breath; palpitations

Root Cause:
Dysfunction of the sinoatrial (SA) node, the heart's natural pacemaker, causing irregular heart rhythms (bradycardia, tachycardia, or alternating rhythms).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
ECG, Holter monitoring, event monitoring, or electrophysiological studies.

Treatment:
Pacemaker implantation is the primary treatment; antiarrhythmic medications may be needed for tachyarrhythmias.

Medications:
For tachyarrhythmias, beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol ), calcium channel blockers (e.g., diltiazem ), or antiarrhythmics (e.g., amiodarone ) may be prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in the elderly, with increasing prevalence due to aging; estimated to affect 1 in 600 cardiac patients over age 65.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, heart disease, hypothyroidism, electrolyte imbalances, and certain medications (e.g., beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With a pacemaker, most individuals live normal lives, though it may indicate underlying cardiac conditions.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Syncope, heart failure, stroke (due to tachyarrhythmias like atrial fibrillation).

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome (WPW)

Specialty: Cardiovascular

Category: Heart Diseases

Sub-category: Arrhythmias (Heart Rhythm Disorders)

Symptoms:
palpitations; dizziness; shortness of breath; chest pain; syncope; rapid heart rate (tachycardia)

Root Cause:
Presence of an extra electrical pathway (accessory pathway) in the heart leads to episodes of tachycardia or pre-excitation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
ECG showing a shortened PR interval and delta waves, electrophysiological testing, or Holter monitoring.

Treatment:
Catheter ablation is the preferred treatment; vagal maneuvers and medications may control acute episodes.

Medications:
Antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., procainamide or flecainide ) may be used to manage symptoms. Beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers are avoided if atrial fibrillation is present.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, occurring in about 1-3 per 1,000 people; often diagnosed in younger individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Congenital condition; family history may play a role.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with catheter ablation; untreated WPW may lead to life-threatening arrhythmias.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sudden cardiac arrest, atrial fibrillation, or supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).

Heart Block

Specialty: Cardiovascular

Category: Heart Diseases

Sub-category: Arrhythmias (Heart Rhythm Disorders)

Symptoms:
fatigue; dizziness; fainting; shortness of breath; bradycardia

Root Cause:
Impaired electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles, ranging from delayed conduction (first-degree) to complete block (third-degree).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
ECG, Holter monitoring, or electrophysiological studies.

Treatment:
May include pacemaker implantation for symptomatic or advanced cases.

Medications:
No specific medications for heart block, but beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers may worsen conduction delays. Pacemakers manage severe cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
First-degree block

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, Lyme disease, and medications (e.g., digoxin, beta-blockers).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
First-degree has an excellent prognosis. Advanced blocks require pacemaker but can allow a normal life.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Syncope, heart failure, or sudden cardiac arrest in severe cases.

Essential Hypertension (Primary Hypertension)

Specialty: Cardiovascular

Category: Vascular Diseases

Sub-category: Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Symptoms:
often asymptomatic; headaches; dizziness; blurred vision; shortness of breath; nosebleeds (rare)

Root Cause:
Chronic elevation of blood pressure with no identifiable secondary cause, likely due to genetic and environmental factors.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Repeated blood pressure measurements; ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM); basic labs (CBC, CMP, lipid panel, urinalysis); EKG to check for complications

Treatment:
Lifestyle changes, dietary modifications (DASH diet), regular physical activity, weight management, and pharmacological interventions.

Medications:
First-line medications include thiazide diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide ), ACE inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril ), ARBs (e.g., losartan ), calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine ), and beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol , used in select patients).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 30-45% of adults globally; prevalence increases with age.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history; obesity; high salt intake; sedentary lifestyle; smoking; alcohol consumption; stress; age (older individuals)

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be well-managed with treatment; untreated hypertension significantly increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Left ventricular hypertrophy; heart failure; stroke; chronic kidney disease; retinopathy; vascular dementia

Secondary Hypertension

Specialty: Cardiovascular

Category: Vascular Diseases

Sub-category: Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Symptoms:
depends on underlying cause; persistent elevated blood pressure; fatigue; headaches; chest pain; dizziness

Root Cause:
Elevated blood pressure due to an identifiable cause, such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders (e.g., hyperaldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome), or medication side effects.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Detailed medical history; physical exam; labs (renal function, hormone levels); imaging (renal ultrasound, CT scan); 24-hour urine studies

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause (e.g., surgery for adrenal tumors, discontinuation of causative medications) and controlling blood pressure with lifestyle changes and medications.

Medications:
Treatment may include ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or diuretics, depending on the underlying cause. For specific causes like hyperaldosteronism, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (e.g., spironolactone ) are used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for approximately 5-10% of hypertension cases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Kidney disease; endocrine disorders; renal artery stenosis; medication use (e.g., NSAIDs, decongestants); sleep apnea

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the underlying cause; blood pressure can often be normalized or significantly improved with appropriate treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to essential hypertension; organ damage (heart, kidneys, eyes); stroke; cardiovascular disease

Complications of Pacemakers or ICDs

Specialty: Cardiovascular

Category: Other Cardiovascular Conditions

Sub-category: Post-Surgical/Cardiac Intervention Complications

Symptoms:
localized swelling or pain at the device site; fever (infection); hiccups (diaphragmatic stimulation); arrhythmias; fatigue; dizziness

Root Cause:
Mechanical or infectious issues, lead displacement, inappropriate shocks, or device failure.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray or fluoroscopy (to check lead position), echocardiography (to assess device-related complications like effusion), device interrogation, and blood cultures (if infection is suspected).

Treatment:
Lead repositioning, device reprogramming, antibiotics for infections, or surgical revision for mechanical issues.

Medications:
Antibiotics like vancomycin or cefazolin for device infections; antiarrhythmics for arrhythmias related to the device; anticoagulants for thromboembolism prevention if leads are inappropriately positioned.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Complication rates vary, with infection occurring in about 1-2% of cases, and lead displacement in up to 5% of new implants.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, diabetes, immunosuppression, poor surgical technique, prior device infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most complications can be managed effectively; however, infections involving the device require prompt intervention to prevent serious outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Lead displacement, device infection, cardiac perforation, inappropriate shocks, systemic infections like sepsis.

Hypoglycemia (due to diabetes management)

Specialty: Diabetes and Endocrinology

Category: Diabetes Mellitus and Related Disorders

Sub-category: Acute Complications

Symptoms:
sweating; shakiness; dizziness; hunger; confusion; irritability; seizures; loss of consciousness

Root Cause:
Excess insulin or glucose-lowering medications reduce blood sugar levels below normal (<70 mg/dL).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood glucose measurement; symptoms resolve with glucose administration.

Treatment:
Immediate consumption of fast-acting carbohydrates (e.g., glucose tablets, fruit juice); glucagon injection for severe cases.

Medications:
Glucagon injection or glucose gel for emergency treatment of severe hypoglycemia.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in individuals on insulin or sulfonylureas; varies by treatment regimen.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Excess insulin, skipping meals, intense physical activity, or alcohol consumption.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment; repeated episodes can impair awareness and cognitive function.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Seizures, coma, accidents, and death.

Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency (e.g., Pituitary Dysfunction)

Specialty: Diabetes and Endocrinology

Category: Adrenal Disorders

Sub-category: Adrenal Insufficiency

Symptoms:
fatigue; muscle weakness; low blood pressure; nausea; vomiting; dizziness; hypoglycemia

Root Cause:
Inadequate production of ACTH by the pituitary gland leads to insufficient stimulation of the adrenal glands, resulting in low cortisol levels.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves measuring cortisol and ACTH levels, as well as dynamic testing (e.g., ACTH stimulation test, insulin tolerance test). Brain imaging (MRI) may be used to identify pituitary abnormalities.

Treatment:
Glucocorticoid replacement therapy and, if applicable, addressing the underlying cause (e.g., pituitary tumor or discontinuation of long-term corticosteroid use).

Medications:
Medications include hydrocortisone or prednisone to replace cortisol. These are classified as glucocorticoid replacement therapies.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common than primary adrenal insufficiency; often associated with prolonged corticosteroid use or pituitary dysfunction. Exact prevalence is unclear but estimated to be higher than Addison's disease.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Long-term corticosteroid use, pituitary tumors, traumatic brain injury, or radiation therapy to the brain.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable with treatment, but adrenal crises may occur during stress or illness if glucocorticoid dosing is not increased.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Adrenal crisis, persistent fatigue, hypoglycemia, and dependence on hormone replacement therapy.

Hypopituitarism (Deficiency of Pituitary Hormones)

Specialty: Diabetes and Endocrinology

Category: Pituitary Disorders

Sub-category: Pituitary Insufficiency

Symptoms:
fatigue; weakness; weight changes; cold intolerance; low libido; decreased appetite; nausea; dizziness; infertility; growth delays in children

Root Cause:
Reduced or absent production of one or more pituitary hormones due to damage or dysfunction of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests to measure hormone levels (e.g., ACTH, TSH, GH, LH, FSH), MRI of the pituitary gland, stimulation tests for specific hormones.

Treatment:
Hormone replacement therapy tailored to the deficient hormones (e.g., cortisol, thyroid hormone, sex hormones, growth hormone).

Medications:
Hormone replacement medications include hydrocortisone or prednisone for adrenal insufficiency (glucocorticoids), levothyroxine for hypothyroidism (thyroid hormone replacement), and testosterone or estrogen/progesterone for hypogonadism (sex hormone therapy). Recombinant human growth hormone (GH) may be prescribed for growth hormone deficiency.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect approximately 45 per 100,000 people.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Pituitary tumors, traumatic brain injury, radiation therapy to the head, autoimmune conditions, infections, genetic mutations.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Lifelong management is required with good outcomes if hormone replacement is adequate.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Adrenal crisis, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, infertility, psychological effects such as depression or anxiety.

Insulinoma

Specialty: Diabetes and Endocrinology

Category: Pancreatic Endocrine Disorders

Sub-category: Hypoglycemia (Non-Diabetes Related)

Symptoms:
episodes of confusion; dizziness; weakness; sweating; palpitations; hunger; blurred vision; loss of consciousness

Root Cause:
A benign tumor of the pancreatic beta cells that produces excessive insulin, causing recurrent hypoglycemia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical suspicion based on symptoms, confirmed by a supervised 72-hour fasting test demonstrating hypoglycemia with inappropriately high insulin levels, C-peptide, and proinsulin. Imaging (CT, MRI, or endoscopic ultrasound) is used to localize the tumor.

Treatment:
Surgical removal of the tumor is the primary treatment. In non-surgical cases, medical management focuses on controlling hypoglycemia.

Medications:
Diazoxide (reduces insulin secretion, potassium channel activator) and somatostatin analogs like octreotide (inhibit insulin release).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Insulinomas are rare, with an estimated incidence of 1-4 cases per million people annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome, though most cases are sporadic.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with surgical removal; the majority of insulinomas are benign and curable. Rare malignant cases may require additional therapies.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe recurrent hypoglycemia leading to seizures, neurological damage, or death if untreated.

Hyperinsulinism

Specialty: Diabetes and Endocrinology

Category: Pancreatic Endocrine Disorders

Symptoms:
hypoglycemia (low blood sugar); dizziness; sweating; shaking; confusion; blurred vision; seizures; loss of consciousness

Root Cause:
Excessive secretion of insulin from the pancreas, often due to a tumor (insulinoma), genetic mutations affecting insulin regulation, or overcompensation for insulin resistance.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels during hypoglycemia), fasting tests, imaging studies (CT, MRI, or PET scans), and genetic testing in congenital cases.

Treatment:
Dietary management, surgery (if caused by an insulinoma), or medications to regulate insulin secretion.

Medications:
Diazoxide (a potassium channel opener that inhibits insulin secretion) or octreotide (a somatostatin analog to suppress insulin release).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; congenital forms are more common in neonates, while insulinomas occur in about 1-4 per million people annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of congenital hyperinsulinism, genetic mutations, or conditions like MEN1 syndrome.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the cause; manageable with treatment but severe hypoglycemia can lead to long-term complications if not addressed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent hypoglycemia leading to seizures, brain damage, or developmental delays (in infants).

Upper GI Bleeding (e.g., Varices, Peptic Ulcers)

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: General and Miscellaneous GI Conditions

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Symptoms:
hematemesis (vomiting blood); melena (black, tarry stools); weakness; dizziness; abdominal pain; shortness of breath; fatigue

Root Cause:
Bleeding from the upper gastrointestinal tract, commonly caused by peptic ulcers, gastric or esophageal varices, Mallory-Weiss tears, or erosive gastritis/esophagitis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy), stool guaiac test, complete blood count (CBC) to check hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, and imaging if required.

Treatment:
Stabilization with intravenous fluids and blood transfusions if necessary, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), endoscopic interventions (e.g., banding or sclerotherapy for varices, cauterization for ulcers), and in severe cases, surgery or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS).

Medications:
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole , pantoprazole ) to reduce acid production, octreotide (a somatostatin analog) to control variceal bleeding, and antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone ) to prevent infections in variceal cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 50-150 per 100,000 people annually; variceal bleeding is common in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic use of NSAIDs, Helicobacter pylori infection, liver cirrhosis, alcohol abuse, coagulopathies, and high blood pressure in the portal vein.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With prompt treatment, most cases are manageable; however, recurrent bleeding and mortality are significant concerns, especially in variceal cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hypovolemic shock, recurrent bleeding, organ failure, and in variceal cases, high mortality if untreated.

Lower GI Bleeding (e.g., Diverticular Bleeding, Angiodysplasia)

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: General and Miscellaneous GI Conditions

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Symptoms:
hematochezia (bright red or maroon-colored stools); anemia; dizziness; fatigue; abdominal cramps; weakness

Root Cause:
Bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract, commonly due to diverticular disease, angiodysplasia, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, or ischemic colitis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Colonoscopy, angiography, nuclear medicine scans (e.g., tagged red blood cell scan), and lab tests like CBC to detect anemia.

Treatment:
Resuscitation with intravenous fluids and blood products, colonoscopic interventions (e.g., clipping or cauterization), angiographic embolization, and in severe cases, surgery. Treat underlying causes such as diverticulitis or colitis.

Medications:
Medications are less commonly used for primary treatment but may include vasopressin for active bleeding during angiography, iron supplements for anemia, and mesalamine for inflammatory bowel disease if applicable.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Incidence ranges from 20-30 per 100,000 people annually, increasing with age.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, diverticular disease, vascular malformations, anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy, and a history of inflammatory bowel disease or radiation therapy.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases resolve spontaneously, especially diverticular bleeding. Severe or recurrent bleeding may require intervention, and prognosis depends on the underlying cause.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe anemia, shock, recurrent bleeding, and in rare cases, bowel ischemia or perforation during treatment.

Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Cerebrovascular Diseases

Symptoms:
headache; seizures; progressive neurological deficits; weakness or numbness; vision problems; dizziness

Root Cause:
Abnormal tangling of arteries and veins, bypassing capillaries, leading to weakened vessels prone to rupture.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
CT or MRI of the brain; cerebral angiography to confirm and map the AVM.

Treatment:
Surgical removal, endovascular embolization, or stereotactic radiosurgery, depending on size and location.

Medications:
Antiepileptics for seizure control; pain medications for symptom relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; affects less than 1% of the population.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Congenital malformation; rarely familial.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good if treated before rupture; untreated AVMs carry a 2-4% annual risk of hemorrhage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Intracranial hemorrhage, permanent neurological damage, and seizures.

Post-Traumatic Headache

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Headaches and Pain Syndromes

Symptoms:
headache following a head injury; dizziness; nausea; sensitivity to light and sound; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Result of trauma to the head or neck, leading to nerve irritation, vascular changes, or muscle strain.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Headache onset within 7 days of trauma or regaining consciousness; imaging if symptoms suggest intracranial injury.

Treatment:
Symptomatic management, physical therapy, and psychological support.

Medications:
NSAIDs, triptans, or amitriptyline for chronic cases; muscle relaxants if tension is a factor.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common after concussions or mild traumatic brain injuries, affecting up to 50% of cases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Severity of initial injury, previous headache history, psychological stress.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often resolves within weeks to months; some cases become chronic.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cognitive difficulties, depression, or chronic pain syndromes.

Concussion

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries

Symptoms:
headache; confusion; dizziness; nausea; vomiting; blurred vision; sensitivity to light and noise; memory loss; difficulty concentrating; fatigue

Root Cause:
A mild traumatic brain injury caused by a sudden impact or jolt to the head, leading to temporary disruption of brain function.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation (patient history, symptom analysis, and physical examination), neurocognitive testing, imaging tests like CT or MRI (if severe symptoms or risk of complications).

Treatment:
Rest, gradual return to activities, symptom management, cognitive and physical rehabilitation if needed.

Medications:
Pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen for headaches. Prescription medications, such as amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant) or topiramate (antiepileptic), may be used for post-concussion headaches or migraines.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common; estimated 1.6–3.8 million concussions occur annually in the U.S. related to sports and recreational activities.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Participation in contact sports, history of previous concussions, motor vehicle accidents, falls, younger age (children and adolescents).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good, with most people recovering fully within weeks to months; symptoms may persist longer in post-concussion syndrome.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Post-concussion syndrome, second impact syndrome, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), persistent cognitive or emotional problems.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries

Symptoms:
loss of consciousness; headache; confusion; memory loss; dizziness; vomiting; seizures; speech difficulties; weakness or numbness; changes in behavior

Root Cause:
Brain damage caused by external force, such as a blow to the head, penetration by an object, or violent shaking.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical and neurological examinations, imaging tests like CT scans or MRIs, Glasgow Coma Scale assessment.

Treatment:
Emergency stabilization, surgical intervention if necessary (to relieve pressure or repair damage), physical and cognitive rehabilitation, supportive care.

Medications:
Diuretics (e.g., mannitol ) to reduce brain swelling; anticonvulsants (e.g., levetiracetam ) to prevent seizures; sedatives (e.g., propofol ) for agitation or to manage intracranial pressure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
About 2.8 million emergency department visits for TBI in the U.S. annually; common in all age groups, particularly young adults and the elderly.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Falls, vehicle accidents, sports injuries, physical violence, military combat exposure.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies widely; mild TBIs often resolve fully, while severe TBIs may result in long-term disabilities or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Seizures, infections, hydrocephalus, cognitive or emotional impairments, death.

Anxiety and Depression with Neurological Symptoms

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Symptoms:
headaches; dizziness; fatigue; sleep disturbances; muscle tension; paresthesia

Root Cause:
Interaction between mental health conditions and the nervous system; stress-induced physiological changes.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, screening for anxiety and depression, ruling out other neurological disorders.

Treatment:
Psychotherapy (CBT or interpersonal therapy), lifestyle modifications, stress management, and pharmacotherapy.

Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., sertraline , paroxetine ), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine , duloxetine ), and benzodiazepines (short-term use for acute anxiety).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Anxiety affects 15-20% of adults; depression affects approximately 5% of adults worldwide, with high comorbidity rates.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, chronic stress, trauma, and co-existing medical conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with treatment, but symptoms may recur without ongoing management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic pain syndromes, and reduced quality of life.

Chiari Malformation

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Symptoms:
headache (worsened by coughing or straining); neck pain; balance problems; dizziness; numbness or weakness in limbs; difficulty swallowing; tinnitus; breathing irregularities

Root Cause:
Structural defect causing the cerebellum to extend into the spinal canal, disrupting normal CSF flow.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed with MRI to visualize brain and spinal cord abnormalities.

Treatment:
Treated with surgical decompression in symptomatic cases.

Medications:
Pain management with NSAIDs or prescription analgesics; muscle relaxants for associated muscle spasms.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated at 1 in 1,000 individuals, though many cases are asymptomatic.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Congenital brain malformations, genetic predispositions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early surgical intervention for severe cases; some mild cases remain asymptomatic for life.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hydrocephalus, syringomyelia, chronic pain, or neurological deficits if untreated.

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Autonomic Nervous System Disorders

Symptoms:
rapid heartbeat upon standing; dizziness; lightheadedness; fainting; fatigue; brain fog; nausea; cold extremities; chest pain; exercise intolerance

Root Cause:
Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, leading to abnormal heart rate and blood flow response to positional changes.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Tilt table test, standing test (measuring heart rate and blood pressure changes), patient history, and ruling out other causes of symptoms.

Treatment:
Non-pharmacological interventions such as increasing salt and fluid intake, wearing compression garments, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications; pharmacological treatments based on symptoms and patient response.

Medications:
Medications include beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol ) to reduce heart rate, fludrocortisone (a mineralocorticoid) to increase blood volume, midodrine (an alpha-1 agonist) to raise blood pressure, and ivabradine (a heart rate-reducing agent).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.2% of the population; more common in women, particularly between the ages of 15 and 50.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female sex, family history of dysautonomia, history of viral illness, autoimmune diseases, and conditions like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome or chronic fatigue syndrome.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often manageable with treatment, though symptoms may persist for years; improvement is possible with lifestyle changes and targeted therapies.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe limitations in daily activities, increased risk of falls, anxiety or depression due to chronic illness, and possible progression to other forms of dysautonomia.

Dysautonomia

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Autonomic Nervous System Disorders

Symptoms:
dizziness; fainting; rapid heartbeat; fatigue; difficulty regulating body temperature; digestive issues; blurred vision; shortness of breath

Root Cause:
Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and temperature regulation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Comprehensive clinical evaluation, tilt table test, autonomic reflex screening, sweat testing, and blood tests to identify secondary causes.

Treatment:
Tailored based on the type and cause; lifestyle adjustments, physical therapy, dietary changes, and symptom-specific medications.

Medications:
Medications may include beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol ) for heart rate control, fludrocortisone (a mineralocorticoid) to expand blood volume, pyridostigmine (a cholinesterase inhibitor) for autonomic modulation, and midodrine (an alpha-1 agonist) to improve blood pressure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Exact prevalence varies widely; associated conditions like POTS and neurodegenerative diseases suggest a significant affected population.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune disorders, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, genetic predisposition, and viral illnesses.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly variable; some forms are reversible or manageable, while others (e.g., those linked to neurodegenerative diseases) may progress.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Poor quality of life, limited physical activity, secondary complications like blood pooling, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and potential overlap with other chronic conditions.

Orthostatic Hypotension

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Autonomic Nervous System Disorders

Symptoms:
lightheadedness; dizziness; fainting; blurred vision; weakness; fatigue; headaches when standing

Root Cause:
A drop in blood pressure upon standing, due to impaired autonomic regulation, reduced blood volume, or cardiovascular conditions.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Measuring blood pressure and heart rate changes from lying to standing, tilt table test, and evaluation of contributing factors.

Treatment:
Non-pharmacological strategies like increasing fluid and salt intake, wearing compression stockings, and slowly transitioning to upright positions; medications if needed.

Medications:
Medications include fludrocortisone (a mineralocorticoid) to expand blood volume, midodrine (an alpha-1 agonist) to constrict blood vessels, and droxidopa (a norepinephrine prodrug) to increase blood pressure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in older adults, affecting approximately 6–30% of people over age 65.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, medications that lower blood pressure, and dehydration.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms can often be managed effectively; underlying causes significantly impact long-term outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Falls and related injuries, reduced independence, cardiovascular events, and reduced quality of life.

Valvular Heart Disease (e.g., Aortic Stenosis)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Chronic Diseases and Multimorbidity

Sub-category: Cardiovascular Diseases

Symptoms:
chest pain; shortness of breath; fatigue; dizziness; fainting; heart murmur

Root Cause:
Narrowing, leaking, or dysfunction of the heart valves, which impairs the heart's ability to pump blood effectively.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, echocardiogram, chest X-ray, and electrocardiogram (ECG).

Treatment:
Valve repair or replacement surgery (e.g., aortic valve replacement), lifestyle modifications, medications to manage symptoms such as diuretics and beta-blockers.

Medications:
Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide ) – Help reduce fluid buildup and lower blood pressure. Beta-blockers (e.g., Metoprolol ) – Reduce the heart's workload by slowing the heart rate. ACE inhibitors (e.g., Lisinopril ) – Relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin ) – Prevent blood clots in cases of valve dysfunction leading to increased clotting risk.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Aortic stenosis affects approximately 2% of people over 65, with a higher prevalence in elderly individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, history of rheumatic fever, congenital heart defects, hypertension, high cholesterol, and smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If untreated, valvular heart disease can lead to heart failure and other serious complications; valve replacement surgery can greatly improve symptoms and prognosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart failure, arrhythmias, stroke, endocarditis, blood clots, and sudden cardiac arrest.

Anemia (Iron deficiency, chronic disease, etc.)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Hematologic and Oncologic Disorders

Sub-category: Hematologic Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; weakness; pale skin; shortness of breath; dizziness; cold hands and feet; chest pain (in severe cases)

Root Cause:
A lack of healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to tissues, often due to low iron levels or chronic disease affecting red blood cell production.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (complete blood count (CBC), iron studies, ferritin levels, reticulocyte count), bone marrow biopsy (in some cases).

Treatment:
Iron supplementation (oral or intravenous), treatment of underlying causes (such as addressing chronic disease), blood transfusions in severe cases.

Medications:
Oral iron supplements (e.g., ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate) are commonly prescribed to treat iron deficiency anemia. Intravenous iron (e.g., iron sucrose, ferric gluconate) may be used for more severe or resistant cases. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents may be prescribed in anemia due to chronic disease.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Anemia affects approximately 25% of the global population, with higher prevalence in elderly individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor diet (low iron intake), chronic diseases (e.g., kidney disease, diabetes), gastrointestinal conditions (e.g., Crohn's disease), blood loss (e.g., menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding), age (elderly individuals are at higher risk).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If treated appropriately, the prognosis is generally good. However, untreated anemia can lead to severe complications like heart failure or cognitive impairment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart failure, fatigue affecting quality of life, cognitive decline, complications from untreated underlying diseases.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) from falls

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Falls, Mobility, and Frailty

Sub-category: Falls and Injuries

Symptoms:
headache; dizziness; nausea or vomiting; loss of consciousness; confusion; memory problems; difficulty concentrating; changes in mood or personality

Root Cause:
Injury to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head, often from falls, which may result in contusions, concussions, or more severe brain damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, physical examination, and imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs to detect brain injury.

Treatment:
Treatment varies based on the severity of the injury, ranging from observation and rest to surgical intervention for severe brain injury.

Medications:
Medications for TBI may include pain relievers (acetaminophen or ibuprofen ), anticonvulsants if seizures are present, and antidepressants if mood disorders develop. Antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron ) may be used for nausea.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
TBI is a leading cause of injury-related morbidity in older adults, especially those with balance issues or frailty.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (especially over 65), previous history of TBI, frailty, falls, anticoagulant use, and environmental hazards.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Recovery from TBI can range from full recovery to long-term cognitive and physical impairments, depending on the severity of the injury. Older adults often have a slower recovery process.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Long-term complications can include cognitive impairment, memory loss, post-concussion syndrome, and an increased risk of dementia or other neurological disorders. There may also be an increased risk of recurrent falls.

Polypharmacy and Drug Interactions

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Geriatric Syndromes

Symptoms:
adverse drug reactions; increased falls risk; confusion; dizziness; fatigue; gastrointestinal issues; orthostatic hypotension

Root Cause:
Polypharmacy occurs when a patient uses multiple medications, often more than necessary. Drug interactions can lead to adverse effects or reduced drug efficacy, especially in older adults with multiple chronic conditions.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on a detailed medication history, identifying all prescribed medications, over-the-counter drugs, supplements, and herbal remedies. Assessment may include reviewing drug interaction databases and conducting lab tests to monitor potential adverse effects.

Treatment:
Treatment involves careful medication review, discontinuation of unnecessary drugs, substitution of drugs with safer alternatives, and monitoring of ongoing therapy. Coordination among healthcare providers (e.g., primary care physicians, specialists, pharmacists) is essential.

Medications:
In polypharmacy, medication adjustments are often necessary. There are no specific "treatment medications" per se, but medications may be adjusted or stopped based on interactions. Some examples include discontinuing sedatives or pain relievers like benzodiazepines, opioids, or NSAIDs, as they may interact poorly with other drugs. Medication adjustments typically involve switching to medications with fewer interactions or using smaller dosages.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Polypharmacy is common in older adults, with estimates ranging from 25% to 50% of elderly people taking five or more medications concurrently. The prevalence increases with age and the number of chronic conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, multiple chronic health conditions, multiple healthcare providers, self-medication with over-the-counter drugs or supplements, and lack of coordination in care.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If properly managed, the risks associated with polypharmacy and drug interactions can be minimized. Regular reviews and adjustments of medications can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of adverse drug reactions, hospitalizations due to drug interactions, falls, cognitive decline, and decreased quality of life.

Basilar skull fractures

Specialty: Trauma and Injuries

Category: Head and Neck Injuries

Sub-category: Skull fractures

Symptoms:
raccoon eyes (bruising around the eyes); battle's sign (bruising behind the ear); bleeding from the nose, mouth, or ears; csf (cerebrospinal fluid) leakage from the ears or nose; dizziness; headache; loss of consciousness

Root Cause:
A basilar skull fracture is a break at the base of the skull, which can affect the brainstem and cranial nerves. It is often caused by high-impact trauma.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging studies, such as CT scans or MRIs, as well as clinical symptoms like CSF leakage. Physical examination may show signs like raccoon eyes or Battle's sign.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on managing the fracture and any associated brain injury. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair the skull and stop CSF leakage. Other treatments may include antibiotics to prevent infection.

Medications:
Medications like analgesics (acetaminophen or ibuprofen ) may be used for pain management. If there is infection risk (e.g., CSF leakage), antibiotics such as ceftriaxone (a broad-spectrum antibiotic) may be prescribed to prevent meningitis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Basilar skull fractures are relatively rare but are typically associated with high-velocity impacts such as car accidents, falls from great heights, or physical assaults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Risk factors include severe head trauma, particularly in motor vehicle accidents or falls.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis can vary. If brainstem injury occurs, the outcome may be poor, with potential for long-term neurological deficits or death. However, with timely intervention, many patients recover without permanent impairment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications may include infection (such as meningitis), cranial nerve damage, hearing loss, vision problems, or long-term cognitive and physical deficits.

Whiplash injury

Specialty: Trauma and Injuries

Category: Neck Injuries

Symptoms:
neck pain; stiffness; headaches; dizziness; fatigue; numbness in the arms; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Sudden acceleration-deceleration of the neck, often due to rear-end vehicle collisions, leading to strain on muscles, ligaments, and discs in the neck.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies (X-rays, MRI, or CT scans) to rule out fractures or other structural damage.

Treatment:
Rest, ice or heat therapy, analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen), muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine), physical therapy, and cervical collars in some cases.

Medications:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen , for pain and inflammation; muscle relaxants like methocarbamol for muscle spasms; and analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Whiplash injury is common, with an estimated 2-3 million cases annually in the United States, mostly due to rear-end car collisions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-speed collisions, being in a rear-seated position during a crash, older age, and previous neck injuries.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most people recover within a few weeks to months, but some experience chronic pain or long-term neck problems.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic neck pain, headaches, dizziness, and, in some cases, post-concussion syndrome or nerve damage.

Neurogenic shock

Specialty: Trauma and Injuries

Category: Spinal and Back Injuries

Sub-category: Spinal Cord Injuries

Symptoms:
hypotension (low blood pressure); bradycardia (slow heart rate); warm, dry skin; dizziness; fainting; weakness or paralysis below the level of injury

Root Cause:
Neurogenic shock is caused by the disruption of autonomic nervous system control after a spinal cord injury, leading to the loss of sympathetic tone, vasodilation, and hypotension.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is clinical, with identification of symptoms like hypotension, bradycardia, and absence of sweating in areas below the injury. Blood pressure and heart rate monitoring are essential for diagnosis.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on stabilizing blood pressure and heart rate. This may include intravenous fluids, vasopressor medications (e.g., norepinephrine), and atropine to raise blood pressure and heart rate.

Medications:
Vasopressors such as norepinephrine and phenylephrine are used to increase vascular tone and blood pressure. Atropine is used to treat bradycardia. These medications are classified as adrenergic agonists and anticholinergics.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Neurogenic shock occurs in about 30% of spinal cord injury cases, particularly those involving injuries at or above the T6 level of the spine.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Risk factors include spinal cord injury, particularly at high levels (e.g., cervical or upper thoracic injuries) where autonomic regulation is disrupted.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If treated promptly, the prognosis is generally favorable, with recovery of normal blood pressure and heart rate. However, if left untreated, neurogenic shock can be life-threatening.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications include organ failure, arrhythmias, and in severe cases, death due to inadequate circulation or respiratory failure.

Hypovolemic shock

Specialty: Trauma and Injuries

Category: Other Trauma-Related Conditions

Sub-category: Complications of Trauma

Symptoms:
rapid heart rate; low blood pressure; weak pulse; pale, cool, clammy skin; rapid, shallow breathing; dizziness; confusion; thirst

Root Cause:
A significant loss of blood or body fluids leading to inadequate blood volume, causing insufficient oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues and organs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, symptoms, and a history of trauma or fluid loss. It is confirmed by blood tests (e.g., hemoglobin levels, electrolytes) and physical exams. Imaging may be used to identify the source of fluid loss.

Treatment:
The primary treatment is to restore blood volume through intravenous fluids (normal saline or lactated Ringer's solution) and blood transfusions if necessary. Identifying and treating the underlying cause of fluid loss is crucial.

Medications:
Medications may include vasopressors (e.g., norepinephrine , phenylephrine ) to raise blood pressure and antibiotics if infection is the cause. Vasopressors are sympathomimetic drugs that increase vascular tone and blood pressure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
It is a medical emergency that can occur in any age group. The exact prevalence varies based on the population and the underlying causes, but it is commonly seen in trauma patients.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Major trauma (e.g., accidents, burns), gastrointestinal bleeding, surgery, dehydration, severe burns, and certain medical conditions like aneurysms or ruptured organs.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the cause, timing of treatment, and overall health of the patient. Early intervention with fluid resuscitation significantly improves outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Organ failure (kidneys, liver), electrolyte imbalances, acidosis, and, if untreated, death due to shock.

Respiratory Alkalosis (secondary to renal issues)

Specialty: Nephrology

Category: Acid-Base Disorders

Symptoms:
dizziness; lightheadedness; paresthesias; tetany; confusion; chest pain

Root Cause:
Excessive CO2 elimination (hyperventilation), with the kidneys unable to adequately reduce bicarbonate levels.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood gas analysis (elevated pH, low pCO2), and kidney function evaluation.

Treatment:
Treat underlying cause (e.g., anxiety, hypoxemia), slow breathing rate, and correct electrolyte imbalances.

Medications:
Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam for anxiety-induced hyperventilation), no direct renal medications.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; seen in critically ill patients or with severe anxiety disorders.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Anxiety, pulmonary disease, sepsis, and renal dysfunction.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with proper management of the underlying cause.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hypocalcemia, cardiac arrhythmias, and seizures in severe cases.

Renovascular Hypertension

Specialty: Nephrology

Category: Vascular Kidney Diseases

Symptoms:
high blood pressure resistant to treatment; kidney dysfunction; fluid retention; headaches; dizziness; vision changes

Root Cause:
Narrowing of the renal arteries (renal artery stenosis) reduces blood flow to the kidneys, triggering the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and causing secondary hypertension.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood pressure measurements, renal artery imaging (CT angiography, MRI angiography, Doppler ultrasound), renal function tests (serum creatinine, eGFR), and renin levels.

Treatment:
Lifestyle modifications, blood pressure control, revascularization procedures (angioplasty or stenting), or surgical bypass in severe cases.

Medications:
ACE inhibitors or ARBs (to block renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity), beta-blockers (to reduce heart rate and blood pressure), calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and antiplatelet therapy if atherosclerosis is present.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1-5% of all cases of secondary hypertension; higher in older adults with atherosclerosis.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Atherosclerosis, smoking, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, advanced age, and fibromuscular dysplasia (in younger individuals).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early diagnosis and management; untreated cases may lead to progressive kidney damage and cardiovascular complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic kidney disease, heart failure, stroke, and hypertensive crises.

Secondary Thrombocytosis

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Coagulation, Hemostasis, and Disorders

Symptoms:
elevated platelet count on blood tests; headaches; dizziness; chest pain; numbness or tingling in the extremities; bleeding or clotting tendencies (rare)

Root Cause:
Increased platelet production as a reactive response to another condition, such as inflammation, infection, iron deficiency, or cancer.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (complete blood count with differential, peripheral smear), inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR), and evaluation of underlying causes.

Treatment:
Management of the underlying condition; platelet-lowering treatment is typically not necessary unless symptomatic or very high counts.

Medications:
Platelet-lowering medications like hydroxyurea (a myelosuppressive agent) may be used in rare cases. Inflammation or infection might be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs or antibiotics. Iron deficiency is corrected with iron supplements.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in certain populations with chronic inflammation, infection, or malignancies; prevalence depends on the underlying condition.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic infections, inflammation, iron deficiency, splenectomy, and malignancies.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good if the underlying cause is identified and treated; platelet levels typically normalize with resolution of the primary condition.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare, but may include thrombosis or bleeding in cases of extreme platelet elevation.

Hyperviscosity Syndrome

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Blood Disorders

Symptoms:
blurred vision; headache; dizziness; nosebleeds; easy bruising; fatigue; altered mental status

Root Cause:
Increased blood viscosity due to elevated levels of proteins (e.g., IgM in Waldenström macroglobulinemia), red blood cells, or other components.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (e.g., serum viscosity levels, CBC), clinical symptoms, and testing for underlying disorders like monoclonal gammopathies.

Treatment:
Plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) to reduce viscosity, treatment of the underlying cause (e.g., chemotherapy for plasma cell disorders).

Medications:
Chemotherapy agents (e.g., rituximab for lymphoproliferative disorders), antiplatelet agents like aspirin (to reduce clotting risk).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; associated with specific conditions like Waldenström macroglobulinemia and polycythemia vera.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Plasma cell dyscrasias, polycythemia vera, multiple myeloma, high serum protein levels.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the underlying cause; reversible with timely treatment but may lead to severe complications if untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Retinal vein occlusion, stroke, organ ischemia, and heart failure.

Anemia

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Red Blood Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; pale or yellowish skin; shortness of breath; dizziness; cold hands and feet; irregular heartbeat; chest pain

Root Cause:
A decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues. Causes include iron deficiency, vitamin deficiencies (B12 or folate), chronic diseases, and blood loss.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests, including a complete blood count (CBC) to measure hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell indices. Additional tests may include ferritin, vitamin B12, folate levels, and reticulocyte count.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Common treatments include dietary supplements (iron, B12, folate), blood transfusions, and treating underlying chronic diseases or conditions.

Medications:
Iron supplements (e.g., ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate), vitamin B12 injections or oral supplements, folic acid supplements, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (e.g., epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa) for anemia related to chronic disease or kidney failure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1.62 billion people globally, with higher prevalence in women, children, and individuals in developing countries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor diet, chronic illnesses (e.g., kidney disease, inflammatory conditions), heavy menstrual bleeding, pregnancy, gastrointestinal bleeding, and genetic conditions (e.g., sickle cell anemia).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good prognosis with appropriate treatment; prognosis depends on underlying cause. Untreated, it can lead to significant complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart problems (e.g., left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure), delayed growth in children, and reduced ability to perform physical activities.

Anemia of Chronic Disease and Kidney Failure

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Red Blood Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; weakness; shortness of breath; pale skin; reduced exercise tolerance; dizziness; cold hands and feet

Root Cause:
Decreased red blood cell production due to chronic inflammation or reduced erythropoietin production by the kidneys. Additional factors include iron-restricted erythropoiesis and shortened red blood cell lifespan.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Complete blood count (CBC) showing low hemoglobin and hematocrit, serum iron and ferritin levels, transferrin saturation, erythropoietin levels, and evaluation of kidney function through creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Treatment:
Management of the underlying chronic condition (e.g., controlling inflammation or treating kidney disease) and replenishment of iron stores and erythropoiesis support.

Medications:
Iron supplementation (oral or intravenous), erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (e.g., epoetin alfa, darbepoetin alfa), and vitamin B12 or folate if deficiencies exist.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Anemia of chronic disease is the second most common type of anemia worldwide. It is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), affecting up to 90% of individuals with end-stage kidney disease.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic illnesses (e.g., kidney disease, autoimmune diseases, cancer), inflammation, diabetes, hypertension, and older age.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis depends on the severity of the underlying condition and the response to treatment. With appropriate management, anemia can be controlled, improving quality of life and reducing complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, reduced quality of life, increased hospitalization rates, and higher mortality in severe cases of untreated anemia.

Aplastic Anemia

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Red Blood Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; shortness of breath; frequent infections; unexplained or easy bruising; prolonged bleeding from cuts; pale skin; dizziness; headache; rapid or irregular heartbeat

Root Cause:
A rare condition in which the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Causes include autoimmune damage, exposure to toxic chemicals, certain medications, radiation, viral infections, or inherited conditions.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests showing pancytopenia (low levels of all blood cells) and reticulocytopenia (low reticulocyte count). Bone marrow biopsy confirms hypocellular (empty) or fatty bone marrow.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on severity. Mild cases may involve supportive care, while severe cases often require immunosuppressive therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (bone marrow transplant), or blood transfusions.

Medications:
Immunosuppressants (e.g., antithymocyte globulin [ATG], cyclosporine , corticosteroids), hematopoietic growth factors (e.g., filgrastim or sargramostim ), androgens (e.g., danazol ) in certain cases, and antibiotics or antifungals to prevent or treat infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, affecting approximately 1-2 individuals per million people annually worldwide, with higher incidence in Asia.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to toxic chemicals (e.g., benzene), radiation or chemotherapy, certain medications (e.g., chloramphenicol), viral infections (e.g., hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus), autoimmune diseases, and genetic predisposition (e.g., Fanconi anemia).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, prognosis varies. Bone marrow transplantation offers a potential cure for eligible patients. Immunosuppressive therapy is effective for many, though relapses can occur. Without treatment, severe aplastic anemia is often fatal.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Life-threatening infections, severe bleeding, iron overload from repeated transfusions, progression to myelodysplastic syndrome or leukemia, and organ damage from iron overload.

Methemoglobinemia

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Red Blood Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
cyanosis (bluish skin, especially lips and fingers); shortness of breath; fatigue; confusion; headache; dizziness; tachycardia; loss of consciousness in severe cases

Root Cause:
Elevated levels of methemoglobin (an oxidized form of hemoglobin that cannot bind oxygen effectively) in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen delivery to tissues.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Arterial blood gas analysis showing low oxygen saturation despite normal oxygen levels, co-oximetry detecting elevated methemoglobin levels, and a chocolate-brown appearance of arterial blood.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on severity. Methylene blue (an antidote) is administered intravenously in severe cases. Ascorbic acid may also help in mild cases. Removal of the causative agent (e.g., drugs or toxins) is crucial.

Medications:
Methylene blue — a reducing agent to convert methemoglobin back to functional hemoglobin. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) — classified as an antioxidant, used in mild chronic cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; often seen in people exposed to oxidizing agents (e.g., nitrates, dapsone, or benzocaine). Can also be congenital due to genetic mutations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
exposure to oxidizing drugs or chemicals; genetic predisposition (e.g., cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency); infants under 6 months (due to immature enzyme systems); industrial exposure to nitrates

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis is excellent with prompt treatment. Chronic or untreated cases may result in tissue hypoxia and severe complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
hypoxia; seizures; cardiovascular collapse; death in severe untreated cases

Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA)

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Red Blood Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
severe fatigue; pallor; shortness of breath; dizziness; tachycardia (rapid heartbeat); headaches

Root Cause:
Selective suppression or destruction of red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow, often due to autoimmune mechanisms, viral infections (e.g., parvovirus B19), or medications.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Complete blood count (CBC) showing severe anemia with low reticulocyte count, bone marrow biopsy revealing absence or reduction of red blood cell precursors, and testing for associated infections or autoimmune markers.

Treatment:
Treated based on the underlying cause and includes immunosuppressive therapy (e.g., corticosteroids, cyclosporine, or rituximab), antiviral medications for parvovirus B19 infection, and in some cases, plasmapheresis or supportive care with red blood cell transfusions.

Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone , dexamethasone ), immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclosporine , tacrolimus ), and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for autoimmune causes. These medications are classified as immunosuppressants or anti-inflammatory agents.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an incidence of 1–5 cases per million people annually; can occur in any age group.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis), exposure to certain medications (e.g., isoniazid, phenytoin), infections (e.g., parvovirus B19, Epstein-Barr virus), and hematologic malignancies (e.g., leukemia).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; may resolve spontaneously if caused by infection or medication. Chronic or idiopathic cases may require long-term immunosuppressive therapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe anemia requiring transfusions, iron overload from chronic transfusions, and progression to aplastic anemia or other bone marrow disorders.

Sideroblastic Anemias

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Red Blood Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; weakness; pallor; shortness of breath; dizziness; irritability; enlarged spleen or liver

Root Cause:
Defective hemoglobin synthesis due to impaired incorporation of iron into heme, resulting in iron buildup in mitochondria of erythroblasts (ringed sideroblasts in the bone marrow).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Bone marrow biopsy showing ringed sideroblasts, complete blood count (CBC) with anemia, peripheral blood smear, and iron studies (elevated serum iron and ferritin). Genetic testing for hereditary causes.

Treatment:
reated by addressing the underlying cause, with options including pyridoxine (vitamin B6) supplementation for hereditary forms, management of contributing factors like alcohol or toxins, iron chelation therapy for iron overload, and transfusions for severe anemia.

Medications:
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) for hereditary forms, iron chelators such as deferoxamine , deferiprone , or deferasirox to manage iron overload.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; hereditary forms are often seen in childhood, while acquired forms are more common in adults, especially in myelodysplastic syndromes.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic mutations (e.g., ALAS2 gene), alcohol use, lead poisoning, certain medications (e.g., isoniazid, chloramphenicol), and myelodysplastic syndromes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; hereditary forms respond well to pyridoxine, while acquired forms depend on the underlying cause. Iron overload can lead to complications without proper management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe anemia, organ damage from iron overload (e.g., heart, liver, endocrine glands), and progression to myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia in some cases.

Essential Thrombocytosis

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
headache; dizziness; visual disturbances; burning pain in hands and feet; easy bruising; nosebleeds; blood clots

Root Cause:
Overproduction of platelets by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, often due to mutations in the JAK2, CALR, or MPL genes.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests showing elevated platelet count, bone marrow biopsy, and genetic testing for driver mutations.

Treatment:
Low-dose aspirin for symptom relief, cytoreductive therapy (e.g., hydroxyurea), or interferon-alpha for high-risk patients.

Medications:
Hydroxyurea (antineoplastic agent) to reduce platelet count and low-dose aspirin (antiplatelet agent) to prevent clotting.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1-2 per 100,000 individuals annually, typically diagnosed in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age > 50 years, female sex, and genetic mutations (e.g., JAK2, CALR, MPL).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable with treatment; life expectancy close to normal in most cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Blood clots, bleeding, progression to myelofibrosis or acute leukemia.

Polycythemia Vera

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
headache; dizziness; itching (especially after a hot shower); fatigue; blurred vision; red or flushed skin; blood clots

Root Cause:
Mutation in the JAK2 gene leads to overproduction of red blood cells, white cells, and platelets.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Complete blood count (CBC), JAK2 mutation test, bone marrow biopsy, erythropoietin level.

Treatment:
Phlebotomy, low-dose aspirin, cytoreductive therapy with hydroxyurea or ruxolitinib.

Medications:
Hydroxyurea (cytoreductive agent), ruxolitinib (JAK2 inhibitor), low-dose aspirin (antithrombotic).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; approximately 1-2 cases per 100,000 annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age over 60, family history, genetic predisposition.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with treatment; life expectancy approaches normal with proper therapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Blood clots, stroke, heart attack, progression to myelofibrosis or acute leukemia.

Secondary Polycythemia

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
headache; dizziness; flushing; itching after a warm bath; shortness of breath; fatigue

Root Cause:
Excess erythropoietin production due to chronic hypoxia, tumors, or other conditions that increase red blood cell production.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
CBC, erythropoietin levels, arterial blood gas, imaging to identify potential causes (e.g., tumors, lung disease).

Treatment:
Address underlying cause (e.g., oxygen therapy for hypoxia, surgical removal of tumors), phlebotomy if necessary.

Medications:
No specific medications for polycythemia itself; underlying conditions dictate treatment (e.g., erythropoiesis-stimulating agents are avoided).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common than primary polycythemia; varies based on prevalence of causative factors like chronic lung disease.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), high altitude, kidney tumors, sleep apnea.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good if underlying cause is treatable; chronic cases require long-term management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of thrombosis, stroke, or heart attack due to elevated red blood cell count.

Blood Substitutes

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Transfusion Medicine

Symptoms:
pallor; shortness of breath; fatigue; dizziness; low blood pressure (in cases of blood loss)

Root Cause:
The need for alternative oxygen-carrying or volume-expanding solutions due to insufficient or unavailable donor blood.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Assessment of hemoglobin levels, oxygen-carrying capacity, and hemodynamic stability.

Treatment:
Administration of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) or perfluorocarbon emulsions (PFCs) to maintain oxygen delivery and plasma expanders for volume replacement.

Medications:
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (e.g., Hemopure, PolyHeme), perfluorocarbon-based substitutes (e.g., Oxygent), crystalloids or colloids for volume replacement.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Experimental use; not widely available as routine clinical practice due to safety concerns and limited indications.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Situations of massive blood loss, rare blood types, or transfusion refusal (e.g., religious reasons).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Promising for specific clinical scenarios but limited by side effects and regulatory approval.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hypertension, renal toxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation associated with synthetic substitutes.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
headache; dizziness; nausea; vomiting; confusion; chest pain; shortness of breath; loss of consciousness; seizures; coma

Root Cause:
Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin with greater affinity than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin, which reduces oxygen delivery to tissues and causes cellular hypoxia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, carboxyhemoglobin levels via blood gas analysis, pulse CO-oximetry (if available).

Treatment:
Removal from exposure source, administration of 100% oxygen, hyperbaric oxygen therapy in severe cases.

Medications:
No specific medications; 100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the treatment of choice.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, particularly in poorly ventilated areas with gas heaters, car exhaust, or during fire incidents.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Indoor use of gas appliances, fires, motor vehicle exhaust, faulty heating systems.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with early treatment; delayed treatment can result in neurological sequelae or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hypoxic brain injury, delayed neuropsychiatric syndrome (DNS), arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia.

Solvent Toxicity (e.g., Benzene, Toluene)

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Chronic Toxicity and Long-Term Exposures

Sub-category: Occupational and Environmental Exposures

Symptoms:
headache; dizziness; confusion; memory loss; nausea; fatigue; respiratory distress; skin irritation

Root Cause:
Prolonged exposure to solvents causes central nervous system depression, bone marrow suppression, and organ toxicity.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for solvent levels or metabolites, bone marrow biopsy, and neurological assessments.

Treatment:
Avoidance of exposure, supportive care, and treating complications (e.g., bone marrow suppression).

Medications:
Chelating agents like dimercaprol or succimer may be used for heavy solvent exposure with metal components. Symptomatic treatments include antiemetics for nausea or anxiolytics for agitation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Found in industrial settings (painting, printing, chemical production); exposure is common globally.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupational exposure, inadequate ventilation, improper handling of solvents.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies with exposure level; chronic exposure may lead to irreversible organ damage or cancer.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Leukemia (benzene exposure), kidney or liver damage, and neurological disorders.

Chronic exposure to cleaning agents

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Chronic Toxicity and Long-Term Exposures

Sub-category: Industrial and Household Chemicals

Symptoms:
chronic cough; shortness of breath; irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat; skin rashes or dermatitis; headaches; dizziness; fatigue; reduced lung function over time

Root Cause:
Prolonged inhalation or dermal absorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia, bleach, or other toxic agents found in cleaning products.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on a detailed occupational and environmental history, physical examination, pulmonary function tests, and possibly blood or urine tests to detect chemical biomarkers.

Treatment:
The primary treatment involves discontinuing or limiting exposure to the cleaning agents, using personal protective equipment (PPE), symptomatic relief with medications, and addressing any secondary organ damage.

Medications:
Symptomatic treatment may involve antihistamines for allergic reactions, corticosteroids for inflammatory symptoms, and bronchodilators for airway irritation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Prevalence varies based on occupation and household exposure but is more common in individuals in cleaning professions or those with frequent exposure to cleaning agents.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged occupational exposure, improper ventilation during use, lack of PPE, and sensitivity to chemical irritants.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with early intervention and reduced exposure, but chronic exposure may lead to permanent lung or skin damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, contact dermatitis, and increased risk of respiratory infections.

Toxic effects of solvents (e.g., paint thinners, glues)

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute and Chronic Toxicity

Sub-category: Industrial Chemicals and Solvents

Symptoms:
dizziness; headache; confusion; nausea; vomiting; dermatitis; irritation of the respiratory system; fatigue; memory impairment with chronic exposure

Root Cause:
Solvents cause toxicity through inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption, leading to damage to the central nervous system, respiratory system, and skin. Chronic exposure can result in neurotoxicity.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on exposure history, clinical symptoms, imaging (e.g., chest X-ray or MRI for neurological effects), and laboratory tests to detect solvent metabolites in blood or urine.

Treatment:
Immediate treatment involves removing the person from exposure, providing supportive care, oxygen therapy for respiratory distress, and treating systemic effects. Skin exposure requires thorough washing.

Medications:
Medications depend on symptoms

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among industrial workers, painters, and individuals using glue for recreational inhalation ("huffing").

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupational exposure, recreational inhalant use, inadequate protective measures, and prolonged use in poorly ventilated spaces.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Acute exposures often resolve with appropriate care, but chronic exposure may lead to irreversible neurological damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Peripheral neuropathy, chronic headaches, liver damage, and kidney damage.

Snake venom poisoning

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Biological and Natural Toxins

Sub-category: Animal Toxins

Symptoms:
pain at the bite site; swelling; difficulty breathing; nausea; vomiting; dizziness; weakness; blurred vision; bleeding; paralysis

Root Cause:
Envenomation by the venom of a snake, which contains proteins that can damage tissue, blood vessels, and organs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and symptoms, the type of snake (if known), and laboratory tests like blood clotting studies, complete blood count (CBC), and snake venom detection kits.

Treatment:
Antivenom administration is the primary treatment, along with supportive care such as fluid management, pain relief, and respiratory support.

Medications:
The main treatment is antivenom, which is a specific antibody designed to neutralize venom toxins. Pain relief can be managed with opioids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), depending on the severity of the pain. In severe cases, corticosteroids may be used to reduce inflammation and swelling. Anticoagulants may be used for clotting issues, and antibiotics may be given if secondary infections are a concern.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Worldwide, approximately 5.4 million cases of snakebite occur annually, with about 100,000 deaths.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Proximity to snake habitats, agricultural work, lack of access to medical care, and unawareness of proper snakebite prevention.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If treated promptly with antivenom and appropriate medical care, the prognosis is generally good. However, severe envenomations can cause lasting damage or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe complications may include tissue necrosis, renal failure, hemorrhage, paralysis, and death. Long-term effects may include limb amputations, kidney dysfunction, or chronic pain.

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Biological and Natural Toxins

Sub-category: Foodborne and Natural Toxins

Symptoms:
numbness; tingling; dizziness; weakness; paralysis; respiratory distress; difficulty swallowing; nausea; vomiting

Root Cause:
Toxins (saxitoxins) produced by certain marine algae accumulate in shellfish (e.g., clams, mussels, oysters), leading to poisoning after consumption.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and history of shellfish consumption from affected areas. Laboratory tests can detect saxitoxins in shellfish, blood, or urine.

Treatment:
There is no specific antidote. Treatment is supportive, including respiratory support (e.g., mechanical ventilation) in severe cases. Activated charcoal may be used if ingestion is recent.

Medications:
No specific medications are used, but supportive care involves fluids, respiratory support, and sometimes atropine for bradycardia. Antihistamines and antiemetics may be used for mild cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs primarily in coastal regions where shellfish harvesting occurs. Prevalence can vary depending on local algal blooms.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Consumption of shellfish during bloom seasons when high levels of toxins are present.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis depends on the severity of symptoms. Most individuals recover within hours to days if treated promptly.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
In severe cases, respiratory failure, paralysis, or death can occur due to respiratory muscle paralysis.

Anesthetic toxicity (e.g., lidocaine, bupivacaine)

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Adverse Effects of Therapeutics and Medical Agents

Sub-category: Iatrogenic Conditions

Symptoms:
numbness; tingling; seizures; dizziness; difficulty breathing; arrhythmias; cardiovascular collapse; confusion

Root Cause:
Overdose or unintended systemic absorption of local anesthetics leading to central nervous system and cardiovascular toxicity.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and history of recent local anesthetic administration; blood levels of the anesthetic can confirm toxicity.

Treatment:
Immediate discontinuation of the anesthetic, intravenous lipid emulsion therapy, supportive care (oxygen, airway management, and monitoring), and anticonvulsants for seizures (e.g., benzodiazepines).

Medications:
Medications include intravenous lipid emulsion therapy (as a treatment to counteract toxicity), anticonvulsants like lorazepam or diazepam (sedatives and anticonvulsants), and vasopressors (such as epinephrine) if required for managing cardiovascular symptoms.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, but incidence is higher in patients with high doses or when multiple injections are administered, especially in high-risk procedures.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High doses of local anesthetics, accidental intravenous injection, renal or hepatic insufficiency, prolonged duration of anesthesia, and use of multiple anesthetics simultaneously.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically reversible with appropriate treatment; mortality is rare but possible with delayed or inadequate intervention.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Seizures, cardiovascular collapse, neurological deficits, arrhythmias, and in extreme cases, death.

Pesticide Residue Exposure

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Toxic Effects of Environmental Pollutants

Sub-category: Soil and Agricultural Toxins

Symptoms:
nausea; vomiting; dizziness; headache; fatigue; skin irritation; respiratory issues

Root Cause:
Chronic or acute exposure to pesticide residues on food, in water, or in the environment leads to the accumulation of toxic substances in the body, potentially causing cellular and systemic damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through patient history, physical examination, and laboratory tests, such as blood and urine tests to detect pesticide metabolites or biomarkers.

Treatment:
Immediate treatment involves removing the source of exposure, administering activated charcoal or gastric lavage (in acute cases), and providing supportive care for symptoms. Long-term management includes chelation therapy in severe cases and reducing exposure through dietary and environmental modifications.

Medications:
No specific antidotes for most pesticide exposures. Symptomatic treatments include atropine (anticholinergic for organophosphate poisoning), pralidoxime (cholinesterase reactivator for certain organophosphate toxicities), and anti-nausea medications such as ondansetron .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in agricultural regions; widespread globally due to the use of pesticides in farming. The World Health Organization estimates millions of cases of pesticide poisoning annually, with thousands of deaths.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupational exposure (farmers, agricultural workers), consuming non-organic produce, proximity to areas with heavy pesticide use, inadequate protective measures during pesticide application.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the level and duration of exposure. Acute poisoning has a good prognosis with timely treatment, but chronic exposure may result in long-term health effects, including neurological and endocrine disorders.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic toxicity can lead to endocrine disruption, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, reproductive issues, and developmental delays in children.

Accidental industrial chemical exposure

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Poisoning

Sub-category: Accidental Exposure

Symptoms:
skin irritation; respiratory distress; dizziness; nausea; burning sensation in eyes or throat; headache; confusion

Root Cause:
Unintended exposure to toxic chemicals (e.g., solvents, pesticides, cleaning agents) due to improper handling, leaks, or accidents in industrial settings.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
History of exposure, physical examination, toxicological screening, and air or substance sampling to identify specific chemicals.

Treatment:
Removal from exposure source, decontamination (e.g., flushing eyes or skin), supportive care (e.g., oxygen for respiratory distress), and specific antidotes if needed.

Medications:
Oxygen therapy, bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol for respiratory symptoms), corticosteroids for inflammation, or antidotes like atropine (for organophosphate poisoning). Atropine is an anticholinergic agent.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Highly variable; depends on workplace safety protocols and the type of industry. Common in agriculture, manufacturing, and chemical processing industries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor industrial safety measures, lack of personal protective equipment (PPE), inadequate training on chemical handling.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies widely; mild exposures resolve with treatment, but severe cases (e.g., toxic inhalation or burns) can lead to long-term health issues or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic lung disease, neurological impairment, organ damage, cancer (from long-term exposure to carcinogenic chemicals).

Inhalant-Related Psychiatric Disorders

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Addiction

Symptoms:
euphoria; dizziness; slurred speech; lethargy; nausea; impaired coordination; mood changes; confusion; cognitive deficits

Root Cause:
Inhalants disrupt brain function by affecting neurotransmitter systems and causing hypoxia, leading to cognitive and behavioral impairments.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history of inhalant use, behavioral assessment, and signs of exposure such as chemical odors or physical indicators (e.g., burns, rashes around the nose or mouth).

Treatment:
Psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and addressing co-occurring psychiatric disorders.

Medications:
No specific medications approved; supportive care may include anti-anxiety medications like SSRIs (e.g., sertraline ) for comorbid anxiety.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Inhalant use is most common among adolescents, with 2.7% of high school students reporting use within the past year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Adolescence, access to volatile substances, low socioeconomic status, peer influence, underlying mental health disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early intervention can lead to recovery; prolonged use can cause irreversible neurological and cognitive damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Brain damage, organ failure, hypoxic injuries, and sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS).

Panic Disorder

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Anxiety Disorders

Symptoms:
sudden and intense episodes of fear; racing heart; shortness of breath; dizziness; sweating; fear of losing control or dying

Root Cause:
Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, heightened sensitivity to bodily sensations, and cognitive misinterpretations of threat.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on DSM-5 criteria, including recurrent panic attacks and fear of future attacks or their consequences.

Treatment:
Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and pharmacotherapy.

Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., sertraline , paroxetine ) or SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine ) are first-line treatments. Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam , clonazepam ) may be used for short-term relief but are not recommended for long-term management.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2%-3% of the population annually, more common in women than men.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, chronic stress, history of trauma, and co-existing anxiety disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; many achieve significant symptom reduction, but some may experience recurrence or require ongoing therapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Agoraphobia, avoidance behaviors, depression, and substance use disorders.

Anorexia Nervosa

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Child

Symptoms:
intense fear of gaining weight; distorted body image; severe calorie restriction; extreme weight loss; amenorrhea (in females); fatigue; dizziness; dry skin; brittle hair and nails

Root Cause:
A psychological disorder marked by an obsessive desire to lose weight, leading to malnutrition and distorted perceptions of body image.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis includes a physical exam, psychological evaluation, and assessment based on DSM-5 criteria for eating disorders. BMI and weight history are often reviewed.

Treatment:
Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach, including psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy), nutritional counseling, family-based therapy, and medical monitoring.

Medications:
Antidepressants like fluoxetine (SSRI class) may be prescribed to address underlying anxiety and depression. Atypical antipsychotics like olanzapine may help with weight gain and cognitive distortions.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Anorexia nervosa affects approximately 0.3–1% of adolescents and young adults, with a higher prevalence in females.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of eating disorders, perfectionism, societal pressures, coexisting mental health conditions (anxiety, depression).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis improves with early intervention, though recovery is challenging and relapses are common. Long-term recovery rates range from 50-70%.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe malnutrition, cardiac issues, electrolyte imbalances, osteoporosis, infertility, and increased risk of suicide.

Postconcussive Syndrome

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Symptoms:
headaches; dizziness; memory problems; concentration difficulties; mood swings; fatigue; sleep disturbances

Root Cause:
Persistent neurological and psychological effects following a concussion, involving complex interactions between physical brain injury and psychological factors.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on symptom history and exclusion of other conditions; neuropsychological testing if cognitive issues are prominent.

Treatment:
Multidisciplinary approach including cognitive therapy, physical therapy, and symptomatic treatment for headaches, sleep disturbances, and mood symptoms.

Medications:
Analgesics for headaches, antidepressants (SSRIs or SNRIs) for mood symptoms, and sedative-hypnotics for sleep issues if required.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in approximately 10–20% of individuals following a concussion.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of prior concussions, pre-existing mental health conditions, and high levels of stress or anxiety.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases resolve within weeks to months, but a minority may experience prolonged symptoms.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, depression, anxiety, and reduced functional capacity in work or daily activities.

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Symptoms: