Condition Lookup

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; productive cough with purulent sputum; pleuritic chest pain; shortness of breath; fatigue; chills; hypoxia

Root Cause:
Infection of the lung parenchyma caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi acquired outside of hospital settings.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray showing infiltrates, clinical symptoms, sputum culture, blood culture, and PCR for pathogens.

Treatment:
Empiric antibiotic therapy, oxygen support, fluids, and antipyretics. Adjust antibiotics based on culture results if needed.

Medications:
Beta-lactams (e.g., amoxicillin-clavulanate), macrolides (e.g., azithromycin ), or fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin ) depending on severity and patient factors.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 5–11 cases per 1,000 adults annually; higher in the elderly and those with chronic conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart disease, diabetes, or recent viral respiratory infection.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment, though mortality risk increases in older adults or those with comorbidities.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, sepsis, pleural effusion, empyema, or lung abscess.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
high fever; dry cough; shortness of breath; muscle pain; headache; chills; diarrhea; fatigue

Root Cause:
Viral infection caused by the SARS-CoV coronavirus, primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets or close contact. Severe cases involve acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves PCR testing for SARS-CoV, chest imaging showing pneumonia or ARDS, and serologic tests for antibodies.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation in severe cases, and management of secondary infections. No specific antiviral treatment is universally accepted.

Medications:
Experimental - Ribavirin , corticosteroids, and interferons were used during the 2003 outbreak but with limited efficacy. Supportive medications - Antipyretics for fever, analgesics for pain, and bronchodilators for respiratory relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Emerged in 2002–2003 with approximately 8,000 cases globally and a mortality rate of about 9.6%.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, healthcare workers exposed to infected patients, and travelers to outbreak areas.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early supportive care improves outcomes. Severe cases may lead to high mortality, especially in older adults or those with comorbidities.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
ARDS, septic shock, organ failure, and long-term pulmonary dysfunction in survivors.

Lung Abscess

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
persistent cough with foul-smelling sputum; fever; chills; night sweats; chest pain; fatigue; weight loss; shortness of breath

Root Cause:
Localized collection of pus in the lung tissue due to necrosis caused by bacterial infection, often following aspiration or obstruction of airways.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves imaging studies (chest X-ray, CT scan) to identify cavities with air-fluid levels, sputum culture, bronchoscopy, and blood tests to detect infection markers.

Treatment:
Treatment typically involves prolonged antibiotic therapy, drainage of the abscess if needed, and supportive care such as oxygen therapy.

Medications:
Antibiotics - Beta-lactam antibiotics combined with beta-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., amoxicillin-clavulanate), clindamycin , or carbapenems. These are used for anaerobic and polymicrobial infections. Adjunct medications - Analgesics for pain management and antipyretics for fever.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively rare; accounts for less than 1% of cases of pneumonia in developed countries, more common in individuals with risk factors like aspiration or immunosuppression.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aspiration due to impaired swallowing or altered consciousness (e.g., alcohol use, anesthesia), poor dental hygiene, chronic lung diseases, or immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most patients recover with appropriate antibiotic therapy; however, untreated cases can lead to severe complications. Mortality is higher in immunocompromised patients.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Empyema, bronchopleural fistula, sepsis, hemorrhage, and chronic lung disease.

Aspiration Pneumonitis and Pneumonia

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
cough; fever; dyspnea (shortness of breath); chest pain; wheezing; fatigue; sputum production

Root Cause:
Inhalation of gastric contents, oral secretions, or foreign materials into the lower respiratory tract, causing inflammation or infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history of aspiration, imaging (chest X-ray, CT scan showing infiltrates in dependent lung areas), sputum culture, and bronchoscopy if necessary.

Treatment:
Supportive care, antibiotics for infection, oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation if severe. Prevention through swallowing rehabilitation or feeding tube placement if indicated.

Medications:
Antibiotics such as clindamycin (lincosamide antibiotic), ampicillin-sulbactam (penicillin combination), or metronidazole (nitroimidazole antibiotic) in combination with other agents to cover anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in hospitalized patients, particularly in those with dysphagia, neurological disorders, or altered mental status.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, impaired swallowing, altered consciousness, alcohol abuse, GERD, and prolonged immobility.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies; aspiration pneumonitis often resolves with supportive care, while pneumonia may lead to complications without appropriate treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Lung abscess, respiratory failure, sepsis, or chronic aspiration leading to pulmonary fibrosis.

Chlamydial Pneumonias

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
persistent dry cough; low-grade fever; mild fatigue; pharyngitis; wheezing; shortness of breath

Root Cause:
Infection caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae or Chlamydia psittaci, leading to atypical pneumonia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Serologic testing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and culture of respiratory secretions.

Treatment:
Antibiotics targeting atypical organisms, supportive care, and management of symptoms.

Medications:
Macrolides like azithromycin or clarithromycin , tetracyclines such as doxycycline , or fluoroquinolones like levofloxacin . These antibiotics target the intracellular lifecycle of Chlamydia.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for about 5–15% of community-acquired pneumonia cases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, immunosuppression, smoking, and exposure to birds in the case of C. psittaci.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable with prompt treatment; severe cases can occur in older or immunocompromised patients.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, chronic lung disease, or systemic spread in immunocompromised individuals.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia Empiric Therapy

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; productive or dry cough; shortness of breath; pleuritic chest pain; chills; malaise

Root Cause:
Suspected bacterial or atypical pathogen causing pneumonia before specific pathogen identification is available.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Empiric therapy is initiated based on clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and severity assessment tools like CURB-65 or PSI scores.

Treatment:
Antibiotics targeting common pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, atypical organisms like Mycoplasma pneumoniae). Therapy is tailored to patient risk factors and severity of illness.

Medications:
Outpatient cases

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Empiric therapy guidelines apply universally in managing CAP; up to 10% of cases require hospitalization.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, chronic diseases, immunosuppression, prior antibiotic use, and recent healthcare exposure.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable in most cases; early treatment reduces morbidity and mortality. Severe or misdiagnosed cases may have a higher risk of complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Development of antibiotic resistance, incomplete pathogen coverage leading to clinical deterioration, or adverse drug reactions.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organism-Specific Therapy

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
symptoms vary by pathogen; fever; cough; dyspnea; chest pain; chills

Root Cause:
Tailored treatment based on the identified causative organism of CAP, ensuring pathogen-directed therapy for optimal outcomes.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Specific pathogen detection via blood culture, sputum culture, PCR, urine antigen tests (e.g., for Legionella or Streptococcus pneumoniae).

Treatment:
Antibiotic regimen refined based on culture and sensitivity results, considering pathogen resistance patterns.

Medications:
Streptococcus pneumoniae - Beta-lactams like amoxicillin or ceftriaxone . Haemophilus influenzae - Amoxicillin-clavulanate or cefuroxime . Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae - Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin ) or doxycycline . Legionella pneumophila - Fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin ) or macrolides. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) - Vancomycin or linezolid .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Organism-specific therapy is applied after pathogen identification, which occurs in up to 30–40% of CAP cases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Pathogen exposure, prior hospitalizations, travel, or animal contact.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with pathogen-directed therapy; delays in pathogen identification may worsen outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to respiratory failure, sepsis, or organ dysfunction if treatment is delayed or ineffective.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; loss of taste or smell; muscle aches; sore throat; headache; congestion or runny nose; nausea or vomiting; diarrhea

Root Cause:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causing inflammation, immune response dysregulation, and damage to lung and other organ tissues.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through a combination of clinical symptoms, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antigen tests, chest imaging (e.g., chest X-rays or CT scans showing ground-glass opacities), and blood tests indicating inflammation or coagulopathy.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting organ function. Includes antiviral medications, corticosteroids, anticoagulation therapy, and supportive care (e.g., oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation if needed). Vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis are also key preventive measures.

Medications:
Antiviral medications - Remdesivir (nucleotide analog), Paxlovid (combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir ), and molnupiravir (nucleoside analog). Corticosteroids - Dexamethasone is used to reduce inflammation in severe cases. Anticoagulants - Low-molecular-weight heparin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) to prevent thromboembolism. Immunomodulators - Tocilizumab (IL-6 receptor antagonist) or baricitinib (JAK inhibitor) in severe inflammatory cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
A global pandemic affecting hundreds of millions of people since its emergence in late 2019. Prevalence varies by region, vaccination rates, and public health measures.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, immunosuppression, and being unvaccinated or undervaccinated.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The majority of cases are mild to moderate, with recovery expected in a few weeks. Severe or critical cases can lead to long-term complications or death. Prognosis is improved with early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and vaccination.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), thromboembolic events (e.g., pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis), myocarditis, long COVID (persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months), kidney injury, neurological complications, and secondary infections.

Fungal Pneumonia

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
cough (sometimes with blood); fever; chest pain; shortness of breath; fatigue; night sweats

Root Cause:
Infection of the lungs caused by fungal organisms, such as Aspergillus, Histoplasma capsulatum, or Coccidioides. These fungi typically enter through inhalation of spores.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, imaging (chest X-rays or CT scans), fungal cultures, antigen or antibody blood tests, and histopathological examination.

Treatment:
Antifungal medications, supportive care (oxygen therapy if needed), and addressing underlying immunosuppressive conditions.

Medications:
Antifungals such as fluconazole (azole class), amphotericin B (polyene class), or itraconazole (azole class).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively rare, with higher prevalence in immunocompromised individuals or those living in endemic areas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Immunosuppression (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy), residing in or visiting endemic areas, long-term corticosteroid use, or organ transplantation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable with timely treatment, but delayed or untreated cases may lead to severe complications or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, dissemination to other organs, and secondary bacterial infections.

Legionnaires' Disease

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
high fever; chills; cough (productive or dry); shortness of breath; muscle aches; headache; diarrhea; nausea; confusion or mental changes in severe cases

Root Cause:
Caused by infection with Legionella bacteria, commonly Legionella pneumophila. Infection occurs through inhalation of aerosolized water droplets contaminated with the bacteria.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves chest X-rays to detect pneumonia, urine antigen tests for Legionella species, sputum culture, and PCR tests. Blood tests may show abnormalities indicating infection.

Treatment:
Treated primarily with antibiotics that target Legionella, supportive care for symptoms such as oxygen therapy for breathing difficulties, and hydration for fluid balance.

Medications:
Antibiotics - Fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin , ciprofloxacin ), macrolides (e.g., azithromycin ), or tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline ) are commonly prescribed. These are bactericidal or bacteriostatic medications effective against Legionella.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Infrequent but can occur sporadically or in outbreaks, especially in settings with poorly maintained water systems. Affects approximately 1-2 cases per 100,000 people annually in the U.S.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age over 50, smoking, chronic lung disease, weakened immune system, history of recent travel (hotels or cruise ships with poor water system maintenance).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early treatment with antibiotics results in recovery in most cases; however, severe cases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, may lead to complications and higher mortality rates (10-15%).

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, septic shock, multi-organ failure, long-term lung scarring, and secondary bacterial infections.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; muscle pain; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; abdominal pain

Root Cause:
Caused by the MERS-CoV coronavirus, transmitted through respiratory droplets or contact with infected individuals or camels. Severe cases involve acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on PCR testing for MERS-CoV in respiratory samples, chest imaging to detect pneumonia or ARDS, and serologic tests.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation in severe cases, and treatment of secondary infections. No specific antiviral therapy is widely accepted.

Medications:
Experimental - Antivirals (e.g., ribavirin ) combined with interferon have been investigated but are not standard treatments. Supportive medications - Antipyretics for fever, and bronchodilators for respiratory relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Outbreaks have primarily occurred in the Middle East. Limited cases in other regions due to travel-associated spread. Mortality rates range from 30-40%.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with camels, healthcare exposure to infected individuals, age over 50, pre-existing chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart disease).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Severe cases can progress to multi-organ failure and death, particularly in high-risk groups. Mild cases may resolve with symptomatic management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
ARDS, septic shock, renal failure, and long-term pulmonary complications in survivors.

Nursing Home Acquired Pneumonia (NHAP)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
cough; fever; shortness of breath; chest pain; confusion or altered mental status in elderly patients; fatigue; weakness

Root Cause:
Pneumonia occurring in nursing home residents due to increased exposure to pathogens, aspiration, and weakened immune defenses. Common causative agents include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, chest X-ray showing infiltrates, sputum culture, blood tests indicating infection (elevated white blood cell count, CRP), and pulse oximetry to assess oxygen levels.

Treatment:
Empirical antibiotic therapy tailored to likely pathogens, oxygen supplementation, hydration, and management of comorbidities.

Medications:
Antibiotics - Beta-lactams (e.g., ceftriaxone ), macrolides (e.g., azithromycin ), or fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin ). These are selected based on the patient’s condition and local antimicrobial resistance patterns. Supportive medications - Antipyretics for fever and bronchodilators for airway relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
One of the most common infections in nursing home residents, with a significant impact on morbidity and mortality in this population.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, immobility, chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, COPD), malnutrition, aspiration, and use of feeding tubes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis varies based on promptness of treatment, severity of pneumonia, and the patient’s underlying health. Mortality rates range from 10-30%.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, sepsis, empyema, and exacerbation of chronic conditions.

Pneumococcal Infections (Streptococcus pneumoniae)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; chills; cough (productive or dry); shortness of breath; chest pain; fatigue; headache; confusion in severe cases

Root Cause:
Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, including pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis, often following viral respiratory infections or in individuals with compromised immunity.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray for pneumonia, blood cultures for bacteremia, lumbar puncture for meningitis, and rapid antigen testing for S. pneumoniae.

Treatment:
Antibiotic therapy based on severity and resistance patterns, supportive care, and vaccination for prevention.

Medications:
Antibiotics - Penicillin, ceftriaxone , or vancomycin for severe cases; macrolides (e.g., azithromycin ) or fluoroquinolones for milder presentations. Vaccination - Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) for prevention.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
A leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia worldwide, particularly in children under 5 and adults over 65.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age extremes, chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, COPD), smoking, immunosuppression, and absence of vaccination.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with timely treatment, though severe cases can lead to complications. Mortality is higher in meningitis or bacteremia.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Empyema, sepsis, meningitis, and hearing loss in meningitis survivors.

Psittacosis (Parrot Fever)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; chills; headache; dry cough; muscle aches; shortness of breath; nausea; vomiting; fatigue

Root Cause:
Zoonotic infection caused by Chlamydia psittaci, typically transmitted through inhalation of dried droppings, secretions, or dust from infected birds.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves serologic testing for C. psittaci antibodies, PCR testing, and chest imaging to confirm pneumonia.

Treatment:
Antibiotic therapy is the primary treatment, often combined with supportive care for symptom relief.

Medications:
Antibiotics - Tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline ) are the treatment of choice. Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin ) may be used as an alternative.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, primarily affecting individuals in close contact with birds, such as pet owners, veterinarians, and bird handlers.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to infected birds, handling bird droppings, or working in environments with birds.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate treatment; most patients recover fully. Untreated cases can lead to severe complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Endocarditis, myocarditis, respiratory failure, and multi-organ dysfunction in severe cases.

Tularemia

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; chills; cough; difficulty breathing; chest pain; ulcerated skin lesions; swollen lymph nodes; fatigue

Root Cause:
Caused by Francisella tularensis, a bacterium transmitted through insect bites, contact with infected animals, inhalation, or contaminated water/food.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Serologic testing for F. tularensis antibodies, PCR, or culture from blood or tissue samples. Chest imaging for pulmonary involvement.

Treatment:
Antibiotic therapy is the cornerstone of treatment, with supportive care for symptoms.

Medications:
Antibiotics - Streptomycin or gentamicin (aminoglycosides) are first-line treatments. Doxycycline or ciprofloxacin may be used as alternatives.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare but can occur sporadically, especially in regions with high exposure to ticks or rabbits.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Handling infected animals, tick bites, laboratory exposure, and drinking untreated water.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with timely treatment; untreated cases can have a mortality rate of up to 30%.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, sepsis, chronic fatigue, and long-term organ damage.

Viral Pneumonia

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; muscle aches; chills; headache

Root Cause:
Lung infection caused by viruses, such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or coronaviruses, leading to inflammation of lung tissues and impaired oxygen exchange.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR or antigen testing for the causative virus, chest X-ray or CT scan showing diffuse infiltrates, and blood tests for markers of inflammation.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including oxygen therapy, hydration, fever management, and antivirals in some cases.

Medications:
Antivirals - Oseltamivir for influenza , ribavirin for RSV in severe cases. Supportive medications - Antipyretics and bronchodilators for symptom relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common during viral outbreaks, such as seasonal influenza epidemics. RSV is particularly prevalent in young children and older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, advanced age, chronic diseases (e.g., asthma, COPD, heart disease), smoking, and immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases are mild and self-limiting. Severe cases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, can lead to high mortality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, bacterial superinfection, ARDS, and chronic respiratory problems.