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Category:

Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Number of Conditions: 2

Burkitt Lymphoma and Burkitt-like Lymphoma

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Symptoms:
rapidly enlarging tumor masses; fever; night sweats; weight loss; abdominal pain or swelling; jaw or facial bone tumors in endemic cases; intestinal obstruction

Root Cause:
Abnormal and rapid proliferation of B-lymphocytes due to genetic mutations, often involving the MYC gene. Frequently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in endemic cases.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through biopsy and histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetic analysis (identification of MYC gene translocation), and imaging studies (e.g., CT or MRI for tumor localization).

Treatment:
Treatment typically involves aggressive chemotherapy regimens, such as the CODOX-M/IVAC protocol, supportive care, and in some cases, intrathecal chemotherapy for CNS prophylaxis.

Medications:
Cyclophosphamide (alkylating agent). Doxorubicin (anthracycline antibiotic). Vincristine (vinca alkaloid). Methotrexate (antimetabolite). Cytarabine (antimetabolite). Rituximab (monoclonal antibody targeting CD20 on B cells)

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; accounts for approximately 1–2% of all adult lymphomas and 30–50% of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV infection, malaria (in endemic regions), and genetic predisposition (e.g., MYC gene translocation).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis is highly dependent on early diagnosis and treatment. Cure rates exceed 80% in localized cases but decrease significantly in advanced stages or relapsed cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Potential complications include tumor lysis syndrome, CNS involvement, intestinal perforation, and relapse after treatment.

Castleman Disease

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Symptoms:
enlarged lymph nodes; fatigue; fever; night sweats; unintended weight loss; weakness; nausea; abdominal or chest pain

Root Cause:
Lymph node hyperplasia due to dysregulated immune responses. May be idiopathic or associated with viral infections such as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves lymph node biopsy, imaging studies (CT or PET scans), blood tests to detect inflammation markers, and tests for HHV-8 and HIV.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the subtype (unicentric or multicentric). Unicentric disease is treated with surgical removal of the affected lymph node, while multicentric disease often requires systemic therapy.

Medications:
Siltuximab (monoclonal antibody targeting IL-6). Rituximab (monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, especially for HHV-8–positive cases). Corticosteroids (to reduce inflammation). Chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin ). Antiviral medications (e.g., ganciclovir for HHV-8 infections). These medications include biologics, immunomodulators, and chemotherapeutic agents.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; incidence is estimated at 21–25 cases per million per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Infection with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), HIV infection, and possibly autoimmune conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis for unicentric disease is excellent after surgical excision, while prognosis for multicentric disease varies based on the underlying cause, age, and treatment response.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications may include organ dysfunction, infection due to immunosuppression, progression to lymphoma, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).