Condition Lookup
Speciality:
Dental and Oral Health
Number of Conditions: 83
Mumps
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Salivary Gland Disorders
Sub-category: Salivary Gland Infections
Symptoms:
swollen, painful salivary glands (often parotid); fever, headache, muscle aches; fatigue and loss of appetite
Root Cause:
Viral infection caused by the mumps virus.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical symptoms, confirmed with blood tests, saliva PCR, or viral culture.
Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, pain relievers, and fever reducers; no specific antiviral treatment.
Medications:
Analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen ) to manage pain and fever.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in countries with widespread MMR vaccination; more common in areas with low vaccine coverage.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of vaccination, exposure to infected individuals.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically self-limiting; resolves within 1-2 weeks.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Orchitis, oophoritis, aseptic meningitis, hearing loss, or pancreatitis.
Fibroma
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Other Oral Lesions
Symptoms:
firm, smooth, painless growths in soft tissues; may cause discomfort or functional issues depending on location; typically slow-growing and benign
Root Cause:
Benign proliferation of fibrous connective tissue, often due to chronic irritation or trauma.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination; confirmed with biopsy or histopathological analysis.
Treatment:
Surgical excision is the standard treatment; recurrence is rare.
Medications:
Not typically treated with medications, as fibromas are surgically removed.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively common; exact prevalence varies based on cause and location.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic irritation, trauma, poorly fitting dental appliances (oral fibromas), genetic predisposition (e.g., neurofibromatosis).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with removal; unlikely to recur if the underlying cause is addressed.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare; can interfere with function or aesthetics if untreated.
Dental Caries
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Decay and Cavities
Symptoms:
toothache or pain when biting; visible pits or holes in teeth; tooth sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods; discolored or stained teeth; bad breath
Root Cause:
Caused by bacterial activity on teeth surfaces, which produces acids from carbohydrates that demineralize tooth enamel and dentin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual examination, probing with dental instruments, and dental X-rays to identify cavities or enamel damage.
Treatment:
Removal of decayed portions of the tooth followed by filling, root canal treatment for severe decay, or extraction if necessary.
Medications:
Fluoride treatments (e.g., gels, varnishes) to remineralize enamel; chlorhexidine mouthwashes to control bacterial growth.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects over 90% of adults and 60–90% of school children globally; most common chronic disease.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor oral hygiene, high sugar intake, dry mouth, inadequate fluoride exposure, genetic susceptibility.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early treatment has excellent outcomes; untreated caries can progress to abscesses, tooth loss, and systemic infections.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth abscess, periodontal disease, tooth loss, malnutrition, and systemic infection such as cellulitis or sepsis in severe cases.
Pulpitis
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Decay and Cavities
Symptoms:
sharp, throbbing tooth pain; prolonged sensitivity to hot or cold; pain exacerbated by biting or pressure; swelling around the affected tooth; difficulty sleeping due to pain
Root Cause:
Inflammation of the dental pulp due to bacterial infection, trauma, or untreated caries.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, sensitivity testing (cold or electric), and radiographs to identify inflammation or infection.
Treatment:
Removal of the inflamed pulp tissue through root canal therapy or extraction of the affected tooth.
Medications:
Antibiotics like amoxicillin or metronidazole if an abscess is present; analgesics such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common; frequently occurs as a complication of untreated cavities or trauma.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Deep cavities, trauma to the tooth, cracked teeth, repeated dental procedures on a tooth.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent if treated promptly; delayed treatment can lead to irreversible damage or abscess formation.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth loss, abscesses, spread of infection to surrounding tissues or bloodstream.
Recurrent Decay under Restorations
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Decay and Cavities
Symptoms:
sensitivity near the restored tooth; pain when chewing; visible discoloration or damage around the restoration; secondary caries detected on x-rays
Root Cause:
Decay develops at the margins of a previous restoration due to microleakage, inadequate sealing, or bacterial infiltration.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual examination, tactile exploration, and radiographs to detect secondary caries.
Treatment:
Replacement of the restoration and removal of recurrent decay, possibly requiring root canal therapy if pulp involvement occurs.
Medications:
Fluoride varnish or gel to prevent further decay; chlorhexidine mouthwash for bacterial control.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect 50–60% of restored teeth over time.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor oral hygiene, diet high in sugar, defective restorations, and improper dental technique.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable with early intervention; delays increase the risk of more extensive treatment or tooth loss.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to pulpitis or tooth loss, potential spread of decay to adjacent teeth.
Cracked Tooth Syndrome
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Damage
Symptoms:
sharp pain when chewing; pain that comes and goes; sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods; difficulty pinpointing the source of pain
Root Cause:
A crack or fracture in a tooth that may not be visible but extends into the dentin or pulp, often caused by trauma, grinding, or biting hard objects.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual examination, bite tests, transillumination, and dental X-rays (though cracks may not always appear on X-rays).
Treatment:
Bonding or crowns to stabilize the tooth; root canal therapy if pulp is involved; extraction if the crack extends below the gum line.
Medications:
Pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen ; antibiotics if infection develops.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Fairly common, particularly among individuals over 40 or those who grind their teeth.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Teeth grinding (bruxism), large fillings, trauma, and brittle teeth from aging.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the location and depth of the crack; shallow cracks can be treated successfully, while deep cracks may require extraction.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth loss, pulpitis, abscess formation, and further structural damage.
Fractured Teeth
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Damage
Symptoms:
visible crack or break in the tooth; pain when chewing; sensitivity to temperature or sweetness; swelling around the affected tooth
Root Cause:
Structural damage to the tooth caused by trauma, excessive force, or brittle enamel.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual examination, dental X-rays, and testing for mobility or sensitivity.
Treatment:
Minor fractures can be smoothed or bonded; moderate fractures may require crowns; severe fractures might necessitate root canal therapy or extraction.
Medications:
Painkillers such as ibuprofen ; antibiotics if secondary infection occurs.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in people with habits like chewing hard objects or with untreated decay.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Trauma, bruxism, large restorations, and weakened teeth.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the extent of the fracture; minor fractures are highly treatable, while deep fractures may result in tooth loss.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infection, abscess formation, and loss of the tooth.
Tooth Erosion (Enamel Loss)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Damage
Symptoms:
increased sensitivity to temperature or acidic foods; teeth appear smooth, shiny, or yellowed; tooth edges become rounded; chipping of enamel
Root Cause:
Loss of tooth enamel due to chemical processes, such as acid exposure from diet or stomach acid in GERD.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical observation of enamel wear patterns and patient history of dietary or medical conditions.
Treatment:
Lifestyle changes to reduce acid exposure; fluoride treatments or bonding to protect remaining enamel; crowns or veneers for severe cases.
Medications:
Fluoride varnishes, prescription toothpaste with high fluoride content.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, with varying prevalence depending on dietary and medical factors.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High intake of acidic foods or beverages, GERD, eating disorders, and dry mouth.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early intervention; untreated erosion can lead to significant tooth damage and sensitivity.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth sensitivity, increased decay risk, and severe structural damage requiring extensive restoration.
Tooth Abrasion
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Damage
Symptoms:
notched areas near the gum line; sensitivity to brushing or temperature changes; visible enamel loss at specific sites
Root Cause:
Mechanical wear of enamel caused by improper brushing technique, use of hard-bristled brushes, or biting foreign objects.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination identifying characteristic wear patterns.
Treatment:
Adjusting brushing techniques, switching to softer toothbrushes, fluoride applications to strengthen enamel, or bonding for severe cases.
Medications:
Fluoride treatments or desensitizing agents like potassium nitrate toothpaste.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among individuals with poor brushing habits or occupational risks (e.g., holding objects in teeth).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aggressive brushing, use of abrasive toothpaste, and occupational habits.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with behavior modification and restorative treatment; long-term neglect can worsen the condition.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth sensitivity, increased risk of decay, and progression to structural damage.
Tooth Attrition (Wear and Tear)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Damage
Symptoms:
flattened or shortened teeth; tooth sensitivity; difficulty chewing; exposure of dentin causing discoloration
Root Cause:
Loss of enamel and dentin due to tooth-to-tooth contact, often from grinding or clenching.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination showing characteristic wear patterns and patient history of bruxism or clenching.
Treatment:
Custom mouthguards to prevent grinding; bonding, crowns, or veneers for restoration; behavior therapy for stress-related bruxism.
Medications:
Muscle relaxants like diazepam (for bruxism); fluoride varnishes for enamel protection.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in individuals with bruxism; prevalence increases with age.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Stress, bruxism, malocclusion, and aging.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with protective measures and restorative treatments; untreated attrition can lead to severe dental damage.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth sensitivity, increased decay risk, and eventual tooth loss in severe cases.
Edentulism (Tooth Loss)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Loss and Related Conditions
Symptoms:
missing one or more teeth; difficulty chewing; speech changes; facial sagging or changes in appearance; reduced self-confidence
Root Cause:
Loss of permanent teeth due to periodontal disease, tooth decay, trauma, or systemic conditions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual examination by a dentist, dental X-rays to assess remaining teeth and jawbone structure.
Treatment:
Dental prosthetics (dentures or partials), dental implants, or fixed bridges.
Medications:
Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent or treat infections (e.g., amoxicillin or clindamycin ). Analgesics (e.g., ibuprofen or acetaminophen ) may help manage pain after procedures like implant placement.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Complete edentulism affects approximately 7-10% of adults worldwide, with higher rates in older populations.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor oral hygiene, smoking, advanced age, diabetes, lack of access to dental care, periodontal disease, and tooth decay.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper dental prosthetics or implants, patients can restore function and appearance; untreated, it can lead to bone loss and further oral health issues.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bone resorption in the jaw, difficulty eating and speaking, and changes in facial structure.
Dental Avulsion (Knocked-Out Tooth)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Loss and Related Conditions
Symptoms:
complete displacement of a tooth from its socket; pain; bleeding; swelling; gum tissue damage
Root Cause:
Trauma or injury that completely dislodges the tooth from its socket.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination of the affected area; X-rays to evaluate adjacent structures and ensure proper alignment if reimplantation is attempted.
Treatment:
Immediate reimplantation of the tooth (if viable) within 30 minutes to an hour; stabilization with a splint; if not salvageable, tooth replacement options include implants, bridges, or dentures.
Medications:
Antibiotics like doxycycline or amoxicillin may be prescribed to prevent infection. Analgesics such as ibuprofen can reduce pain. Tetanus prophylaxis is recommended if there’s soft tissue injury.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for 0.5-3% of all dental injuries; more common in children and adolescents due to sports and accidents.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Sports without protective mouthguards, physical trauma, or falls.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable if reimplanted quickly, though success depends on the time elapsed and proper handling. Delayed treatment can lead to tooth loss or complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Root resorption, tooth ankylosis, infection, or need for permanent tooth replacement.
Dental Luxation (Displacement of a Tooth)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Loss and Related Conditions
Symptoms:
tooth appears displaced in any direction; pain; bleeding; loose tooth; difficulty chewing or closing the mouth properly
Root Cause:
Trauma causes the tooth to move within its socket without being completely avulsed.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual examination; X-rays to assess the extent of damage to surrounding structures.
Treatment:
Repositioning the tooth into its normal position and stabilizing it with a splint for 1-4 weeks, depending on the severity. Root canal treatment may be needed if the pulp is damaged.
Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin or penicillin) to prevent infection. Pain relief with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen .
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Among dental injuries, accounts for around 15-61% of cases, depending on the population studied (common in children).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Trauma during sports, physical activity, or accidents.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good if treated promptly; delayed treatment may lead to pulp necrosis or permanent damage.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulp necrosis, tooth ankylosis, root resorption, or permanent tooth loss.
Retained Primary Teeth
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Loss and Related Conditions
Symptoms:
primary (baby) teeth remaining in the mouth beyond the typical age of exfoliation (12-13 years); misalignment of permanent teeth; overcrowding; difficulty chewing; esthetic concerns
Root Cause:
Failure of permanent teeth to erupt due to congenital absence, ectopic eruption, or ankylosis of primary teeth.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; panoramic or periapical X-rays to determine the position of permanent teeth and root structure of primary teeth.
Treatment:
Extraction of retained primary teeth, orthodontic treatment to guide eruption of permanent teeth, or placement of prosthetics if permanent teeth are missing.
Medications:
Medications are rarely required but may include analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen ) after extractions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Around 2-8% of individuals experience retained primary teeth; more common in cases of congenitally missing permanent teeth.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Congenital absence of permanent teeth, genetic predisposition, or trauma disrupting tooth eruption.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With timely treatment, functional and esthetic issues can be resolved. Without intervention, misalignment and other oral health problems may persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Misalignment of adjacent teeth, periodontal problems, and difficulty fitting orthodontic appliances.
Hypodontia (Missing Teeth)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Development Disorders
Symptoms:
missing one or more teeth; gaps between teeth; difficulty chewing; aesthetic concerns about smile
Root Cause:
Failure of tooth development during embryonic or childhood stages, often due to genetic factors or environmental influences.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, dental X-rays, and family history evaluation.
Treatment:
Dental implants, bridges, dentures, or orthodontic treatment to close gaps.
Medications:
Medications are generally not used for hypodontia treatment, but antibiotics may be prescribed if infections arise from gaps in the teeth.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2-10% of the population; most common in permanent teeth, particularly lateral incisors and premolars.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, genetic syndromes (e.g., ectodermal dysplasia), exposure to certain drugs or illnesses during pregnancy.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, patients can achieve functional and aesthetic improvements.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Malocclusion, gum disease, jawbone shrinkage, and difficulty with chewing or speaking.
Hyperdontia (Supernumerary Teeth)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Development Disorders
Symptoms:
presence of extra teeth; crowding of teeth; difficulty chewing or speaking; delayed eruption of permanent teeth
Root Cause:
Development of extra tooth buds during early embryonic stages; associated with genetic factors or syndromes like Cleidocranial Dysplasia.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Dental X-rays and clinical examination.
Treatment:
Extraction of supernumerary teeth if they cause problems, followed by orthodontic treatment if necessary.
Medications:
No medications specifically for hyperdontia; antibiotics or pain relievers may be prescribed post-extraction.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in 1-3% of the population; more common in males.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, genetic syndromes (e.g., Gardner’s syndrome), or spontaneous genetic mutations.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with timely intervention; complications can be minimized.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Crowding, malocclusion, cyst formation, delayed eruption of permanent teeth.
Malocclusion (Misaligned Teeth)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Development Disorders
Symptoms:
crooked teeth; overbite or underbite; difficulty chewing or speaking; jaw pain; aesthetic concerns
Root Cause:
Misalignment of the jaws or teeth due to genetics, childhood habits (e.g., thumb-sucking), or injuries.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, dental X-rays, and 3D imaging.
Treatment:
Orthodontic braces, clear aligners, or, in severe cases, jaw surgery.
Medications:
Pain relievers may be prescribed to manage discomfort from braces or jaw issues.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 70% of the population to varying degrees.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, habits like thumb-sucking, early tooth loss, or injury.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; improved function and aesthetics.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Difficulty maintaining oral hygiene, increased risk of tooth decay and gum disease, jaw pain, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders.
Tooth Impaction (e.g., Impacted Wisdom Teeth)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Development Disorders
Symptoms:
pain in the jaw or gums; swelling and redness; difficulty opening the mouth; bad breath; crowding of adjacent teeth
Root Cause:
Insufficient space in the jaw for teeth to erupt properly, often affecting wisdom teeth.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Dental X-rays and clinical evaluation.
Treatment:
Surgical extraction of the impacted teeth.
Medications:
Antibiotics for infections, pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen , acetaminophen ) for pain management.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 24% of people, particularly during young adulthood.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of small jaw size, late eruption of teeth, or abnormal tooth positioning.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with timely extraction; untreated cases may lead to significant complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infection, cyst formation, damage to adjacent teeth, gum disease, or jawbone issues.
Enamel Hypoplasia
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Pediatric Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Development Disorders
Symptoms:
thin or missing enamel; tooth discoloration (yellow or brown); sensitivity to temperature or sweets; increased risk of cavities
Root Cause:
Disruption in enamel formation during tooth development, often due to nutritional deficiencies, infections, or trauma.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual and tactile examination by a dentist, sometimes confirmed with X-rays.
Treatment:
Restorative treatments such as fillings, crowns, or sealants; fluoride treatments to strengthen remaining enamel.
Medications:
Fluoride varnish or prescription fluoride toothpaste for protection and remineralization.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies widely; affects approximately 3–5% of children.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Premature birth, malnutrition, systemic diseases (e.g., celiac disease), maternal illness during pregnancy.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with early intervention; severe cases may require ongoing dental care.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of decay, tooth wear, and aesthetic issues.
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Development Disorders
Symptoms:
discolored teeth (blue-gray or yellow-brown); weak, brittle teeth; translucent tooth appearance
Root Cause:
Genetic mutation affecting dentin structure, leading to weakened and discolored teeth.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, dental X-rays, and family history evaluation.
Treatment:
Crowns or veneers to protect and improve the appearance of teeth; dentures or implants in severe cases.
Medications:
Not treated with medications; focus is on restorative treatments.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, affecting about 1 in 6,000-8,000 individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of the condition (autosomal dominant inheritance).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Teeth remain fragile, but functional and aesthetic outcomes can be improved with treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of tooth fractures, wear, and eventual tooth loss.
Amelogenesis Imperfecta
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Dental Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Development Disorders
Symptoms:
thin, weak enamel; discolored teeth; increased tooth sensitivity; chipping or wear of enamel
Root Cause:
Genetic mutation affecting enamel formation, leading to weak or absent enamel.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, X-rays, and genetic testing.
Treatment:
Restorative treatments such as crowns, veneers, or bonding; fluoride therapy to protect enamel.
Medications:
Fluoride-containing products may be prescribed to strengthen enamel.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 14,000 people.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic inheritance (autosomal dominant, recessive, or X-linked).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with treatment; enamel remains fragile and requires ongoing care.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth sensitivity, increased risk of decay, and aesthetic concerns.
Gingivitis (Gum Inflammation)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Gum and Periodontal Conditions
Sub-category: Gingival (Gum) Disorders
Symptoms:
red, swollen gums; bleeding during brushing or flossing; bad breath; tenderness of gums; receding gums
Root Cause:
Plaque buildup on teeth leads to bacterial infection and gum inflammation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual examination by a dentist or hygienist; measurement of gum pocket depth using a probe; assessment of bleeding on probing (BOP).
Treatment:
Professional dental cleaning, improved oral hygiene practices (brushing and flossing), and regular dental checkups.
Medications:
Antimicrobial mouthwashes (e.g., chlorhexidine ); antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline or metronidazole in severe cases); anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., NSAIDs for pain and swelling).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely common; nearly 50% of adults have some degree of gum inflammation.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, hormonal changes (e.g., pregnancy), certain medications (e.g., antiepileptics), and genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Usually reversible with proper oral hygiene and treatment; untreated gingivitis can progress to periodontitis.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Periodontitis, tooth loss, and potential links to systemic conditions like heart disease and diabetes.
Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (ANUG, Trench Mouth)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Gum and Periodontal Conditions
Sub-category: Gingival (Gum) Disorders
Symptoms:
severe gum pain; bleeding gums; foul breath; fever; metallic taste; ulcerations between teeth; swollen lymph nodes
Root Cause:
Severe bacterial infection due to poor oral hygiene, malnutrition, or immunosuppression; often involves spirochetes and fusobacteria.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical observation of characteristic ulcers, pain, and necrosis; medical history review; microbiological testing in some cases.
Treatment:
Debridement of necrotic tissue, improved oral hygiene, and systemic antibiotics for infection control.
Medications:
Antibiotics like metronidazole or amoxicillin-clavulanate for infection control; analgesics (e.g., ibuprofen or acetaminophen ) for pain management.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in developed countries; more common in regions with poor access to dental care or in immunosuppressed populations.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor oral hygiene, malnutrition, stress, smoking, HIV/AIDS, and other conditions causing immune suppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with prompt treatment, though untreated cases can lead to rapid tissue destruction and systemic infection.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Periodontitis, systemic infections (e.g., sepsis), and oroantral fistula formation.
Gingival Hyperplasia (Overgrowth of Gum Tissue)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Gum and Periodontal Conditions
Sub-category: Gingival (Gum) Disorders
Symptoms:
enlarged, swollen gums; difficulty chewing or speaking; increased bleeding during oral care; poor aesthetics due to excessive gum tissue
Root Cause:
Excessive proliferation of gum tissue caused by factors like medications, hormonal changes, or underlying conditions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, medical history review (including medication use), and possibly biopsy to rule out malignancy.
Treatment:
Removal of causative factors (e.g., changing medications if possible); professional cleaning; surgical reduction of gum tissue (gingivectomy) if severe.
Medications:
No direct medications; may involve adjustments to implicated drugs such as phenytoin (antiepileptic), cyclosporine (immunosuppressant), or calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Variable; seen in up to 50% of patients on phenytoin, 30% on cyclosporine, and 10-20% on calcium channel blockers.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Use of implicated drugs, poor oral hygiene, hormonal changes, and genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment and management of underlying causes; recurrence possible if causative factors persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Impaired oral function, aesthetic concerns, secondary infections, and progression to periodontitis if untreated.
Chronic Periodontitis
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Gum and Periodontal Conditions
Sub-category: Periodontal Diseases
Symptoms:
swollen, red, or bleeding gums; persistent bad breath; receding gums; loose teeth; pain when chewing; formation of periodontal pockets
Root Cause:
A chronic inflammatory response to bacterial plaque, leading to the destruction of the supporting structures of teeth (gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination (probing depth measurements, bleeding on probing), radiographic evaluation (bone loss), and periodontal charting.
Treatment:
Scaling and root planing (deep cleaning), improved oral hygiene, antimicrobial therapies, and, in advanced cases, surgical interventions (e.g., flap surgery, bone grafting).
Medications:
Antibiotics such as amoxicillin (a penicillin-class antibiotic) or metronidazole (a nitroimidazole-class antimicrobial); antimicrobial mouth rinses like chlorhexidine gluconate (an antiseptic).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 50% of adults globally, with severe forms affecting about 10%.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, genetic predisposition, advanced age, and stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatable if caught early; progression can be slowed or stopped with proper management, but damage is often irreversible.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth loss, abscess formation, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, and systemic inflammation.
Aggressive Periodontitis
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Gum and Periodontal Conditions
Sub-category: Periodontal Diseases
Symptoms:
rapid attachment loss; early onset (commonly before age 30); minimal plaque or calculus deposits; bone loss; mobility of teeth
Root Cause:
A hyperactive immune response to specific bacterial pathogens, often linked to genetic predisposition.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination (rapid progression of periodontal destruction), familial history, and microbiological testing for pathogens like Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans.
Treatment:
Scaling and root planing, systemic antibiotics, and sometimes surgical intervention. Long-term maintenance is crucial.
Medications:
Systemic antibiotics such as doxycycline (a tetracycline-class antibiotic), metronidazole , or a combination therapy (amoxicillin + metronidazole ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, affecting about 1-2% of the population, with higher prevalence in certain ethnic groups.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, familial aggregation, and smoking.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor if untreated due to rapid progression, but early diagnosis and intervention can improve outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Early tooth loss, systemic implications, and increased risk of secondary infections.
Periodontal Abscess
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Gum and Periodontal Conditions
Sub-category: Periodontal Diseases
Symptoms:
severe localized pain; swelling of the gum; pus discharge; red or shiny gums; tooth mobility; fever (in severe cases)
Root Cause:
Infection within a periodontal pocket, often due to untreated periodontitis, foreign body impaction, or compromised immune defense.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination (swelling, suppuration), probing to detect deep pockets, and sometimes radiographs to rule out other pathologies.
Treatment:
Drainage of abscess, scaling and root planing, irrigation with antiseptic solutions, and systemic antibiotics for severe cases.
Medications:
Antibiotics such as amoxicillin or clindamycin (a lincosamide-class antibiotic for penicillin-allergic patients). Analgesics like ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain management.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common complication of periodontal disease, particularly in untreated cases; prevalence varies.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, immune suppression, and untreated periodontitis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment, but recurrence is possible if underlying periodontal disease is not managed.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spread of infection, cellulitis, systemic involvement (e.g., sepsis in severe cases), and tooth loss.
Peri-Implantitis (Inflammation around Dental Implants)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Gum and Periodontal Conditions
Sub-category: Periodontal Diseases
Symptoms:
bleeding on probing; peri-implant pocket formation; suppuration; bone loss around the implant; implant mobility in severe cases
Root Cause:
A bacterial infection and inflammatory response to biofilm accumulation on dental implants, leading to peri-implant bone destruction.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination (probing depths, bleeding, or pus), radiographic evaluation (bone loss around the implant), and assessment of implant stability.
Treatment:
Mechanical debridement, antiseptic irrigation, adjunctive antimicrobial therapy, and sometimes surgical interventions like guided bone regeneration (GBR).
Medications:
Local or systemic antibiotics such as tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline ), chlorhexidine gluconate rinses or gels (antiseptic), and NSAIDs for inflammation control.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 10-20% of dental implant patients.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, history of periodontitis, and improper implant placement.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early treatment can stabilize the condition, but advanced peri-implantitis may require implant removal.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Implant failure, additional bone loss, and difficulties in future implant placement.
Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Diseases (e.g., Diabetes-Related Periodontitis)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Gum and Periodontal Conditions
Sub-category: Periodontal Diseases
Symptoms:
increased gum bleeding; swollen and tender gums; rapid progression of bone loss; tooth mobility; increased periodontal infections
Root Cause:
Systemic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or immune disorders exacerbate the inflammatory response to bacterial biofilm.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, periodontal probing, and medical history review to identify systemic conditions contributing to the disease.
Treatment:
Treatment of underlying systemic condition (e.g., glycemic control in diabetes), scaling and root planing, and adjunctive antimicrobial therapy.
Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., metronidazole or amoxicillin ), antiseptic mouth rinses, and medications for the systemic condition (e.g., insulin for diabetes).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies depending on the systemic disease; periodontal involvement is common in poorly controlled diabetes.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Uncontrolled systemic disease, poor oral hygiene, genetic predisposition, and smoking.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Dependent on the control of the systemic condition; untreated systemic issues worsen periodontal outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth loss, worsening of systemic conditions (e.g., poor glycemic control in diabetes), and increased risk of cardiovascular disease or adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Aphthous ulcers, commonly known as canker sores, are small, shallow lesions that develop on the soft tissues inside the mouth or at the base of the gums.
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Mucosal Lesions
Symptoms:
painful round or oval sores with a white or yellow center and a red border; burning or tingling sensation before the sore appears; difficulty eating or speaking; occasionally accompanied by fever or swollen lymph nodes in severe cases
Root Cause:
Likely multifactorial; involves immune system dysregulation, local trauma, stress, hormonal changes, or nutritional deficiencies (e.g., vitamin B12, iron, or folate).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical examination; no specific diagnostic tests are usually required unless systemic diseases are suspected.
Treatment:
Focuses on symptom relief and promoting healing; includes topical treatments and addressing underlying triggers.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., triamcinolone acetonide ), antimicrobial mouth rinses (e.g., chlorhexidine gluconate), anesthetics (e.g., benzocaine or lidocaine ), and systemic corticosteroids in severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 20% of the population; more common in adolescents and young adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, stress, hormonal fluctuations, immune disorders, and dietary deficiencies.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Self-limiting; most ulcers heal within 1–2 weeks without scarring.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe or recurrent ulcers may impair nutrition and quality of life; rarely, they may indicate systemic diseases such as Behçet’s disease or inflammatory bowel disease.
Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth.
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Mucosal Lesions
Symptoms:
white, lacy patches (reticular form); red, swollen tissues (erosive form); pain, burning, or sensitivity to spicy or acidic foods; open sores or ulcers in the mouth
Root Cause:
An autoimmune disorder where T cells attack the epithelial cells of the oral mucosa.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, biopsy of affected tissue, and sometimes immunofluorescence testing.
Treatment:
Symptom management and inflammation reduction with topical or systemic medications.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., clobetasol or fluocinonide ), systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone for severe cases), and immunosuppressive agents (e.g., tacrolimus ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1–2% of the population, more common in middle-aged and older adults, and women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune disorders, stress, dental fillings (rarely linked), and genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic and relapsing but manageable; low risk of malignant transformation (erosive forms may have a slightly higher risk).
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Painful erosions, secondary infections (e.g., candidiasis), difficulty eating, and rare progression to oral cancer.
Oral leukoplakia is a white patch or plaque that develops on the mucous membranes of the mouth.
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Mucosal Lesions
Symptoms:
white, thickened, and irregularly shaped patches in the mouth; patches cannot be scraped off; may be painless or cause mild discomfort; occasionally associated with burning sensation
Root Cause:
Chronic irritation, tobacco or alcohol use, or exposure to irritants; considered a potentially malignant disorder.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, exclusion of other causes (e.g., fungal infection), and biopsy to assess for dysplasia or cancer.
Treatment:
Elimination of irritants, regular monitoring, and surgical excision if dysplasia is present.
Medications:
No specific medication; in some cases, retinoids or beta-carotene supplements are used to manage lesions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1–2% of the global population; more common in older adults and smokers.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Tobacco use (both smoking and chewing), alcohol consumption, and chronic irritation.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with early intervention; however, some lesions may progress to squamous cell carcinoma.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Malignant transformation (occurs in 5–17% of cases over time).
Erythroplakia is a red patch on the mucous membranes of the mouth with a high risk of malignant transformation.
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Mucosal Lesions
Symptoms:
velvety red lesions that cannot be scraped off; may be asymptomatic or cause mild discomfort; occasionally associated with burning or irritation
Root Cause:
Chronic irritation or exposure to carcinogens, leading to dysplastic changes in epithelial cells.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, exclusion of other conditions, and biopsy to confirm dysplasia or carcinoma.
Treatment:
Surgical excision or laser ablation, along with eliminating risk factors.
Medications:
No direct medications; supportive care may include topical agents to relieve irritation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated prevalence of 0.1–0.2%; more common in smokers and older adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Tobacco and alcohol use, poor oral hygiene, and nutritional deficiencies.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor if untreated due to high risk of malignant transformation (51–90%).
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to squamous cell carcinoma.
Geographic tongue is a benign inflammatory condition characterized by irregular, map-like patches on the tongue.
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Mucosal Lesions
Symptoms:
smooth, red patches with raised white borders; patches may change size, shape, or location; occasionally associated with burning or sensitivity to spicy or acidic foods
Root Cause:
Unknown; thought to involve genetic predisposition or immune-mediated processes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on characteristic appearance during clinical examination; no biopsy is usually necessary.
Treatment:
No specific treatment required; symptomatic relief if discomfort occurs.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., triamcinolone ) or antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine ) for symptomatic cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1–3% of the population; more common in women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, psoriasis, and stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Completely benign with no risk of malignant transformation.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare; persistent discomfort in some cases.
Oral hyperkeratosis is an excessive thickening of the oral epithelium due to chronic irritation.
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Mucosal Lesions
Symptoms:
thickened, white plaques or patches in the mouth; typically painless; associated with rough textures in affected areas
Root Cause:
Hyperkeratosis is a response to repeated trauma, irritation, or friction (e.g., from dental appliances or smoking).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination and biopsy to rule out dysplasia or malignancy.
Treatment:
Removal of the underlying irritant, improved oral hygiene, and monitoring for changes.
Medications:
None directly, though topical corticosteroids may be used if inflammation is present.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Not well-studied; common in populations exposed to chronic irritants like tobacco.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic irritation, poorly fitting dental appliances, and smoking.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with removal of irritants; rarely progresses to malignancy.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent lesions may require surgical excision if changes occur.
Herpes Labialis (Cold Sores)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Viral Infections
Symptoms:
painful, fluid-filled blisters around the lips or mouth; tingling or itching at the site before blister formation; crusting of sores as they heal; occasional fever and swollen lymph nodes in severe cases
Root Cause:
Caused by reactivation of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which remains dormant in the trigeminal nerve.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed clinically by appearance of vesicular lesions.
Treatment:
Treated with antiviral medications like acyclovir or valacyclovir.
Medications:
Oral antivirals such as acyclovir , valacyclovir , or famciclovir (classified as antiviral agents). Topical antiviral creams like penciclovir can also be used.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 60-90% of the global population; recurrent episodes occur in 20-40% of those infected.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Stress, sun exposure, illness, immunosuppression, trauma to the lips, or hormonal changes.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally self-limiting; symptoms resolve in 1-2 weeks. Antiviral treatments can reduce the duration and severity of episodes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infection, erythema multiforme, or more severe outbreaks in immunocompromised individuals.
Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Viral Infections
Symptoms:
painful ulcers and blisters on the gums and inside the mouth; fever; swollen, bleeding gums; difficulty eating and drinking; malaise
Root Cause:
Primary HSV-1 infection of the oral mucosa, often occurring in children.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed clinically by oral lesions and systemic symptoms.
Treatment:
Treated with antivirals (e.g., acyclovir) and supportive care such as hydration and pain relief.
Medications:
Oral acyclovir or valacyclovir (antiviral agents); acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain and fever management.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common in children under 6 years old; HSV-1 is highly prevalent globally.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, exposure to someone with active HSV-1 infection.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves in 7-14 days without long-term effects; antivirals reduce symptom severity and duration.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Dehydration from reduced oral intake, secondary bacterial infections, or more severe HSV infection in immunocompromised individuals.
HPV-Related Oral Lesions
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Viral Infections
Symptoms:
painless growths or warts in the oral cavity; white or red patches; hoarseness or throat discomfort if lesions are in the pharynx
Root Cause:
Infection with HPV types (e.g., HPV-16, HPV-18) causing benign or precancerous lesions in the oral cavity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through visual examination, biopsy, and HPV testing.
Treatment:
Treated with surgical excision, laser therapy, or topical agents like podophyllin for warts.
Medications:
No specific medications for established oral HPV lesions; treatment is procedural.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
HPV is widespread, affecting approximately 80% of sexually active individuals at some point; oral lesions are less common.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Sexual activity, smoking, immunosuppression, and poor oral hygiene.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Benign lesions are treatable; high-risk HPV types may progress to oropharyngeal cancer if untreated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Malignant transformation, particularly with high-risk HPV strains.
Oral Thrush (Candidiasis)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
creamy white patches on the tongue, cheeks, or throat; pain or discomfort in the mouth; loss of taste; difficulty swallowing
Root Cause:
Overgrowth of Candida species, usually Candida albicans, in the oral cavity due to an imbalance in normal flora or weakened immunity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed by clinical examination or scraping for fungal culture.
Treatment:
Treated with antifungals such as nystatin or fluconazole.
Medications:
Topical antifungals like nystatin or clotrimazole lozenges; systemic antifungals (fluconazole or itraconazole ) for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in infants, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Diabetes, use of inhaled corticosteroids, antibiotics, dentures, immunosuppression (e.g., HIV/AIDS).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Responds well to treatment; recurrence is possible if underlying issues are not addressed.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Esophageal candidiasis, systemic spread in immunocompromised patients.
Angular Cheilitis
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
red, cracked, or crusted lesions at the corners of the mouth; pain or burning sensation; possible secondary bacterial infection
Root Cause:
Fungal (Candida) or bacterial (Staphylococcus aureus) infection, often due to saliva pooling or irritation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed clinically by cracks and inflammation at the mouth corners.
Treatment:
Treated with topical antifungals, antibiotics, or barrier creams, depending on the cause.
Medications:
Antifungal creams like clotrimazole or miconazole ; topical antibiotics like mupirocin if bacterial involvement is present.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in those with ill-fitting dentures, poor nutrition, or dry mouth.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Dentures, vitamin B or iron deficiency, immunosuppression, frequent lip-licking.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves with treatment and elimination of contributing factors.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent infection, scarring, or spread to surrounding tissues.
Ludwig’s Angina
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Bacterial Infections
Symptoms:
severe swelling in the floor of the mouth and neck; difficulty swallowing or speaking; fever; drooling; airway obstruction
Root Cause:
Rapidly spreading cellulitis of the submandibular and sublingual spaces, often originating from a dental infection.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through clinical examination and imaging (CT or MRI).
Treatment:
Treated urgently with intravenous antibiotics and possible surgical drainage to secure the airway.
Medications:
Broad-spectrum antibiotics such as ampicillin-sulbactam or clindamycin ; metronidazole for anaerobic coverage.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare but potentially life-threatening.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor dental hygiene, recent dental infection or procedure, immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable with prompt treatment; delayed intervention can lead to mortality.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Airway obstruction, sepsis, mediastinitis.
Necrotizing Ulcerative Diseases (e.g., Noma/Cancrum Oris)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Bacterial Infections
Symptoms:
severe facial ulceration; foul-smelling breath; pain; progressive tissue destruction
Root Cause:
Polymicrobial infection in malnourished or immunocompromised individuals, often associated with poor hygiene.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed clinically by tissue necrosis and poor oral hygiene
Treatment:
Treated with aggressive antibiotics, debridement, nutritional support, and management of underlying conditions.
Medications:
Broad-spectrum antibiotics like penicillin combined with metronidazole or clindamycin .
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; most common in impoverished regions with malnutrition.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Malnutrition, poor oral hygiene, immunosuppression, measles, or recent illness.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
High mortality without treatment; survivors often require reconstructive surgery.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Facial disfigurement, sepsis, death.
Fordyce Spots
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Other Oral Lesions
Symptoms:
small, raised, pale or white-yellowish spots on the lips, inside the cheeks, or on the genitals; usually asymptomatic; occasionally cause aesthetic concerns or mild irritation
Root Cause:
Enlarged sebaceous glands that occur outside hair follicles and are not associated with hair production.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical observation based on appearance and location; no further tests are typically needed.
Treatment:
Usually not treated unless for cosmetic reasons; options include laser treatments, electrosurgery, or topical retinoids.
Medications:
Topical retinoids (e.g., tretinoin ) may help reduce the visibility of Fordyce spots. These are classified as vitamin A derivatives.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common; affects up to 80% of adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Normal anatomical variation, more noticeable in individuals with lighter skin tones.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Benign and harmless; does not typically require treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rarely, irritation or cosmetic dissatisfaction.
Mucocele
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Other Oral Lesions
Symptoms:
soft, bluish, or translucent swelling inside the mouth (usually the lower lip); may fluctuate in size or rupture; painless but can cause discomfort
Root Cause:
Blockage or rupture of a salivary gland duct, leading to mucus retention.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; confirmed by histological analysis after excision.
Treatment:
Surgical removal of the affected gland or marsupialization (drainage procedure).
Medications:
Not typically treated with medications.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in young adults and children.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Trauma to the lips or oral cavity, habits like lip-biting or cheek-chewing.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; recurrence is uncommon after complete removal.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare; recurrence or minor infections post-surgery.
Ranula
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cavity and Mucosal Disorders
Sub-category: Other Oral Lesions
Symptoms:
painless, dome-shaped swelling on the floor of the mouth; bluish or translucent appearance; can interfere with speech, swallowing, or chewing if large
Root Cause:
Mucous retention or extravasation cyst arising from the sublingual gland.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, imaging (e.g., ultrasound or MRI) to assess size and involvement.
Treatment:
Surgical removal of the cyst and sometimes the associated gland.
Medications:
Not typically treated with medications.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively uncommon; more frequent in children and young adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Trauma to the floor of the mouth, salivary gland obstruction.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with complete removal; recurrence is rare if excision is thorough.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare; infection or recurrence if not fully excised.
Sialadenitis
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Salivary Gland Disorders
Sub-category: Salivary Gland Infections
Symptoms:
pain and swelling in the affected salivary gland (usually the parotid or submandibular); redness and tenderness; fever and pus drainage in severe cases
Root Cause:
Bacterial or viral infection, ductal obstruction, or reduced salivary flow.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, imaging (e.g., ultrasound or CT scan), or culture of pus if present.
Treatment:
Antibiotics for bacterial infections, hydration, warm compresses, gland massage, and sialogogues (to stimulate saliva).
Medications:
Antibiotics such as amoxicillin-clavulanate or clindamycin (antibacterial agents) for bacterial causes.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common; incidence increases with age.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Dehydration, ductal obstruction (e.g., stones), chronic illnesses, poor oral hygiene.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment; chronic cases may require surgical intervention.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Abscess formation, recurrent infections, or ductal scarring.
Sialolithiasis
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Salivary Gland Disorders
Sub-category: Salivary Gland Obstructions
Symptoms:
recurrent pain and swelling in the affected gland, especially during meals; reduced saliva flow; may lead to infection (sialadenitis) if untreated
Root Cause:
Formation of calcified stones in the salivary gland ducts, causing obstruction.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, imaging (e.g., ultrasound, X-rays, or CT scan).
Treatment:
Removal of stones via sialogogues, gland massage, or minimally invasive procedures like lithotripsy or surgery.
Medications:
Pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen ) and antibiotics if secondary infection occurs.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common; more frequent in adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Dehydration, reduced saliva flow, certain medications (e.g., diuretics, antihistamines), smoking.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; recurrence is possible.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent infections, glandular abscess, or chronic sialadenitis.
Xerostomia (Dry Mouth)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Salivary Gland Disorders
Sub-category: Other Salivary Gland Conditions
Symptoms:
dry or sticky feeling in the mouth; difficulty chewing, swallowing, or speaking; bad breath; sore throat; cracked lips; altered sense of taste; increased risk of dental cavities
Root Cause:
Reduced or absent saliva production caused by salivary gland dysfunction, dehydration, certain medications, or underlying conditions (e.g., diabetes, Sjögren’s syndrome).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, saliva flow measurement, imaging (sialography, ultrasound), and sometimes lab tests to assess underlying conditions.
Treatment:
Address underlying causes, maintain oral hygiene, stimulate saliva production, and use saliva substitutes.
Medications:
Pilocarpine (a cholinergic agonist to stimulate salivary glands), cevimeline (muscarinic agonist). Both medications help to increase saliva production.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in older adults; prevalence varies between 10–30%.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, medication use (antihistamines, antidepressants, diuretics), radiation therapy to the head/neck, autoimmune diseases (e.g., Sjögren's syndrome).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally manageable with proper treatment; chronic dry mouth can increase the risk of dental complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of dental caries, gum disease, oral infections (e.g., candidiasis), and difficulty eating or speaking.
Salivary Gland Tumors
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Salivary Gland Disorders
Sub-category: Other Salivary Gland Conditions
Symptoms:
painless lump or swelling in the salivary gland; facial asymmetry; difficulty swallowing; numbness or weakness in the face if malignant
Root Cause:
Abnormal cell growth in salivary glands; most are benign (e.g., pleomorphic adenoma), but some can be malignant (e.g., mucoepidermoid carcinoma).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, imaging (ultrasound, MRI, CT), and fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
Treatment:
Surgery is the primary treatment, with radiation therapy for malignant cases.
Medications:
No specific medications for benign tumors; chemotherapy agents (e.g., cisplatin , fluorouracil ) for advanced malignancies.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor, accounting for 60–70% of cases.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Radiation exposure, genetic predisposition, tobacco and alcohol use for malignant cases.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent for benign tumors with surgical removal; varies for malignant tumors based on stage and type.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrence (benign tumors), facial nerve damage, metastasis (malignant tumors).
Toothache (Odontalgia)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders
Sub-category: Oral Pain Syndromes
Symptoms:
sharp or throbbing pain in or around a tooth; sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet stimuli; swelling; bad taste in the mouth; difficulty chewing
Root Cause:
Often due to dental caries, infection, trauma, or gum disease.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, dental X-rays, pulp vitality testing.
Treatment:
Treat the underlying cause (e.g., fillings for cavities, root canal therapy for infection, or antibiotics for abscess).
Medications:
Analgesics (e.g., ibuprofen , acetaminophen ), antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin , clindamycin ) for infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely common; nearly everyone experiences toothache at some point in life.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor oral hygiene, high sugar diet, lack of dental care access.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with proper dental care; untreated cases can lead to severe complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth loss, abscess, spread of infection to other parts of the body (e.g., Ludwig’s angina, sepsis).
Oral Neuralgia (Nerve Pain in the Mouth)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders
Sub-category: Oral Pain Syndromes
Symptoms:
sharp, shooting pain in the mouth or jaw; tingling or numbness; triggered by chewing, talking, or touching certain areas
Root Cause:
Dysfunction or irritation of oral nerves, often related to trigeminal neuralgia or nerve damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, imaging to rule out structural causes, and response to nerve-blocking medications.
Treatment:
Pain management, nerve desensitization therapies, or surgery for severe cases.
Medications:
Anticonvulsants (e.g., carbamazepine , gabapentin ), tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare but more common in older adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Nerve damage from dental procedures, infections (e.g., herpes zoster), or underlying neurological disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies; some cases resolve, while others require ongoing pain management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, difficulty eating or speaking, and reduced quality of life.
Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders
Sub-category: Oral Pain Syndromes
Symptoms:
burning or scalding sensation in the mouth; dry mouth; altered taste or metallic taste; pain typically worsens throughout the day
Root Cause:
Exact cause unknown; associated with nerve dysfunction, hormonal changes, or psychological factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis of exclusion after ruling out other conditions (e.g., candidiasis, nutritional deficiencies).
Treatment:
Symptom management, addressing underlying issues, and psychological support if necessary.
Medications:
Clonazepam (an anticonvulsant), gabapentin (for nerve pain), amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant for chronic pain).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1–5% of the population, more common in postmenopausal women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender, age (middle-aged/older adults), stress, anxiety, depression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; some patients improve spontaneously, while others have chronic symptoms.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, psychological distress, reduced quality of life.
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Dysfunction
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders
Sub-category: Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders
Symptoms:
jaw pain; clicking or popping sound in the jaw; difficulty opening/closing mouth; headaches; facial pain; earaches or tinnitus
Root Cause:
Dysfunction in the TMJ due to muscle tension, joint misalignment, cartilage damage, or trauma.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical exam (palpation of the jaw), imaging (X-ray, MRI, or CT scan), and patient history.
Treatment:
Lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, jaw exercises, stress management, and dental appliances (splints or night guards).
Medications:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen , muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine ), and in severe cases, corticosteroid injections into the joint.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 5-12% of the population, more common in women aged 20-40.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Jaw injury, teeth grinding (bruxism), arthritis, and stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; most cases improve with conservative management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, restricted jaw movement, and joint damage.
Arthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ Arthritis)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders
Sub-category: Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders
Symptoms:
jaw pain; stiffness; swelling around the joint; reduced range of motion; joint noises
Root Cause:
Inflammation of the TMJ due to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or trauma.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Imaging (X-ray, MRI, or CT scan), physical exam, and blood tests (if autoimmune arthritis is suspected).
Treatment:
Anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, dental splints, and in severe cases, joint replacement surgery.
Medications:
NSAIDs (e.g., naproxen ), corticosteroids (injections or systemic), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) like methotrexate (for rheumatoid arthritis).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
TMJ arthritis is relatively rare compared to TMJ dysfunction; prevalence increases with age or autoimmune conditions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, trauma, and infection.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies depending on the cause; progressive in autoimmune forms but manageable with treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, jaw deformities, and ankylosis (fusion of the joint).
TMJ Dislocation
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders
Sub-category: Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders
Symptoms:
inability to close the mouth; severe jaw pain; swelling; visible jaw misalignment
Root Cause:
Displacement of the TMJ out of its normal position, usually due to trauma or overextension.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination and imaging (X-rays, CT scans).
Treatment:
Manual reduction (realignment by a healthcare provider), muscle relaxants, and surgical stabilization if recurrent.
Medications:
Muscle relaxants like diazepam , pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen or NSAIDs), and, in rare cases, botulinum toxin injections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Uncommon, with a higher incidence in individuals with ligament laxity.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Trauma, hypermobility syndromes, and excessive mouth opening.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment; recurrent dislocations may require surgery.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic instability and joint damage.
Bruxism (Teeth Grinding and Clenching)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders
Sub-category: Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders
Symptoms:
jaw pain; headaches; tooth wear or fractures; ear pain; tight jaw muscles
Root Cause:
Involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth, often due to stress, sleep disorders, or misaligned teeth.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Dental exam showing worn teeth, patient history, and sometimes polysomnography (sleep study).
Treatment:
Stress management, dental appliances (mouthguards), behavioral therapy, and treating underlying sleep disorders.
Medications:
Muscle relaxants (e.g., baclofen ), botulinum toxin injections to relax jaw muscles, and in some cases, anti-anxiety medications.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 10-15% of adults; higher in those with stress or anxiety disorders.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Stress, sleep apnea, misaligned teeth, and stimulant use (e.g., caffeine or amphetamines).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate treatment; untreated cases can lead to dental complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth damage, TMJ dysfunction, and chronic jaw pain.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Oral Cavity)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cancer and Precancerous Conditions
Sub-category: Oral Cancer
Symptoms:
persistent oral sore; white or red patches in the mouth; difficulty swallowing; lump in the neck; ear pain
Root Cause:
Malignant proliferation of squamous cells in the mucosal lining of the mouth or throat.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Biopsy of the lesion, imaging (CT or MRI), and endoscopy.
Treatment:
Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy (or combinations).
Medications:
Cisplatin (chemotherapy), targeted therapies like cetuximab (EGFR inhibitor), and immunotherapies like pembrolizumab (PD-1 inhibitor).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for 90% of all oral cancers; more common in men over 50.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, HPV infection, and poor oral hygiene.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies with stage; early detection leads to a high survival rate.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Local invasion, metastasis, and difficulty speaking or eating.
Verrucous Carcinoma (a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cancer and Precancerous Conditions
Sub-category: Oral Cancer
Symptoms:
slow-growing, thick, wart-like oral lesion; white or pink patches; painless in early stages; may ulcerate or bleed over time
Root Cause:
A well-differentiated, low-grade malignant tumor originating from the squamous epithelium, often associated with chronic irritation or tobacco use.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Biopsy of the lesion with histopathological analysis to differentiate from invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
Treatment:
Surgical excision (primary treatment), occasionally followed by radiation therapy; chemotherapy is less effective.
Medications:
None specifically indicated; supportive care for symptoms after surgery.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, accounting for 1-10% of all oral squamous cell carcinomas.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Tobacco use (smoking and chewing), chronic irritation (e.g., poorly fitting dentures), and HPV infection.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with complete surgical removal; recurrence is possible if not adequately treated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Local invasion, recurrence, and progression to more aggressive cancer types.
Lymphoma (affecting oral tissues)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cancer and Precancerous Conditions
Sub-category: Oral Cancer
Symptoms:
painless swelling in the oral cavity; ulceration or mass in the gums, palate, or tonsils; difficulty swallowing; weight loss; night sweats
Root Cause:
Malignancy of lymphatic cells; may be non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or, less commonly, Hodgkin lymphoma.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Biopsy of the lesion, immunohistochemical analysis, and imaging (CT, PET scan) for staging.
Treatment:
Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy depending on the type and stage.
Medications:
Rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for NHL). CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincristine , prednisone ). Brentuximab vedotin (for specific subtypes of lymphoma).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for less than 5% of all oral cancers; more common in individuals with immunosuppression.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
HIV/AIDS, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, immunosuppressive therapy, and autoimmune diseases.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable depending on subtype and stage; low-grade lymphomas may have prolonged survival with treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spread to lymph nodes or distant organs, systemic symptoms, and treatment-related toxicity.
Oral Leukoplakia
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cancer and Precancerous Conditions
Sub-category: Precancerous Conditions
Symptoms:
white patches or plaques on the oral mucosa that cannot be scraped off; painless lesions; occasional rough texture; possible sensitivity to spicy or acidic foods
Root Cause:
Abnormal growth of cells in the oral mucosa, often associated with tobacco use, alcohol consumption, or chronic irritation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, biopsy to rule out dysplasia or malignancy.
Treatment:
Removal of risk factors (e.g., cessation of tobacco and alcohol), surgical excision, cryotherapy, or laser ablation for persistent lesions.
Medications:
Topical retinoids (e.g., tretinoin or isotretinoin ) may be prescribed to prevent progression; antifungals may be used if secondary candida infection is present.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1-2% of the population, more common in individuals over 40 years old and males.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, chronic irritation (e.g., poorly fitting dentures), human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; non-dysplastic lesions may regress with removal of irritants, but dysplastic lesions have a risk of malignant transformation (1-20%).
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma, persistent lesions, and secondary infections.
Erythroplakia
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cancer and Precancerous Conditions
Sub-category: Precancerous Conditions
Symptoms:
red velvety patches on the oral mucosa; lesions may be flat or slightly raised; often painless; occasionally associated with bleeding or ulceration
Root Cause:
Premalignant condition characterized by epithelial dysplasia with a high risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, biopsy to determine the presence of dysplasia or carcinoma.
Treatment:
Elimination of risk factors (e.g., cessation of tobacco and alcohol), surgical excision, laser therapy, or cryotherapy for suspicious lesions.
Medications:
No specific medications; treatment focuses on surgical or ablative techniques.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, accounting for less than 1% of oral lesions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, chronic irritation.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor if left untreated; approximately 51% of cases show malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to invasive cancer, persistent lesions, and recurrence after treatment.
Submucous Fibrosis
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Oral Cancer and Precancerous Conditions
Sub-category: Precancerous Conditions
Symptoms:
burning sensation in the mouth; restricted mouth opening (trismus); stiffening of the oral mucosa; paleness or blanching of the oral mucosa; difficulty in swallowing or chewing
Root Cause:
Chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the oral submucosa, often linked to areca nut or betel quid chewing.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, histopathological confirmation of fibrosis.
Treatment:
Stopping areca nut or betel quid use, intralesional corticosteroid injections, surgical release of fibrous bands in severe cases.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., triamcinolone ), hyaluronidase to reduce fibrosis, antioxidants (e.g., lycopene) to improve healing.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in Southeast Asia and South Asia; prevalence varies from 2.5% to 8% in high-risk populations.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chewing areca nut or betel quid, tobacco use, genetic predisposition, nutritional deficiencies (e.g., iron or vitamins).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic and progressive; stopping risk factors may slow progression, but fibrosis is often irreversible.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of oral cancer, difficulty eating, and severe mouth opening limitations.
Early Childhood Caries (Baby Bottle Tooth Decay)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Pediatric Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Childhood Tooth Decay
Symptoms:
white spots on teeth; brown or black spots; tooth pain; sensitivity to sweets or temperature; difficulty eating or chewing
Root Cause:
Tooth decay caused by frequent and prolonged exposure of a child’s teeth to sugary liquids like milk, formula, or juice, especially during bedtime.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual dental examination by a dentist; identification of white spots or cavities, sometimes with X-rays for deeper decay.
Treatment:
Removal of decayed areas and restoration with fillings or crowns; fluoride treatments to remineralize early decay; behavior modification for better oral hygiene.
Medications:
Fluoride varnish or gel (topical fluoride for enamel strengthening).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 60% of children in some populations, particularly in underserved communities.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Frequent sugary drink consumption, bottle-feeding at night, lack of fluoride exposure, poor oral hygiene, low socioeconomic status.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with early intervention; untreated, it can lead to severe decay, pain, and infections affecting permanent teeth.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Premature loss of primary teeth, speech issues, misalignment of permanent teeth, abscesses, systemic infections.
Natal and Neonatal Teeth
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Pediatric Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Development Disorders
Symptoms:
teeth present at birth (natal teeth); teeth erupt within 30 days of birth (neonatal teeth); irritation or ulcers on infant's tongue or mother's breast during feeding
Root Cause:
Often associated with underlying syndromes (e.g., Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, cleft lip/palate) or may be familial with no systemic issues.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination of the mouth by a pediatric dentist or healthcare provider.
Treatment:
If non-functional or causing issues, extraction; if stable and functional, regular monitoring and parental guidance on oral hygiene.
Medications:
Typically not needed; topical analgesics may be used for discomfort during feeding if irritation occurs.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in 1 in 2,000–3,000 live births.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, certain syndromes (e.g., Pierre Robin sequence), maternal nutritional deficiencies.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate management; may require care for potential feeding or aesthetic concerns.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Risk of aspiration of loose teeth, difficulty feeding, damage to oral tissues.
Dental Fluorosis
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Pediatric Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Tooth Development Disorders
Symptoms:
white streaks or spots on teeth; brown discoloration; pitting of enamel in severe cases
Root Cause:
Excess fluoride intake during tooth development, usually from water, toothpaste, or supplements.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual inspection of tooth enamel by a dentist; history of fluoride exposure.
Treatment:
Cosmetic treatments such as teeth whitening, microabrasion, composite bonding, or veneers.
Medications:
No medications; treatments focus on cosmetic improvement.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 20–25% of individuals in areas with fluoridated water; higher in areas with naturally high fluoride levels.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High fluoride levels in drinking water, early use of fluoride toothpaste in young children, excessive fluoride supplementation.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Cosmetic only; no impact on tooth function or health unless severe.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Aesthetic concerns leading to psychological impact.
Fractured Primary Teeth
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Pediatric Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Traumatic Dental Injuries
Symptoms:
chipped, cracked, or broken teeth; tooth pain or sensitivity; bleeding gums; difficulty eating
Root Cause:
Trauma to primary teeth from falls, accidents, or other injuries.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination and X-rays to assess the extent of damage and potential impact on underlying permanent teeth.
Treatment:
Smoothing rough edges, fillings or crowns, or extraction in severe cases; monitoring for signs of infection.
Medications:
Pain relief with acetaminophen or ibuprofen ; antibiotics for infections if indicated.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in young children; prevalence depends on activity level and environmental factors.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Active play, lack of supervision, previous dental trauma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment; untreated fractures may lead to infection or damage to permanent teeth.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infection, abscess formation, or damage to developing permanent teeth.
Avulsed Primary Teeth
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Pediatric Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Traumatic Dental Injuries
Symptoms:
complete loss of a primary tooth; bleeding from the socket; pain and swelling in the area
Root Cause:
Trauma resulting in the complete displacement of a primary tooth from its socket.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual examination and history of injury; X-rays to assess damage to adjacent teeth and bone.
Treatment:
Typically, the tooth is not replanted to avoid damage to the developing permanent tooth; care includes cleaning the area and monitoring.
Medications:
Pain relief with acetaminophen or ibuprofen ; antibiotics for infection risk in severe injuries.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in children due to accidents or falls; peak incidence is around 2–4 years.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High activity levels, insufficient supervision, history of dental trauma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent for oral health; the gap typically closes when permanent teeth erupt.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Potential misalignment of permanent teeth, delayed eruption, or psychological impact from tooth loss.
Diabetes-Related Oral Health Issues
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Oral Systemic Conditions
Symptoms:
dry mouth; gum inflammation; slow healing of oral wounds; frequent oral infections; loose teeth; burning mouth sensation; bad breath
Root Cause:
High blood glucose levels impair immune function, decrease saliva production, and promote bacterial growth, leading to oral health complications.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical oral examination, dental X-rays to assess bone loss, periodontal probing, and reviewing medical history for diabetes management.
Treatment:
Improved glycemic control, regular dental cleanings, periodontal therapy, and maintaining good oral hygiene.
Medications:
Antimicrobial mouthwashes (e.g., chlorhexidine ), antifungal medications for oral infections (e.g., nystatin or fluconazole ), and salivary substitutes or stimulants (e.g., pilocarpine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects nearly 22% of people with diabetes, with periodontal disease being more common in this population compared to non-diabetics.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor glycemic control, smoking, inadequate oral hygiene, older age, and coexisting conditions like obesity or cardiovascular disease.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Improves with effective diabetes and oral health management but can worsen without treatment, leading to tooth loss or severe infections.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Periodontitis, tooth loss, oral infections (e.g., thrush), and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases due to systemic inflammation.
Cardiovascular Disease and Oral Health
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Oral Systemic Conditions
Symptoms:
gum bleeding; swollen gums; chronic bad breath; loose teeth; mouth ulcers
Root Cause:
Chronic periodontal inflammation and oral bacteria entering the bloodstream contribute to systemic inflammation, arterial plaque buildup, and cardiovascular risk.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Comprehensive dental examination, medical history review for cardiovascular disease, blood tests for inflammatory markers, and imaging for arterial health.
Treatment:
Regular dental cleanings, periodontal therapy, and management of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
Medications:
Antimicrobial treatments (e.g., doxycycline for inflammation), statins to lower systemic cholesterol, and aspirin for cardiovascular protection.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 47% of adults with cardiovascular disease also have periodontal disease.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, obesity, high blood pressure, and genetics.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Regular oral care can reduce cardiovascular complications, but untreated oral infections may worsen systemic inflammation and cardiovascular outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Endocarditis, worsening atherosclerosis, stroke, and myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Oral Systemic Conditions
Symptoms:
jaw pain; swelling; exposed jawbone; difficulty chewing; loosening of teeth; numbness or heaviness in the jaw
Root Cause:
Inhibition of bone turnover from medications (e.g., bisphosphonates or denosumab) or trauma, leading to reduced healing capacity in the jawbone.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination of exposed jawbone for more than eight weeks, imaging (X-rays, CT scans), and reviewing medication history.
Treatment:
Conservative management with antibacterial mouthwashes (e.g., chlorhexidine), antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin or clindamycin), and surgical debridement in severe cases.
Medications:
Antimicrobial rinses, systemic antibiotics, and pain management with NSAIDs or opioids for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 1–10% of individuals receiving bisphosphonates or similar drugs, particularly in cancer therapy.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Use of bisphosphonates or denosumab, dental extractions, chemotherapy, smoking, and poor oral hygiene.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early detection improves outcomes, but severe cases may require invasive treatment or result in chronic pain and infection.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic infection, fractures, and significant impairment in oral function.
Dry Socket (Alveolar Osteitis)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Post-Dental Procedure Complications
Symptoms:
severe pain at the extraction site; visible bone in the socket; bad breath; foul taste; radiating pain to the ear or temple
Root Cause:
Disruption or loss of the blood clot at the site of a tooth extraction leads to bone exposure and delayed healing.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination of the extraction site revealing exposed bone, absence of a blood clot, and patient-reported severe pain.
Treatment:
Irrigation of the socket, placement of medicated dressings, and pain management with analgesics.
Medications:
Analgesics (e.g., ibuprofen , acetaminophen ), topical anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine ), and antimicrobial rinses (e.g., chlorhexidine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in 2–5% of extractions, more common after mandibular molar extractions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, oral contraceptive use, traumatic extractions, poor oral hygiene, and inadequate post-extraction care.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Pain typically resolves within a week with treatment, though healing may take longer.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary infections, delayed healing, and potential bone infection (osteomyelitis).
Post-Extraction Bleeding
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Post-Dental Procedure Complications
Symptoms:
prolonged bleeding after a tooth extraction; blood pooling in the mouth; difficulty forming a clot; oozing or excessive bleeding
Root Cause:
Inadequate blood clot formation due to trauma, systemic bleeding disorders, or medications like anticoagulants.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual assessment of persistent bleeding, review of medical history for coagulation disorders, and blood tests if needed.
Treatment:
Application of pressure, use of hemostatic agents, suturing, or addressing underlying systemic conditions.
Medications:
Hemostatic agents (e.g., tranexamic acid), vitamin K for clotting support, and desmopressin in specific bleeding disorders.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in 2–3% of extractions, higher in patients on anticoagulant therapy.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Use of anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs, liver disease, coagulation disorders, and poorly controlled hypertension.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves with proper management, though untreated cases can lead to severe blood loss or systemic complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anemia, infection, and delayed wound healing.
Post-Dental Implant Complications
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Post-Dental Procedure Complications
Symptoms:
pain at the implant site; implant mobility; gum inflammation; bone loss; peri-implant infection
Root Cause:
Improper osseointegration or infection at the implant site leads to failure of the implant.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical assessment of implant stability, imaging (X-rays, CT scans), and probing for peri-implant pockets.
Treatment:
Antibiotics, surgical debridement, and replacement or adjustment of the implant.
Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin or metronidazole ), antimicrobial rinses (e.g., chlorhexidine ), and bone grafting materials for severe bone loss.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 5–10% of dental implants.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, diabetes, inadequate bone density, poor oral hygiene, and improper surgical technique.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early intervention improves outcomes; severe cases may result in implant removal.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Implant failure, bone loss, chronic infection, and adjacent tooth damage.
Tobacco-Related Oral Conditions
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Behavioral and Habit-Related Conditions
Symptoms:
persistent bad breath; discolored teeth; gum recession; difficulty healing in the oral cavity; oral leukoplakia (white patches); oral cancers
Root Cause:
Direct exposure to tobacco and its toxins damages oral tissues, reduces blood flow, and promotes inflammation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, patient history of tobacco use, biopsy of suspicious lesions.
Treatment:
Tobacco cessation, regular dental cleanings, treatment of lesions, and surgical removal of cancerous tissues.
Medications:
Nicotine replacement therapy (patches, gum, lozenges), bupropion (antidepressant aiding cessation), varenicline (smoking cessation aid).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely common among smokers and users of smokeless tobacco; 75-90% of oral cancer cases linked to tobacco use.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, chewing tobacco, alcohol consumption, poor oral hygiene, human papillomavirus (HPV).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Improved outcomes with early cessation; untreated lesions can progress to malignancies.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Oral cancer, periodontal disease, tooth loss, impaired wound healing, systemic effects like cardiovascular disease.
Oral Effects of Substance Use
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Behavioral and Habit-Related Conditions
Symptoms:
severe tooth decay; fractured teeth; xerostomia (dry mouth); oral sores; gum disease
Root Cause:
Substances like methamphetamine reduce saliva production, increase acidity, and promote poor oral hygiene habits.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual examination, patient history, and pattern of dental damage consistent with substance use.
Treatment:
Dental restoration (fillings, crowns, dentures), fluoride treatments, saliva substitutes, and substance use treatment.
Medications:
Fluoride varnishes, artificial saliva, and antibiotics for infections; medications for substance withdrawal such as methadone or buprenorphine .
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among substance users, particularly methamphetamine users.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Substance abuse, poor diet, neglect of oral hygiene.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early intervention can restore oral health; prolonged neglect may require extensive rehabilitation.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth loss, severe periodontal disease, systemic infections.
Nail Biting and Its Effects on Oral Health
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Behavioral and Habit-Related Conditions
Symptoms:
chipped or cracked teeth; jaw pain; damage to tooth enamel; gingival injury
Root Cause:
Chronic mechanical stress on teeth and gums from nail-biting habits.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Observation of wear patterns on teeth and patient reporting.
Treatment:
Behavioral therapy, use of dental guards, and treatment of dental damage.
Medications:
No direct medications; sometimes anxiety-reducing medications like SSRIs for underlying triggers.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common; affects 20-30% of the population, more prevalent in children and adolescents.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Anxiety, stress, boredom, genetics.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Habit cessation improves outcomes; untreated damage can progress.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tooth wear, gum infections, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders.
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Structural and Functional Issues
Symptoms:
difficulty feeding; speech impairments; frequent ear infections; misaligned teeth
Root Cause:
Failure of tissue fusion during fetal development leads to a split in the lip or palate.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Prenatal ultrasound or clinical examination after birth.
Treatment:
Surgical correction, orthodontics, and speech therapy.
Medications:
Analgesics post-surgery and antibiotics for infection prevention.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1 in 700 births worldwide.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, maternal smoking, alcohol use, certain medications during pregnancy.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with timely surgical intervention and therapy.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Speech delays, hearing loss, dental issues, psychosocial challenges.
Ankyloglossia (Tongue-Tie)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Structural and Functional Issues
Symptoms:
difficulty breastfeeding; speech problems; limited tongue mobility; difficulty licking or cleaning teeth
Root Cause:
Shortened lingual frenulum restricts tongue movement.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination of tongue movement and frenulum structure.
Treatment:
Frenotomy (simple surgical procedure to release the frenulum).
Medications:
Analgesics post-procedure if required.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 4-10% of newborns.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of tongue-tie.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate surgical intervention.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Feeding difficulties, speech issues, dental hygiene problems.
Macroglossia (Enlarged Tongue)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Structural and Functional Issues
Symptoms:
speech difficulties; difficulty chewing or swallowing; drooling; protrusion of the tongue; misaligned teeth
Root Cause:
Excessive growth or enlargement of tongue tissue due to congenital conditions, trauma, or systemic disorders.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, imaging (MRI/CT scan), biopsy if an underlying tumor is suspected.
Treatment:
Treating underlying causes (e.g., hormone therapy for hypothyroidism), surgical reduction if severe.
Medications:
Hormone replacement therapy (if due to hypothyroidism), immunosuppressants (if due to inflammatory conditions).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, commonly associated with syndromes like Down syndrome or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Congenital syndromes, tumors, systemic conditions like hypothyroidism or amyloidosis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on severity; manageable with targeted treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Speech impairment, airway obstruction, dental misalignment.
Speech Impairment Due to Oral Structure Abnormalities
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Structural and Functional Issues
Symptoms:
difficulty articulating certain sounds; slurred speech; nasal-sounding speech
Root Cause:
Structural anomalies in the oral cavity, such as cleft palate, tongue-tie, or malocclusion, affecting speech production.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Speech evaluation, physical examination, imaging (if structural abnormalities are suspected).
Treatment:
Speech therapy, surgical correction of structural abnormalities, orthodontic treatment.
Medications:
Not applicable directly; post-surgical analgesics or antibiotics may be prescribed.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Variable, depending on the underlying structural anomaly; cleft palate affects 1 in 700 live births.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Congenital conditions, trauma, tumors, or poor oral hygiene leading to infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early intervention and therapy.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent speech issues, social and emotional challenges.
Oral Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Symptoms:
oral candidiasis (thrush); oral hairy leukoplakia; recurrent mouth ulcers; periodontal disease; kaposi's sarcoma
Root Cause:
Immune suppression allows opportunistic infections and malignancies to manifest in the oral cavity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, oral swab cultures, and blood tests for HIV.
Treatment:
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV, antifungals for candidiasis, and specific treatment for other infections or lesions.
Medications:
Antifungal agents (e.g., fluconazole ), antiviral agents (e.g., acyclovir for herpes), antiretrovirals for systemic control.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Oral manifestations occur in 30-50% of people with HIV/AIDS.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced HIV infection, poor oral hygiene, smoking, and co-infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Improved with effective ART; untreated infections can cause significant morbidity.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Oral pain, difficulty eating, systemic infections, and malignancies.
Oral Symptoms of Crohn’s Disease
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Symptoms:
swollen lips; cobblestone appearance of the oral mucosa; deep linear ulcers; angular cheilitis
Root Cause:
Inflammatory autoimmune condition affecting the gastrointestinal tract, with secondary effects in the oral cavity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, biopsy of lesions, and correlation with gastrointestinal symptoms.
Treatment:
Management of Crohn’s disease (immunosuppressants, corticosteroids), topical treatments for oral lesions.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ), immunomodulators (e.g., azathioprine ), biologics (e.g., infliximab ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10% of Crohn’s disease patients.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Crohn's disease, smoking, and genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Oral symptoms improve with effective systemic treatment; chronic inflammation can persist if untreated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic oral pain, difficulty eating, and secondary infections.
Oral Symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Specialty: Dental and Oral Health
Category: Other Oral Health Conditions
Sub-category: Oral Manifestations of Systemic Diseases
Symptoms:
painful mouth ulcers; dry mouth (xerostomia); red or white patches in the oral mucosa
Root Cause:
Autoimmune attack on tissues, leading to inflammation and damage in the oral cavity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, biopsy of lesions, and correlation with systemic SLE symptoms and lab markers.
Treatment:
Immunosuppressants and anti-inflammatory drugs to control SLE, topical treatments for oral ulcers.
Medications:
Corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine (antimalarial for SLE), and topical analgesics (e.g., lidocaine ) for ulcers.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 30-50% of SLE patients.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Systemic lupus erythematosus, smoking, poor oral hygiene.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Oral symptoms can improve with effective management of SLE; severe flares may worsen lesions.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, secondary infections, and reduced quality of life.