Condition Lookup

Foreign Body Aspiration

Symptoms:
coughing; choking; wheezing; stridor; dyspnea; cyanosis; unilateral decreased breath sounds

Root Cause:
An object or substance is inhaled into the airway, causing obstruction and irritation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation followed by chest X-ray or bronchoscopy for confirmation.

Treatment:
The foreign object may be removed via bronchoscopy or surgery. In emergency situations, Heimlich maneuver or back blows may be necessary to dislodge the object.

Medications:
Antibiotics may be prescribed if there is an infection caused by aspiration, and corticosteroids or bronchodilators may be used to reduce inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in children, particularly those under the age of 3.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (children), eating or playing with small objects, reduced swallowing reflexes, and neurological disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good if treated promptly; delayed treatment can lead to serious complications like pneumonia or airway damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Aspiration pneumonia, airway obstruction, lung abscess, and in severe cases, respiratory failure.

Cystic Fibrosis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Genetic and Congenital Disorders

Symptoms:
chronic cough; frequent lung infections; wheezing; shortness of breath; poor growth and weight gain; salty-tasting skin; digestive issues (e.g., greasy stools, constipation)

Root Cause:
A genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to the production of thick and sticky mucus that affects the lungs, digestive system, and other organs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Sweat test (measuring chloride levels). Genetic testing to identify CFTR gene mutations. Newborn screening. Pulmonary function tests. Chest X-ray.

Treatment:
Airway clearance techniques (e.g., chest physiotherapy). Nutritional support (e.g., high-calorie diet, pancreatic enzyme supplements). Pulmonary rehabilitation. Lung transplant in advanced cases.

Medications:
Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol )

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 3,500 live births in the U.S.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern (both parents must carry a CFTR gene mutation).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Life expectancy has improved significantly with advances in treatment, with many living into their 40s and 50s. However, it remains a life-limiting condition due to progressive lung disease.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic respiratory infections. Respiratory failure. Diabetes (CF-related diabetes). Liver disease. Infertility in men.

Chronic Bronchitis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Chronic Respiratory Diseases

Sub-category: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Symptoms:
chronic cough with mucus production; shortness of breath; wheezing; fatigue; recurrent respiratory infections

Root Cause:
Persistent inflammation and irritation of the bronchial tubes, often due to long-term exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke or air pollutants, leading to airway narrowing and mucus overproduction.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through a combination of patient history (e.g., smoking), pulmonary function tests (spirometry), chest X-rays, and blood tests to rule out other conditions.

Treatment:
Includes smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation, and management of symptoms with medications. Oxygen therapy may be required in advanced stages.

Medications:
Bronchodilators (e.g., salbutamol, tiotropium ), inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone ), combination inhalers, and mucolytics (e.g., carbocisteine). Antibiotics may be prescribed during acute exacerbations caused by bacterial infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects millions globally, with higher prevalence in smokers and older adults. Chronic bronchitis is a leading cause of COPD.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking (primary risk factor), long-term exposure to air pollutants, occupational exposure to dust and chemicals, recurrent respiratory infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive disease with variable outcomes depending on smoking cessation and treatment adherence. Early intervention improves quality of life.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Frequent exacerbations, respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Emphysema

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Obstructive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Symptoms:
shortness of breath (dyspnea); chronic cough (often dry); wheezing; fatigue; barrel-shaped chest; weight loss; reduced exercise tolerance

Root Cause:
Destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic recoil in the lungs due to chronic exposure to irritants like smoking. This results in air trapping, hyperinflation of the lungs, and impaired gas exchange.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, spirometry (showing reduced FEV1/FVC ratio), chest X-ray (showing hyperinflated lungs and flattened diaphragms), CT scan (for visualization of emphysematous changes), and blood gas analysis in severe cases.

Treatment:
Smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids (inhaled or oral), long-term oxygen therapy for advanced cases, and surgical options like lung volume reduction surgery or lung transplant in severe cases.

Medications:
Inhaled bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol - a short-acting beta-agonist, salmeterol - a long-acting beta-agonist); anticholinergics (e.g., ipratropium ); combination inhalers (e.g., budesonide /formoterol ); inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone ); and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (e.g., roflumilast ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Emphysema affects approximately 5%–6% of the adult population globally, with higher prevalence among smokers and individuals over 40.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Cigarette smoking (most significant factor), exposure to air pollutants, occupational exposure to dust and chemicals, recurrent respiratory infections, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive disease with no cure. Smoking cessation and proper treatment slow progression and improve quality of life. Advanced disease often leads to disability and reduced life expectancy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary hypertension, right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale), pneumothorax (collapsed lung), frequent exacerbations, and respiratory failure in advanced stages.

Non-Allergic Asthma

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Obstructive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Asthma

Symptoms:
wheezing; shortness of breath; chest tightness; persistent coughing (not linked to allergens); symptoms worsen with exposure to irritants like smoke, cold air, or strong odors

Root Cause:
Airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness triggered by non-allergic factors (e.g., infections, environmental irritants, stress, or exercise).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Medical history, physical exam, pulmonary function tests (spirometry), and exclusion of allergic causes through skin or blood tests.

Treatment:
Inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and avoidance of irritants.

Medications:
Inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., mometasone , beclomethasone ) to manage chronic inflammation; bronchodilators like long-acting beta-agonists (e.g., salmeterol ) or short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol ) for symptom relief; and leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., montelukast ) to reduce inflammation. Biologic therapies (e.g., mepolizumab ) may be used in severe cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Less common than allergic asthma; typically develops in adults, especially women.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Respiratory infections, occupational exposure to irritants, obesity, smoking, and air pollution.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with treatment; avoiding triggers is crucial for symptom control.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe asthma exacerbations, airway remodeling, and increased risk of infections or bronchiectasis.

Exercise-Induced Asthma (EIA)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Obstructive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Asthma

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; wheezing; coughing (post-exercise); chest tightness; decreased exercise tolerance; fatigue during or after exercise

Root Cause:
Temporary airway narrowing triggered by physical activity, often due to rapid breathing of dry or cold air causing airway dehydration and inflammation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Exercise challenge test (spirometry before and after exercise), eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea (EVH) test, or observation of symptom patterns during exercise.

Treatment:
Pre-exercise use of bronchodilators, maintenance inhaled corticosteroids if symptoms are frequent, warm-up exercises, and avoiding exercise in cold or dry conditions.

Medications:
Short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol ) for immediate relief before exercise; inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone ) for chronic symptom control; leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., montelukast ) to reduce exercise-induced inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 10% of the general population and 90% of people with existing asthma.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Underlying asthma, cold weather, dry air, high-intensity exercise, and poor physical conditioning.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with proper treatment and prevention strategies; most people can maintain an active lifestyle.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe exercise limitations, poor physical fitness, and risk of exacerbation of underlying asthma.

Bronchiectasis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Obstructive Lung Diseases

Symptoms:
chronic cough; excessive mucus production; shortness of breath; recurrent respiratory infections; wheezing; fatigue; chest pain

Root Cause:
Permanent dilation and damage of the bronchial tubes due to chronic inflammation and infection, leading to impaired mucus clearance.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made using chest CT scans (to visualize bronchial dilation), pulmonary function tests, sputum analysis for infections, and blood tests to check for underlying conditions.

Treatment:
Treatment includes airway clearance techniques, pulmonary rehabilitation, antibiotics for infections, and management of underlying conditions.

Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin , ciprofloxacin , or amoxicillin-clavulanate) for bacterial infections; bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol , salmeterol ) to ease breathing; inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., budesonide , fluticasone ) to reduce airway inflammation; and mucolytics (e.g., hypertonic saline, dornase alfa) to thin mucus.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect 350,000–500,000 people in the United States, with higher prevalence in older adults and those with underlying conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous lung infections (e.g., tuberculosis, pneumonia), genetic conditions (e.g., cystic fibrosis), immune system disorders, chronic aspiration, and smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper treatment, symptoms can be managed, and quality of life can improve, but the condition is chronic and progressive without a cure.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent lung infections, respiratory failure, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), pulmonary hypertension, and reduced quality of life.

Obliterative Bronchiolitis (Bronchiolitis Obliterans)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Obstructive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Small Airway Diseases

Symptoms:
chronic cough; shortness of breath; wheezing; fatigue; exercise intolerance

Root Cause:
Inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) of the small airways (bronchioles), leading to airflow obstruction.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical history, physical examination, pulmonary function tests (showing obstructive patterns), high-resolution CT scans (showing mosaic attenuation), and, in some cases, lung biopsy for definitive diagnosis.

Treatment:
Management includes supportive care, removal of causative agents, medications to reduce inflammation, and, in severe cases, lung transplantation.

Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) to reduce inflammation, immunosuppressive drugs like mycophenolate mofetil or azathioprine to slow disease progression, and macrolide antibiotics such as azithromycin for anti-inflammatory effects. Bronchodilators like albuterol may be used for symptom relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with prevalence varying based on underlying causes (e.g., post-lung transplantation, inhalational exposure to toxic fumes).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lung transplantation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, exposure to toxic fumes (e.g., diacetyl in popcorn factories), autoimmune diseases, and viral infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic and progressive; prognosis depends on the underlying cause and response to treatment. Lung transplantation may improve survival in severe cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progressive respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, secondary infections, and reduced quality of life due to persistent symptoms.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)

Symptoms:
shortness of breath (dyspnea); persistent dry cough; fatigue; unexplained weight loss; clubbing of fingers; chest discomfort

Root Cause:
Chronic scarring (fibrosis) of lung tissue with no known cause, leading to stiff and thickened lungs that impair oxygen exchange.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), pulmonary function tests, lung biopsy (if necessary), arterial blood gas analysis, and exclusion of other ILD causes.

Treatment:
Antifibrotic therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, lung transplantation in advanced cases, and supportive care.

Medications:
Pirfenidone (an antifibrotic agent) and nintedanib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) are prescribed to slow disease progression. Both are classified as antifibrotic medications.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 13-20 per 100,000 people globally, with higher prevalence in individuals over 60 years old.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, male gender, smoking history, family history of IPF, and exposure to environmental/occupational pollutants.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive and incurable; median survival is 3-5 years after diagnosis. Early intervention with antifibrotics and lung transplant can improve outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, increased susceptibility to lung infections, and increased risk of lung cancer.

Sarcoidosis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; dry cough; fatigue; fever; chest pain; red or swollen patches on the skin; enlarged lymph nodes; eye irritation or vision problems

Root Cause:
Formation of granulomas (clusters of inflammatory cells) in multiple organs, particularly the lungs and lymph nodes, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray, HRCT, pulmonary function tests, biopsy showing non-caseating granulomas, blood tests (ACE levels, calcium), and exclusion of other granulomatous diseases.

Treatment:
Corticosteroids (mainstay of treatment), immunosuppressive agents (e.g., methotrexate), and symptom management.

Medications:
Prednisone (a corticosteroid) is commonly prescribed. Immunosuppressants like methotrexate , azathioprine , or mycophenolate mofetil may be used for steroid-sparing effects.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10-40 per 100,000 people, more common in African Americans and women.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and immune system dysregulation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Many cases resolve spontaneously; some develop chronic disease, with about 10-15% of cases leading to permanent lung damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, heart involvement (sarcoid cardiomyopathy), and organ failure.

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; cough; fever; chills; fatigue; loss of appetite; wheezing; weight loss (in chronic cases)

Root Cause:
Immune-mediated inflammation of the alveoli and small airways caused by repeated exposure to inhaled organic particles (e.g., mold, bird droppings, farming dust) or chemical antigens.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Detailed exposure history, chest imaging (CT scan showing ground-glass opacities or fibrosis in chronic cases), pulmonary function tests, blood tests for specific antibodies, and sometimes lung biopsy.

Treatment:
Avoidance of exposure to causative antigens, use of corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) to reduce inflammation, and supportive measures like oxygen therapy for severe cases.

Medications:
Corticosteroids such as prednisone are the mainstay of treatment to control inflammation. Immunosuppressive drugs like azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil may be used in chronic or refractory cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Prevalence varies widely depending on exposure risk, with higher rates among farmers, bird breeders, and people working in moldy environments.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Repeated exposure to known antigens (e.g., bird droppings, mold, farming dust), genetic predisposition, and inadequate ventilation in work or home environments.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early diagnosis and avoidance of triggers lead to good outcomes; chronic exposure can cause irreversible lung damage and progressive fibrosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, and reduced quality of life.

Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)

Symptoms:
cough; fever; fatigue; shortness of breath; weight loss; chills; muscle aches

Root Cause:
Inflammation and fibrosis of the small airways and alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, leading to the formation of fibrous tissue plugs in the bronchioles and alveolar ducts. The cause is unknown, but it may follow a respiratory infection or be associated with autoimmune diseases.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HRCT showing characteristic pattern of consolidation or ground-glass opacities, lung biopsy showing organizing pneumonia with fibrous tissue, and exclusion of other causes.

Treatment:
Corticosteroids (prednisone) are the first-line treatment, with longer durations in cases of relapse.

Medications:
Prednisone (a corticosteroid) is prescribed to reduce inflammation. Immunosuppressants like azathioprine may be used in cases of steroid resistance or relapse.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, estimated incidence is about 1 per 100,000 people per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous respiratory infections, exposure to certain drugs, autoimmune conditions, or environmental factors like smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable with treatment; many patients recover with steroid therapy, but relapse can occur in some cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Relapse of disease, development of pulmonary fibrosis in severe cases, and chronic restrictive lung disease if untreated.

Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; dry cough; fatigue; fever; unexplained weight loss; muscle aches

Root Cause:
Inflammation and fibrosis of the lung interstitial tissue without a clear cause, often associated with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HRCT showing ground-glass opacities, pulmonary function tests showing restrictive pattern, and lung biopsy showing a homogeneous pattern of inflammation and fibrosis.

Treatment:
Corticosteroids (prednisone) are commonly used to reduce inflammation, with immunosuppressants like methotrexate or cyclophosphamide used for autoimmune-related cases.

Medications:
Prednisone (a corticosteroid) is used to control inflammation. Methotrexate , azathioprine , or mycophenolate mofetil may be used for autoimmune-related cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively rare; no exact global prevalence but accounts for about 10-20% of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune diseases, environmental exposures, and genetic predispositions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally better than IPF but still associated with variable progression. Patients may respond well to corticosteroids, but some may develop persistent or progressive fibrosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, and associated autoimmune disease complications.

Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (AIP)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)

Symptoms:
acute shortness of breath; cough; fever; rapid breathing; hypoxia; general malaise

Root Cause:
Rapid, severe inflammation and fibrosis of the lung interstitial tissue, often progressing to acute respiratory failure. The cause is often unknown, but it may follow viral infections or be associated with autoimmune diseases.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HRCT showing bilateral ground-glass opacities and consolidations, biopsy revealing diffuse alveolar damage, and exclusion of other causes of acute lung injury.

Treatment:
Acute cases are treated with high-dose corticosteroids and sometimes immunosuppressants. Supportive care, including mechanical ventilation, may be required in severe cases.

Medications:
Prednisone (a corticosteroid) for inflammation; other immunosuppressive agents may be considered depending on the cause or severity.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare; fewer than 1 per 100,000 people are affected.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Recent viral infections, underlying autoimmune diseases, and smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor in acute cases; up to 50% of patients may require lung transplantation. Mortality is high due to respiratory failure.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, pulmonary fibrosis, secondary infections, and multi-organ failure.

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; chest pain; cough; fatigue; pneumothorax; hemoptysis; abdominal pain

Root Cause:
Abnormal growth of smooth muscle cells in the lungs and lymphatic system, leading to cystic destruction of the lung tissue and airway obstruction. Most common in women of reproductive age and often associated with tuberous sclerosis complex.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HRCT showing characteristic cystic lesions, pulmonary function tests showing restrictive lung pattern, and genetic testing for tuberous sclerosis (if suspected).

Treatment:
No definitive cure; treatment focuses on symptom management, including oxygen therapy and management of pneumothorax. In some cases, lung transplantation may be considered.

Medications:
Rapamycin (sirolimus ), an immunosuppressant, may be used to slow disease progression, particularly in tuberous sclerosis-associated LAM.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; affects about 1-2 women per 1,000,000 annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, specifically in individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive with variable severity; lung transplantation may be necessary in advanced cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumothorax, pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, and renal tumors associated with tuberous sclerosis.

Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (PLCH)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)

Symptoms:
cough; shortness of breath; chest pain; fatigue; fever; unexplained weight loss

Root Cause:
Abnormal proliferation of Langerhans cells (a type of immune cell) in the lungs, causing granulomatous inflammation and tissue damage, most often in heavy smokers.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
HRCT showing cystic and nodular lesions, biopsy revealing Langerhans cells and characteristic granulomas.

Treatment:
Smoking cessation, corticosteroids for inflammation, and chemotherapy or immunotherapy in severe cases.

Medications:
Prednisone (corticosteroid) for inflammation; other immunosuppressants like methotrexate may be used for refractory disease.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; primarily affects young adults, with a higher prevalence in smokers.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, possibly occupational exposures to certain chemicals or dust.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often self-limiting in mild cases, but severe disease can progress to respiratory failure and fibrosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary fibrosis, pneumothorax, and secondary infections.

Asbestosis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Pneumoconiosis

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; persistent dry cough; chest pain or tightness; clubbing of fingers; loss of appetite; unexplained weight loss; fatigue

Root Cause:
Chronic lung inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) caused by prolonged inhalation of asbestos fibers.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through a history of asbestos exposure, chest X-rays or CT scans showing pleural plaques and interstitial fibrosis, and pulmonary function tests.

Treatment:
Treated with supportive care, including smoking cessation, oxygen therapy, and managing complications like lung cancer or mesothelioma.

Medications:
Corticosteroids and bronchodilators may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and improve breathing. Antifibrotic medications such as pirfenidone or nintedanib may also be considered to slow progression.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, but more common in individuals with occupational asbestos exposure, particularly in construction, shipbuilding, or mining industries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged occupational exposure to asbestos, living near asbestos mines, smoking (which worsens the effects of asbestos exposure).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally progressive, but disease severity depends on exposure level. Symptoms may stabilize with proper care, though lung function may continue to decline.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of lung cancer, mesothelioma, chronic respiratory failure, and pulmonary hypertension.

Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis (Black Lung Disease)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Pneumoconiosis

Symptoms:
persistent cough; shortness of breath; wheezing; chest tightness; fatigue; dark sputum

Root Cause:
Lung tissue damage and scarring caused by prolonged inhalation of coal dust, leading to impaired lung function and reduced oxygen exchange.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Occupational history of coal dust exposure, chest X-ray (showing small nodular opacities in the upper lung zones), CT scan for detailed imaging, and pulmonary function tests (indicating restrictive or obstructive patterns).

Treatment:
Smoking cessation, avoidance of further exposure to coal dust, oxygen therapy if needed, and pulmonary rehabilitation. Annual monitoring for disease progression is recommended.

Medications:
No medications can reverse CWP. Symptomatic treatments include bronchodilators for obstructive symptoms and corticosteroids for inflammatory complications. Antibiotics may be prescribed for secondary infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common in coal miners, with regional variations based on mining practices and safety regulations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Long-term occupational exposure to coal dust, poor workplace ventilation, and lack of respiratory protective equipment.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic and progressive; early detection can improve quality of life, but severe cases can lead to significant respiratory impairment or premature death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cor pulmonale, and respiratory failure.

Kyphoscoliosis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Chest Wall and Neuromuscular Disorders

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; reduced exercise tolerance; chest discomfort; fatigue; rapid breathing; increased respiratory effort

Root Cause:
The abnormal curvature of the spine (kyphosis and scoliosis) reduces chest wall compliance, impairing lung expansion and ventilation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, chest X-ray, pulmonary function tests (showing restrictive patterns), CT or MRI imaging for detailed spine analysis, arterial blood gas analysis if respiratory failure is suspected.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on improving lung function and spinal stability through physical therapy, bracing, non-invasive ventilation (e.g., CPAP or BiPAP), and surgical correction if necessary.

Medications:
Medications are not directly used to treat kyphoscoliosis, but bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol , a beta-agonist) or mucolytics may be used to manage associated respiratory symptoms.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect 1-3% of the general population; higher prevalence in individuals with congenital or neuromuscular disorders.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Congenital spinal abnormalities, neuromuscular disorders (e.g., muscular dystrophy), osteoporosis, trauma, or idiopathic causes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies depending on severity; mild cases have a good prognosis with minimal impact on lung function, while severe cases can lead to chronic respiratory failure.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic hypoxemia, pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale (right-sided heart failure), recurrent respiratory infections, and difficulty weaning from mechanical ventilation.

Myasthenia Gravis (with respiratory involvement)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Chest Wall and Neuromuscular Disorders

Symptoms:
weakness in respiratory muscles; difficulty breathing; fatigue; dyspnea on exertion; orthopnea

Root Cause:
Autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, leading to weakness in skeletal muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Antibody testing (e.g., anti-AChR or anti-MuSK antibodies), repetitive nerve stimulation, single-fiber electromyography (EMG), pulmonary function tests (showing decreased vital capacity), and arterial blood gas analysis in severe cases.

Treatment:
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., pyridostigmine), immunosuppressive therapy (e.g., corticosteroids, azathioprine), plasmapheresis, or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for crisis management. Mechanical ventilation is required in cases of respiratory failure.

Medications:
Pyridostigmine (acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) improves muscle strength by increasing acetylcholine availability. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) and immunosuppressants (e.g., azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil) reduce autoimmune activity.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 20 per 100,000 people globally, with a higher prevalence in females under 40 and males over 60.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, presence of other autoimmune disorders (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), thymoma or other thymic abnormalities.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with proper treatment; severe cases (myasthenic crisis) can result in respiratory failure if not promptly managed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Myasthenic crisis (acute respiratory failure), aspiration pneumonia, chronic hypoxemia, and secondary infections due to immunosuppressive therapy.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (IPAH)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pulmonary Vascular Diseases

Sub-category: Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; fatigue; chest pain; dizziness; fainting; swelling in ankles or legs (edema); palpitations; blue discoloration of lips or skin (cyanosis)

Root Cause:
Narrowing and stiffening of pulmonary arteries with no known cause, leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and high blood pressure in the lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made using echocardiography, right heart catheterization (gold standard), pulmonary function tests, chest X-ray, CT scan, and blood tests to rule out other causes.

Treatment:
Treatment includes medications to lower pulmonary blood pressure, improve exercise capacity, and prevent disease progression; oxygen therapy; and in severe cases, lung transplantation.

Medications:
Medications include phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil , tadalafil ), endothelin receptor antagonists (e.g., bosentan , ambrisentan , macitentan ), prostacyclin analogs (e.g., epoprostenol , treprostinil , iloprost ), soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators (e.g., riociguat ), and calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine , diltiazem , only for specific cases).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; estimated prevalence is 1-2 cases per million annually, with a higher incidence in women aged 30-50 years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender, genetic predisposition (BMPR2 gene mutation), and autoimmune diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; prognosis depends on the severity at diagnosis and response to therapy. Without treatment, survival is 2-3 years, but modern therapies improve long-term outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Right-sided heart failure, arrhythmias, blood clots, and potential death if untreated.

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pulmonary Vascular Diseases

Sub-category: Pulmonary Hypertension (PH)

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; fatigue; chest pain; dizziness; fainting; swelling in ankles or legs (edema); persistent cough; reduced exercise tolerance

Root Cause:
Chronic obstruction and remodeling of pulmonary arteries due to unresolved blood clots, causing high blood pressure in the lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed using echocardiography, right heart catheterization (gold standard), ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan, CT pulmonary angiography, and pulmonary angiography. Blood tests and other imaging may rule out other causes.

Treatment:
Treatment options include pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) surgery, balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA), anticoagulation therapy, oxygen therapy, and medications to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance.

Medications:
Medications include anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin , rivaroxaban , apixaban ), soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators (e.g., riociguat ), and prostacyclin analogs or endothelin receptor antagonists in inoperable cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; affects approximately 3-5% of individuals who have had a pulmonary embolism.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of acute pulmonary embolism, inadequate anticoagulation treatment, thrombophilia, splenectomy, or chronic inflammatory diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With successful pulmonary endarterectomy, prognosis is excellent. In inoperable cases, long-term medical management improves quality of life but prognosis varies.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Right-sided heart failure, arrhythmias, blood clots, and recurrent pulmonary embolism.

Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pulmonary Vascular Diseases

Sub-category: Pulmonary Edema

Symptoms:
shortness of breath (dyspnea); orthopnea (difficulty breathing while lying flat); paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (shortness of breath at night); coughing with frothy pink sputum; rapid breathing (tachypnea); sweating; fatigue and weakness; cyanosis (bluish discoloration of lips or extremities)

Root Cause:
The heart's inability to pump blood effectively leads to increased pressure in the blood vessels of the lungs, causing fluid to leak into the alveoli, resulting in pulmonary edema. This often occurs due to conditions like heart failure, myocardial infarction, or valvular heart disease.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination (listening for crackles in the lungs, assessing for signs of heart failure). Chest X-ray (shows signs of pulmonary edema). Echocardiogram (to assess heart function). BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) test (elevated in heart failure). Arterial blood gas (ABG) test (to assess oxygen levels). Pulmonary artery catheterization (in severe cases).

Treatment:
Oxygen therapy to improve oxygen levels in the blood. Diuretics (e.g., furosemide) to reduce fluid overload. Inotropes (e.g., dobutamine) to improve heart function. Vasodilators (e.g., nitroglycerin) to reduce preload and afterload on the heart. Mechanical ventilation or non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (if severe). Treatment of underlying cause (e.g., coronary artery bypass, valve repair, or treatment for heart failure).

Medications:
Diuretics (e.g., furosemide ) to reduce fluid retention and pulmonary edema. Inotropes (e.g., dobutamine ) to improve heart function in cases of heart failure. Vasodilators (e.g., nitroglycerin ) to relieve heart stress by dilating blood vessels. ACE inhibitors or ARBs to manage underlying hypertension or heart failure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is common in individuals with chronic heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, or valvular diseases. It is responsible for a significant portion of hospital admissions for acute heart failure.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of heart disease (e.g., coronary artery disease, heart failure). Hypertension. Valvular heart disease (e.g., aortic or mitral valve stenosis or regurgitation). Arrhythmias (e.g., atrial fibrillation). Myocardial infarction (heart attack). Obesity. Diabetes. Smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis depends on the severity of the heart failure, the underlying cause, and the timeliness of treatment. With appropriate treatment, many individuals can recover, but some may experience chronic heart failure or recurring episodes of pulmonary edema.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure. Cardiogenic shock. Renal failure due to poor perfusion. Arrhythmias. Recurrent episodes of pulmonary edema. Long-term heart failure.

Non-Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pulmonary Vascular Diseases

Sub-category: Pulmonary Edema

Symptoms:
shortness of breath (dyspnea); tachypnea (rapid breathing); hypoxia (low oxygen levels); cyanosis (bluish lips and extremities); crackles heard on lung auscultation; coughing, often without sputum; fatigue and weakness

Root Cause:
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema occurs due to damage to the capillary endothelium, causing increased permeability of the pulmonary capillaries. This allows fluid to leak into the alveoli without heart failure involvement. Common causes include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), inhalation injuries, infections, or trauma.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray (often showing diffuse bilateral infiltrates). Arterial blood gas (ABG) to assess oxygenation. Echocardiogram (to rule out cardiac causes). Pulmonary function tests (to assess lung injury). Clinical history (trauma, infection, or other systemic causes)

Treatment:
Oxygen therapy to support breathing and oxygenation. Mechanical ventilation or non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. Treating the underlying cause (e.g., antibiotics for infections, corticosteroids for inflammation). Diuretics (if fluid overload is present). Supportive care (nutritional support, fluid management).

Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisolone ) may be used to reduce lung inflammation, particularly in ARDS. Antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone ) for infections like pneumonia that contribute to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Diuretics (e.g., furosemide ) if fluid overload is present, although not typically used in non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema unless fluid retention is significant.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema is less common than cardiogenic pulmonary edema but is associated with conditions like ARDS and severe trauma, which can occur in various clinical settings.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Trauma (e.g., head injury, chest trauma, burns). Inhalation of toxic substances (e.g., smoke, chemicals). Severe infections (e.g., pneumonia, sepsis). Acute pancreatitis. Near-drowning. Aspiration of gastric contents.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis is often dependent on the underlying cause. In cases related to ARDS or trauma, outcomes can vary greatly, with some individuals recovering with minimal long-term effects, while others may experience persistent respiratory issues.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure. Long-term lung damage or fibrosis. Persistent hypoxia. Organ failure due to severe systemic inflammation or infection. Chronic respiratory issues (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis).

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA, formerly Wegener’s)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pulmonary Vascular Diseases

Sub-category: Vasculitis with Pulmonary Involvement

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; sinus pain or bleeding; cough (sometimes with blood); shortness of breath; fatigue; weight loss; joint pain

Root Cause:
GPA is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks blood vessels, leading to inflammation and damage to various organs, particularly the lungs, kidneys, and upper respiratory tract.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (e.g., ANCA – antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies). Imaging (chest X-ray, CT scans of the chest). Biopsy of affected tissue (usually lung or kidney).

Treatment:
Immunosuppressive therapy to control inflammation (such as cyclophosphamide, rituximab). Glucocorticoids (steroids). Plasmapheresis for severe cases (removal of circulating antibodies).

Medications:
Cyclophosphamide (chemotherapy agent, immunosuppressant). Rituximab (monoclonal antibody, immunosuppressant). Prednisone (corticosteroid, anti-inflammatory). Methotrexate (immunosuppressant, chemotherapy agent). Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic for prevention of infections).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated incidence of 3 to 12 cases per million people per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, environmental factors (such as exposure to certain chemicals or infections), and smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many patients achieve remission. However, it can be life-threatening without treatment and relapses are common.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Kidney failure. Lung damage. .Respiratory failure. Infections due to immunosuppressive therapy. Heart complications (in rare cases).

Churg-Strauss Syndrome (Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pulmonary Vascular Diseases

Sub-category: Vasculitis with Pulmonary Involvement

Symptoms:
asthma or worsening asthma symptoms; eosinophilia (elevated eosinophil count in the blood); sinusitis; fatigue; weight loss; muscle and joint pain; skin rashes or lesions

Root Cause:
An autoimmune vasculitis that causes inflammation of blood vessels, particularly affecting the lungs and the peripheral nerves. It’s often associated with severe asthma and eosinophilia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (eosinophil count, ANCA). Chest X-ray or CT scan. Biopsy (skin or lung).

Treatment:
Immunosuppressive medications (such as cyclophosphamide or rituximab). Corticosteroids (prednisone) to control inflammation. Bronchodilators for asthma management.

Medications:
Cyclophosphamide (chemotherapy agent, immunosuppressant). Rituximab (monoclonal antibody, immunosuppressant). Prednisone (corticosteroid, anti-inflammatory). Methotrexate (immunosuppressant). Inhalers (bronchodilators for asthma management).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated incidence of 1 to 3 cases per million people per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Asthma, atopic conditions (e.g., hay fever), and genetic factors.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, many patients experience remission. However, the condition can be life-threatening without prompt intervention.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart damage (especially in severe cases). Kidney damage. Respiratory failure due to lung involvement. Nerve damage or neuropathy.

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Sub-category: Pneumonia

Symptoms:
fever; cough (productive or non-productive); chest pain; difficulty breathing or shortness of breath; fatigue; increased respiratory rate; sputum production (possibly purulent or bloody)

Root Cause:
A type of pneumonia acquired during hospitalization or after at least 48 hours of hospital admission, caused by pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination (e.g., lung auscultation for abnormal sounds). Chest X-ray or CT scan (to identify lung infiltrates). Blood cultures and sputum cultures (to isolate the causative microorganism). Bronchoscopy (if necessary, to obtain samples from the lungs directly). Complete blood count (CBC) and other inflammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein, procalcitonin).

Treatment:
Empiric antibiotic therapy (adjusted based on culture results and sensitivities). Ventilatory support if needed (e.g., oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation). Supportive care (hydration, nutrition). Possible drainage of pleural effusions if present.

Medications:
Antibiotics - Piperacillin-tazobactam, Meropenem , Vancomycin , Levofloxacin , and Cefepime (antibiotics used to treat resistant bacterial infections in hospital settings). Analgesics/Antipyretics - Acetaminophen or ibuprofen (used to manage fever and discomfort). Prevalence - HAP is one of the leading causes of death in hospitals. It occurs in approximately 0.5-1% of hospitalized patients. The incidence is higher in intensive care units (ICUs).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged hospital stay. Mechanical ventilation. Immunocompromised states (e.g., chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS). Previous antibiotic use (leading to resistance). Age (elderly patients are more vulnerable). Underlying chronic diseases (e.g., COPD, diabetes).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Mortality rates can be high, especially in patients with severe comorbidities or those requiring mechanical ventilation. Early identification and targeted antibiotic therapy improve outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure. Sepsis and septic shock. Pleural effusion and empyema (infection in the pleural space). Increased hospital stay and extended recovery time.

Latent TB

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Sub-category: Tuberculosis (TB)

Symptoms:
no symptoms; no signs of active disease

Root Cause:
The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain dormant in the body without causing active disease, but can potentially become active if the immune system weakens.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test. Chest X-rays may be normal, and sputum tests typically show no active infection.

Treatment:
Latent TB is typically treated with antibiotics to prevent progression to active TB, most commonly with a 3-9 month course of isoniazid or rifampin.

Medications:
Medications prescribed may include Isoniazid (a bactericidal antibiotic), classified as an antimycobacterial medication, or Rifampin (an antibiotic that works by inhibiting bacterial RNA synthesis), classified as an antitubercular drug.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Latent TB is more common than active TB; it is estimated that around 25% of the global population has latent TB.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with someone with active TB, immunocompromised states (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy), living in areas with high TB rates, and recent migration from high-burden TB areas.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper treatment, latent TB typically remains dormant, and the progression to active TB can be prevented in most cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If left untreated, latent TB may progress to active TB, which can cause severe damage to the lungs and other organs.

Active TB

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Sub-category: Tuberculosis (TB)

Symptoms:
persistent cough; hemoptysis (coughing up blood); night sweats; weight loss; fatigue; fever; chest pain

Root Cause:
Active TB occurs when the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria multiply and spread, causing symptoms and tissue damage, most commonly in the lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed with sputum smear microscopy, culture, chest X-ray, and molecular testing (e.g., GeneXpert). A positive tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) may indicate latent TB or recent exposure.

Treatment:
Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics for 6-9 months, often including Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol.

Medications:
The main medications used are Isoniazid (a bactericidal antibiotic), Rifampin (an antitubercular), Pyrazinamide (a bactericidal drug that targets dormant bacteria), and Ethambutol (an antimycobacterial). All are classified as antituberculars.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
TB remains a significant global health issue with over 10 million people affected each year. It is more common in developing countries and among individuals with compromised immune systems.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
HIV infection, immunosuppressive therapy (e.g., corticosteroids, chemotherapy), living in or traveling to high-risk areas, close contact with someone with active TB, malnutrition, and poor living conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If diagnosed early and treated appropriately, the prognosis is generally good, with a high cure rate. However, drug-resistant TB can complicate treatment and worsen prognosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications may include drug-resistant TB, lung damage, pneumonia, pleural effusion, hemoptysis, and dissemination of TB to other organs (e.g., kidneys, bones, brain).

Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Sub-category: Fungal Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; fatigue; chest pain; shortness of breath; rash; headache; joint pain

Root Cause:
Caused by inhaling spores of Coccidioides species, fungi found in desert soils in the southwestern United States and parts of Mexico and Central and South America.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for antibodies, antigen detection, fungal cultures, imaging (chest X-ray or CT scan), or biopsy of affected tissues.

Treatment:
Mild cases often resolve without treatment; antifungal therapy is required for severe or chronic cases.

Medications:
Fluconazole or itraconazole (triazole antifungals) for most cases; amphotericin B (a polyene antifungal) for severe or disseminated infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic to arid regions; affects tens of thousands annually in the U.S., particularly in Arizona and California.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living in or traveling to endemic areas, occupational exposure to dust, pregnancy, and immune suppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good for acute cases; chronic or disseminated infections may require long-term treatment and carry a risk of complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pulmonary disease, disseminated infection affecting bones, skin, or meninges, and severe respiratory distress.

COVID-19

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Sub-category: Viral Infections

Symptoms:
fever; dry cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; loss of taste or smell; sore throat; muscle aches; headache; chills; nausea or vomiting; diarrhea

Root Cause:
Caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus. Transmitted through respiratory droplets, aerosols, and contaminated surfaces.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing, rapid antigen tests, and clinical evaluation of symptoms.

Treatment:
Supportive care, antiviral drugs, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy in severe cases.

Medications:
Antiviral drugs such as remdesivir (RNA polymerase inhibitor) and paxlovid (combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir ) may be used. Severe cases may require corticosteroids like dexamethasone or monoclonal antibodies for immunomodulation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects populations globally; widespread outbreaks occurred in 2020-2021 with continued endemic cases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, obesity, chronic medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease, COPD), immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly variable; mild cases recover in 1-2 weeks, while severe cases can lead to long-term complications or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), blood clots, multi-organ failure, "long COVID" (persistent symptoms).

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Sub-category: Viral Infections

Symptoms:
runny nose; cough; sneezing; wheezing; fever; decreased appetite; difficulty breathing in severe cases

Root Cause:
Caused by RSV, a highly contagious virus that infects the respiratory tract, particularly dangerous for infants and older adults.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, rapid RSV antigen testing, or PCR tests.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, oxygen therapy, and in severe cases, mechanical ventilation.

Medications:
In severe cases, ribavirin (antiviral) may be used. For high-risk infants, palivizumab (monoclonal antibody) can be administered prophylactically. Symptomatic relief includes fever reducers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects most children by age 2; seasonal outbreaks in fall and winter. Severe cases more common in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prematurity, congenital heart disease, chronic lung disease, weakened immune systems, crowded living conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases resolve within 1-2 weeks; severe cases can require hospitalization.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, respiratory failure, and increased risk of asthma later in life.

Acute Bronchitis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Sub-category: Bronchitis

Symptoms:
cough (with or without mucus production); chest discomfort; shortness of breath; fatigue; low-grade fever

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often caused by a viral infection, leading to irritation and mucus production.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on symptoms and physical examination. Tests like a chest X-ray or sputum analysis may be performed to rule out pneumonia or other conditions.

Treatment:
Symptom management includes rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications for fever and cough. In some cases, bronchodilators may be used.

Medications:
Antibiotics are generally not prescribed unless a bacterial infection is suspected. Cough suppressants (e.g., dextromethorphan ) and expectorants (e.g., guaifenesin ) may be used for symptomatic relief. Bronchodilators like albuterol can relieve wheezing or shortness of breath if present.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects millions of people annually; most common during fall and winter seasons.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, exposure to air pollutants, weakened immune system, and recent upper respiratory infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally self-limiting, resolving within 2–3 weeks. Persistent symptoms may indicate complications or another condition.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, or exacerbation of asthma or COPD.

Empyema (Pleural Infection)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Symptoms:
fever; chest pain; cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; weight loss; chills

Root Cause:
Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity, often as a complication of pneumonia or lung infection, caused by bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scan of the chest; thoracentesis to analyze pleural fluid; and blood tests to assess infection markers.

Treatment:
Antibiotics targeting the causative organism, drainage of the infected fluid via chest tube (thoracostomy), and occasionally surgical decortication if the infection is refractory.

Medications:
Empiric antibiotics such as vancomycin (glycopeptide antibiotic) and ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporin) are typically used initially. Specific antibiotics may be chosen based on culture results.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in approximately 20% of hospitalized patients with pneumonia; incidence varies by region and population.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Untreated or inadequately treated pneumonia, recent chest surgery or trauma, weakened immune system, diabetes, or chronic lung diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, most patients recover, but delayed treatment can lead to severe outcomes. Mortality rates range from 5–20% depending on severity.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Septic shock, respiratory failure, pleural thickening, lung entrapment, and persistent infection requiring surgery.

Transudative Pleural Effusion

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pleural Diseases

Sub-category: Pleural Effusion

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; chest pain; cough; reduced breath sounds on the affected side; dullness to percussion on physical exam

Root Cause:
An imbalance between hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, often due to conditions such as congestive heart failure (CHF) or hypoalbuminemia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan, and thoracentesis (analysis of pleural fluid to confirm low protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels consistent with transudate).

Treatment:
Treating the underlying cause (e.g., diuretics for CHF, correcting hypoalbuminemia) and therapeutic thoracentesis if symptomatic relief is required.

Medications:
Diuretics, such as furosemide , are commonly prescribed to manage fluid overload in cases of CHF. Albumin infusions may be used if hypoalbuminemia is present.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among patients with chronic heart failure and liver or kidney disease; precise prevalence varies by population and comorbidities.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, liver cirrhosis, and hypoalbuminemia.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good when the underlying condition is effectively treated, but recurrence is possible if the primary cause is not addressed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Risk of lung compression, secondary infections, and respiratory failure if untreated.

Exudative Pleural Effusion

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pleural Diseases

Sub-category: Pleural Effusion

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; pleuritic chest pain; cough; fever if infection is present; reduced breath sounds and dullness to percussion

Root Cause:
Inflammation or infection of the pleura causing increased capillary permeability, often associated with conditions like pneumonia, malignancy, or pulmonary embolism.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest imaging (X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan) and thoracentesis with pleural fluid analysis showing high protein, high lactate dehydrogenase, and possible infection markers.

Treatment:
Treatment of the underlying cause (e.g., antibiotics for infection, chemotherapy for malignancy) and drainage via thoracentesis or chest tube placement if needed.

Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone for bacterial pneumonia), corticosteroids for inflammatory causes, and chemotherapy or targeted agents for malignancy-related effusions.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies depending on underlying conditions; common in cases of pneumonia, cancer, or tuberculosis in certain populations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lung infections, malignancy, pulmonary embolism, connective tissue diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the underlying cause; potentially serious if not addressed promptly, particularly in malignancy or infection-related cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Empyema (infected pleural fluid), trapped lung, and respiratory failure if left untreated.

Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pleural Diseases

Sub-category: Pneumothorax

Symptoms:
sudden chest pain; shortness of breath; rapid breathing; coughing; fatigue

Root Cause:
Air leaks into the pleural space, causing partial or complete lung collapse, typically without trauma. Often due to ruptured air blisters (blebs) on the lung surface.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray or CT scan confirms the presence of air in the pleural space; physical examination may reveal reduced breath sounds and hyperresonance on percussion.

Treatment:
Observation for small pneumothoraces; supplemental oxygen; needle aspiration or chest tube placement for larger cases; surgery (thoracoscopy or thoracotomy) for recurrent cases.

Medications:
Pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be prescribed to manage discomfort.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated at 7.4–18 cases per 100,000 annually in men and 1.2–6 cases per 100,000 annually in women.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, tall and thin body habitus, male gender, age 20–40, and conditions like Marfan syndrome or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable with appropriate treatment; recurrence rates are around 30% after the first episode.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrence, tension pneumothorax, infection, or chronic lung issues in severe cases.

Traumatic Pneumothorax

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pleural Diseases

Sub-category: Pneumothorax

Symptoms:
chest pain; shortness of breath; difficulty breathing; visible chest injury; cyanosis (bluish skin); rapid heart rate

Root Cause:
Air enters the pleural space due to an external injury, such as blunt or penetrating chest trauma, causing lung collapse.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-ray, CT scan, or ultrasound to identify air in the pleural space; physical exam may show diminished breath sounds or tracheal deviation in severe cases.

Treatment:
Immediate needle decompression if life-threatening; chest tube placement to remove air and re-expand the lung; surgical repair for extensive injuries.

Medications:
Antibiotics to prevent or treat infections, and pain management with opioids or NSAIDs.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Incidence is variable, depending on trauma prevalence; more common in trauma centers and emergency settings.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-risk activities (e.g., motor vehicle accidents, contact sports), rib fractures, medical procedures like central line placement, or penetrating injuries.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable with timely intervention, though recovery may take weeks depending on severity.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infection, tension pneumothorax, and long-term lung scarring or reduced function.

Pleural Mesothelioma

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pleural Diseases

Sub-category: Malignancies

Symptoms:
chest pain; shortness of breath; persistent cough; unexplained weight loss; fatigue; pleural effusion (fluid buildup)

Root Cause:
A rare, aggressive cancer caused by asbestos exposure, originating in the pleura (lining of the lungs).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through imaging studies (chest X-ray, CT, PET scans), biopsy of pleural tissue, and blood tests for biomarkers like mesothelin.

Treatment:
Multimodal treatment includes surgery (e.g., pleurectomy/decortication or extrapleural pneumonectomy), chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin with pemetrexed), and radiation therapy.

Medications:
Chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin (a platinum-based agent) and pemetrexed (an antifolate agent) are commonly used. Immunotherapy agents like nivolumab may also be considered.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with approximately 2,500 to 3,000 new cases annually in the U.S.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged asbestos exposure, older age, male gender, smoking (synergistic risk with asbestos).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor, with a median survival of 12-21 months post-diagnosis; earlier stages have better outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, metastasis, pleural effusion, and severe chest pain.

Pleurisy (Pleuritis)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Pleural Diseases

Sub-category: Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing; shortness of breath; dry cough; fever in infectious cases

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the pleura, often caused by viral or bacterial infection, autoimmune diseases, or lung injury.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through physical examination, chest X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan, and blood tests for inflammation markers and infection.

Treatment:
Treatment targets the underlying cause

Medications:
NSAIDs like ibuprofen (anti-inflammatory); antibiotics such as amoxicillin (beta-lactam) for bacterial infections; and corticosteroids like prednisone (immunosuppressant) in autoimmune cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies widely; more common in viral infections and autoimmune conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Respiratory infections, autoimmune diseases, trauma to the chest, or a history of pleural effusion.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good if treated promptly, with most cases resolving within a few weeks. Chronic cases may occur with underlying autoimmune conditions.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pleural effusion, empyema, or fibrosis if untreated.

Metastatic Lung Disease

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Neoplastic Conditions

Symptoms:
chronic cough; shortness of breath; chest pain; fatigue; unintentional weight loss; hemoptysis (coughing up blood); wheezing

Root Cause:
Cancer that has spread (metastasized) to the lungs from other parts of the body, often through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Imaging studies (chest X-ray, CT scan, PET scan), biopsy of lung tissue, bronchoscopy, and analysis of fluid (if pleural effusion is present).

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on palliative care and control of the primary cancer. Options include systemic chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and sometimes localized radiation therapy.

Medications:
Common medications include systemic chemotherapy agents (e.g., paclitaxel , carboplatin ), targeted therapies (e.g., EGFR inhibitors like erlotinib or ALK inhibitors like crizotinib ), and immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., pembrolizumab , nivolumab ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 20-40% of cancers metastasize to the lungs. Prevalence depends on the type of primary cancer (e.g., breast, colorectal, kidney, and melanoma are common sources).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Primary cancers with high metastatic potential, advanced-stage cancer, genetic predispositions, and immune suppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor overall prognosis, as metastatic lung disease is often a late-stage finding; survival depends on the type and extent of primary cancer and response to therapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, pleural effusion, significant pain, decreased quality of life, and complications from treatments such as infections or side effects of systemic therapy.

Malignant Pleural Effusion

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Neoplastic Conditions

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; chest pain; dry cough; fatigue; orthopnea (difficulty breathing while lying down); decreased exercise tolerance

Root Cause:
Accumulation of cancerous fluid in the pleural space (the area between the lungs and chest wall) due to malignancies, often from lung cancer, breast cancer, or lymphoma.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Thoracentesis with fluid cytology, chest imaging (X-ray, CT scan), pleural biopsy if needed, and thoracoscopy in selected cases.

Treatment:
Treatment involves drainage of the effusion (thoracentesis, chest tube placement), pleurodesis, indwelling pleural catheter for symptom relief, and systemic therapy targeting the underlying malignancy.

Medications:
Medications to manage the condition may include chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin , pemetrexed ), targeted agents (e.g., bevacizumab for VEGF inhibition), and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in about 15% of cancer patients, most frequently associated with lung and breast cancers.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced malignancy, particularly lung or breast cancer, lymphoma, or cancers with high pleural involvement.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally poor, with median survival ranging from 3 to 12 months depending on the underlying cancer and response to therapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrence of effusion, infection, lung collapse (atelectasis), impaired quality of life, and progression of underlying cancer.

Thymomas

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Neoplastic Conditions

Sub-category: Mediastinal Tumors

Symptoms:
chest pain; persistent cough; shortness of breath; hoarseness; fatigue; weight loss; muscle weakness (in cases of associated myasthenia gravis)

Root Cause:
A tumor arising from the epithelial cells of the thymus gland, typically located in the anterior mediastinum.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves imaging studies such as chest X-rays, CT scans, or MRI, along with biopsy (needle biopsy or surgical biopsy) to confirm histology. Blood tests may be used to check for associated autoimmune conditions.

Treatment:
Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor (thymectomy), with or without adjuvant radiation therapy or chemotherapy depending on the stage of the disease.

Medications:
Chemotherapy agents like cisplatin (a platinum-based chemotherapy) or cyclophosphamide (an alkylating agent) may be used for advanced or unresectable cases. Immunosuppressive medications like prednisone or mycophenolate mofetil may also be prescribed if associated with autoimmune complications.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, accounting for approximately 0.2-1.5% of all malignancies; thymomas are more common in adults, particularly in their 40s to 60s.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Associated with autoimmune diseases such as myasthenia gravis, red cell aplasia, and hypogammaglobulinemia. No strong environmental or genetic risk factors have been identified.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good if detected early and completely resected. Advanced stages may have a poorer prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 50-90%, depending on stage and treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Potential complications include metastasis, recurrence, superior vena cava syndrome, and autoimmune disorders such as myasthenia gravis, red cell aplasia, or systemic lupus erythematosus.

Lymphomas

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Neoplastic Conditions

Sub-category: Mediastinal Tumors (Primary or secondary involvement of the mediastinum)

Symptoms:
enlarged lymph nodes (in the chest or other areas); persistent cough; shortness of breath; chest pain; fever; night sweats; unexplained weight loss; fatigue

Root Cause:
Malignancies of the lymphatic system involving abnormal proliferation of lymphocytes, often in the lymph nodes or extranodal lymphatic tissues such as the thymus. Common types include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through imaging (CT, PET scan, or MRI), lymph node biopsy, and laboratory tests such as blood counts and immunophenotyping. Bone marrow biopsy may also be performed for staging.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the type and stage. It may include chemotherapy (e.g., R-CHOP regimen for non-Hodgkin lymphoma or ABVD for Hodgkin lymphoma), radiation therapy, targeted therapies like rituximab (monoclonal antibody), and stem cell transplantation in refractory or relapsed cases.

Medications:
Chemotherapy regimens include cyclophosphamide (alkylating agent), doxorubicin (anthracycline), vincristine (vinca alkaloid), and prednisone (corticosteroid). Targeted therapy such as rituximab (monoclonal antibody against CD20) or brentuximab vedotin (antibody-drug conjugate) may also be prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Hodgkin lymphoma represents about 10% of all lymphomas, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most common cancers globally. Mediastinal involvement occurs in 60-80% of Hodgkin cases and in certain subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, immunosuppressive conditions (e.g., HIV/AIDS), exposure to Epstein-Barr virus (for Hodgkin lymphoma), exposure to herbicides or pesticides, and prior chemotherapy or radiation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis varies depending on type and stage. Hodgkin lymphoma has an overall 5-year survival rate of approximately 85-90%, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma varies widely from 40-90%, depending on subtype and stage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Potential complications include organ infiltration, immune system dysfunction, infections, secondary malignancies (due to chemotherapy or radiation), and complications from treatment (e.g., cardiotoxicity, pulmonary fibrosis).

Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Sleep-Related Respiratory Disorders

Symptoms:
interrupted breathing during sleep; frequent awakenings; excessive daytime sleepiness; morning headaches; difficulty concentrating; irritability; dry mouth upon waking

Root Cause:
Reduced or absent respiratory drive from the brainstem, leading to insufficient breathing effort during sleep.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Polysomnography (sleep study) to detect absence of airflow without respiratory effort and evaluation of patient history and symptoms.

Treatment:
Addressing underlying conditions (e.g., heart failure, opioid use), supplemental oxygen, adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV), and CPAP in select cases.

Medications:
For CSA due to opioid use, reducing or discontinuing opioids may help. Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) may be prescribed to stimulate breathing in certain cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Less common than OSA; prevalence varies but can occur in up to 5% of patients undergoing polysomnography for sleep complaints.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Heart failure, stroke, opioid use, high-altitude exposure, and certain neurological conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the underlying cause; treating the root condition often improves CSA. Persistent CSA may lead to worsened cardiovascular outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart arrhythmias, worsened heart failure, hypoxemia, and impaired quality of life.

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Sleep-Related Respiratory Disorders

Sub-category: Hypoventilation Syndromes

Symptoms:
daytime sleepiness; fatigue; shortness of breath; headaches (especially in the morning); difficulty concentrating; loud snoring; interrupted sleep

Root Cause:
Impaired breathing due to excess weight causing mechanical and metabolic effects that disrupt normal respiratory function, leading to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and reduced oxygen (O2) levels.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, arterial blood gas analysis to detect hypercapnia, overnight polysomnography to assess sleep-disordered breathing, and ruling out other causes of hypoventilation (e.g., lung disease).

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on weight loss through lifestyle changes, bariatric surgery if indicated, and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (e.g., CPAP or BiPAP) during sleep to improve breathing.

Medications:
Medications such as acetazolamide (a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) may be used to stimulate breathing and reduce CO2 levels in select cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
OHS affects approximately 0.15–0.3% of the general population and 10–20% of individuals with severe obesity.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Severe obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m²), sleep apnea, male gender, advancing age, and underlying respiratory disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, symptoms and quality of life can improve significantly. However, untreated OHS can lead to severe complications and increased mortality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary hypertension, right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale), systemic hypertension, and increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Sleep-Related Respiratory Disorders

Sub-category: Hypoventilation Syndromes

Symptoms:
difficulty breathing during sleep; cyanosis (bluish skin); reduced oxygen levels; chronic fatigue; learning difficulties in older children; difficulty regulating heart rate and blood pressure

Root Cause:
A genetic mutation (commonly in the PHOX2B gene) leads to impaired autonomic control of breathing, particularly during sleep, resulting in hypoventilation and reduced CO2 elimination.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, genetic testing for PHOX2B mutations, polysomnography, and blood gas analysis.

Treatment:
Lifelong mechanical ventilation support (e.g., diaphragmatic pacemakers, CPAP, or BiPAP), tracheostomy in severe cases, and management of associated autonomic dysfunction.

Medications:
Medications are not typically prescribed for this condition directly. However, respiratory stimulants like caffeine or theophylline may be used in neonates to support breathing.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 200,000 live births.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of CCHS and known genetic mutations (PHOX2B).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper management, individuals can live into adulthood, but lifelong dependence on ventilatory support and monitoring for associated conditions is required.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, arrhythmias, neurocognitive impairments, and difficulties with physical activities due to reduced respiratory reserve.

Occupational Asthma

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Symptoms:
wheezing; shortness of breath; chest tightness; cough; symptoms worsening at work and improving during time off

Root Cause:
Inflammation and narrowing of the airways caused by exposure to allergens or irritants in the workplace, such as dust, fumes, chemicals, or animal proteins.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Detailed occupational history, pulmonary function tests (spirometry and peak expiratory flow monitoring), allergen-specific tests, and possibly a methacholine challenge test.

Treatment:
Avoidance of workplace triggers, use of bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, and implementing workplace safety measures (e.g., masks, ventilation).

Medications:
Commonly prescribed medications include short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol ) for quick relief, long-acting beta-agonists (e.g., salmeterol ) combined with inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone or budesonide ) for maintenance, and leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., montelukast ) to reduce inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occupational asthma accounts for up to 15% of all adult asthma cases in industrialized countries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Workplace exposure to allergens (e.g., animal dander, latex, flour), irritants (e.g., smoke, fumes, dust), or specific chemicals (e.g., isocyanates, cleaning agents), and having a history of allergies or asthma.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early diagnosis and removal from exposure, symptoms can improve or resolve; delayed diagnosis or continued exposure may lead to persistent asthma and long-term lung damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic asthma, reduced lung function, job loss due to inability to work in certain environments, and diminished quality of life.

Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis (CWP)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Pneumoconiosis

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; persistent cough; chest tightness; progressive fatigue; black-colored sputum (rare); unexplained weight loss

Root Cause:
Lung inflammation and scarring caused by inhalation of coal dust over an extended period, leading to coal macules and progressive fibrosis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed by occupational history, chest imaging showing coal macules or nodules, and pulmonary function tests.

Treatment:
Treated with supportive care, smoking cessation, and managing complications such as progressive massive fibrosis or respiratory failure.

Medications:
Bronchodilators and corticosteroids may be prescribed to ease breathing difficulties. Antifibrotic therapies are being researched. Antibiotics may be used for secondary infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common among coal miners, particularly those with long-term exposure to high levels of coal dust. Prevalence has declined in regulated industries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged exposure to coal dust, working in poorly ventilated mines, inadequate use of respiratory protective equipment.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic and progressive, with the severity ranging from simple pneumoconiosis (milder) to progressive massive fibrosis (severe). Early diagnosis and cessation of exposure can improve outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, respiratory failure, and increased risk of lung infections.

Acute and Chronic Beryllium Disease

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; cough; chest pain; fatigue; fever; weight loss; night sweats; skin rash (in some cases)

Root Cause:
Exposure to beryllium, a lightweight metal found in certain industries (e.g., aerospace, electronics, and nuclear sectors), triggers an immune-mediated response. Acute beryllium disease results from high-level exposure causing chemical pneumonitis, while chronic beryllium disease (CBD) arises from prolonged low-level exposure leading to granulomatous inflammation and scarring in the lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves a detailed occupational history, chest imaging (e.g., X-rays or CT scans), pulmonary function tests, and the beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT), which detects sensitization to beryllium. Bronchoscopy with biopsy may be used to confirm granulomatous inflammation.

Treatment:
Acute cases typically involve supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and avoiding further exposure. Chronic beryllium disease is treated with corticosteroids to reduce lung inflammation and immunosuppressive drugs in severe cases. Pulmonary rehabilitation and supplemental oxygen may also be necessary.

Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) - Used to reduce inflammation in chronic beryllium disease. Immunosuppressive agents (e.g., methotrexate or azathioprine ) - Prescribed in cases where corticosteroids are insufficient or contraindicated. Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ) - Used to alleviate symptoms such as wheezing and airway constriction. Supplemental oxygen - Not a medication but often required in advanced disease stages to improve oxygenation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
The exact prevalence is unknown but primarily affects workers exposed to beryllium, with approximately 2-10% of exposed individuals developing sensitization and a smaller subset progressing to chronic beryllium disease.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged occupational exposure to beryllium, genetic predisposition (HLA-DPB1 gene mutations), inadequate workplace safety measures, smoking, and pre-existing lung conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Acute beryllium disease has a good prognosis with prompt removal from exposure and treatment, while chronic beryllium disease is a lifelong condition with variable progression. Early detection and management can improve quality of life, but severe cases may lead to respiratory failure or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary fibrosis, progressive lung dysfunction, cor pulmonale (right-sided heart failure due to lung disease), and increased risk of infections due to impaired lung function.

Smoke Inhalation

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Environmental Exposures

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; cough; soot in the mouth or nose; wheezing; burning sensation in the throat or chest; confusion or altered mental state (in severe cases)

Root Cause:
Inhalation of smoke, which can contain toxic gases, particulates, and chemicals that cause irritation, damage to the respiratory system, and inflammation in the airways and lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on a patient's history of exposure to smoke, physical examination, and symptoms. Imaging such as chest X-ray or CT scan may be used to assess lung damage. Blood gases may be taken to evaluate respiratory function.

Treatment:
Oxygen therapy to improve oxygen levels. Bronchodilators to open airways. Steroids to reduce inflammation. Supportive care including fluids and monitoring in severe cases.

Medications:
Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol , salbutamol) to relax the muscles of the airways and improve airflow. These are beta-agonists that act as bronchodilators. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) to reduce inflammation in the airways. Analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen ) for pain management.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs frequently in fire-related incidents, with thousands of cases annually. It can also affect individuals who work in industries with high exposure to smoke, such as firefighting.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to high levels of smoke (e.g., during fires). Occupations involving exposure to smoke (e.g., firefighting). Pre-existing respiratory conditions (e.g., asthma, COPD).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis can vary depending on the severity of inhalation and lung damage. Mild cases generally recover fully with treatment, while severe cases may result in long-term lung damage and even death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure. Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Chronic lung disease (e.g., COPD). Infections due to weakened immune system or lung damage.

Chemical Inhalation (e.g., ammonia, chlorine)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Environmental Exposures

Symptoms:
cough; shortness of breath; chest tightness; burning sensation in the throat, nose, or eyes; watery eyes or conjunctivitis; nausea or vomiting; wheezing or stridor (if airway is affected)

Root Cause:
Inhalation of toxic chemicals such as ammonia or chlorine leads to direct irritation of the respiratory tract, causing inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and potentially chemical burns to the airway and lung tissue.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves a detailed history of exposure, clinical examination, and lung function tests. Imaging like chest X-rays or CT scans may be used to detect any structural damage. Blood gases may be assessed to evaluate oxygenation.

Treatment:
Removal from the source of exposure. Oxygen therapy to support breathing. Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol) to relieve wheezing and bronchospasm. Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in the lungs. Supportive care for more severe cases.

Medications:
Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ) are prescribed to relieve bronchospasm. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) to control inflammation. Antibiotics if secondary infection develops in severe cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Chemical inhalation injuries are relatively rare but occur in industrial settings, accidents, or exposure to household products. Ammonia and chlorine are common in industrial accidents.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupations involving chemicals (e.g., industrial workers, cleaners). Accidental chemical spills or exposure. Lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) during work. Proximity to hazardous materials or inadequate ventilation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis depends on the concentration of the chemical and the duration of exposure. Mild exposures often resolve without long-term effects, but severe cases may result in permanent lung damage or even death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic respiratory problems (e.g., asthma-like symptoms). Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs). Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Chemical burns to the airway.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Respiratory Failure and Critical Care

Symptoms:
severe shortness of breath; rapid breathing; low blood oxygen levels; fatigue; confusion; cyanosis (bluish skin)

Root Cause:
ARDS is caused by widespread inflammation in the lungs, leading to fluid buildup in the alveoli, preventing normal gas exchange.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis, chest X-ray (showing bilateral pulmonary infiltrates), and exclusion of other causes of hypoxemia.

Treatment:
Supportive care with mechanical ventilation, use of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), fluid management, and addressing the underlying cause (e.g., infection, trauma).

Medications:
Medications used in ARDS may include sedatives (e.g., propofol , lorazepam ), analgesics (e.g., morphine , fentanyl ), corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisolone for inflammation), and antibiotics if infection is the cause. These are classified as sedatives, analgesics, corticosteroids, and antibiotics.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
ARDS affects approximately 10-15% of critically ill patients in intensive care units.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, aspiration, near-drowning, inhalation injuries, and multiple blood transfusions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis can vary, with mortality rates ranging from 30-40%. Survivors may have long-term lung function impairment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Barotrauma, ventilator-associated pneumonia, pneumothorax, and long-term respiratory complications.

Mechanical Ventilation Management

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Respiratory Failure and Critical Care

Symptoms:
not applicable (since it is a management approach rather than a condition).

Root Cause:
Mechanical ventilation is used to assist or replace spontaneous breathing in patients with respiratory failure.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Not a diagnostic condition; it’s used as treatment for patients with respiratory failure, hypoxemia, or hypercapnia.

Treatment:
Mechanical ventilation is provided through intubation or non-invasive ventilation devices. Settings are adjusted based on the patient’s respiratory needs, including tidal volume, PEEP, and respiratory rate.

Medications:
Sedatives (e.g., propofol ), paralytics (e.g., vecuronium ), and analgesics (e.g., morphine ) are used to manage pain, discomfort, and ensure patient compliance with mechanical ventilation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in intensive care units for patients with acute respiratory failure.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Acute respiratory failure, respiratory muscle fatigue, and inability to maintain adequate oxygenation or ventilation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the underlying cause of respiratory failure and the patient's response to mechanical ventilation.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia, barotrauma, tracheal injury, and long-term lung damage.

Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Respiratory Failure and Critical Care

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; confusion; headache; drowsiness; flushed skin; rapid breathing

Root Cause:
Hypercapnic respiratory failure occurs when the lungs are unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from the blood, often due to obstructive lung diseases such as COPD or severe asthma.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed through ABG analysis showing elevated levels of carbon dioxide (PaCO2 > 45 mmHg), along with clinical symptoms of hypoventilation.

Treatment:
Management includes non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) or invasive mechanical ventilation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and addressing the underlying cause (e.g., COPD exacerbation).

Medications:
Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol , ipratropium ) to open the airways, corticosteroids (e.g., methylprednisolone ), and respiratory stimulants (e.g., theophylline ) are commonly used. These medications are classified as bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and respiratory stimulants.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and severe asthma.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obesity, neuromuscular disorders, severe asthma, and drug overdose.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the underlying condition; with appropriate treatment, many patients can recover, although severe cases may have poor outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory acidosis, pulmonary hypertension, organ failure, and long-term respiratory impairment.

Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Respiratory Failure and Critical Care

Symptoms:
severe shortness of breath; cyanosis; confusion; tachypnea; increased heart rate; restlessness

Root Cause:
Hypoxemic respiratory failure is characterized by low oxygen levels in the blood despite adequate ventilation, often due to diseases affecting gas exchange like pneumonia, pulmonary edema, or pulmonary embolism.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through ABG analysis showing low oxygen levels (PaO2 < 60 mmHg) and normal or low carbon dioxide levels, along with clinical signs of hypoxia.

Treatment:
Treatment involves supplemental oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation if necessary, and addressing the underlying cause (e.g., antibiotics for infection, diuretics for pulmonary edema).

Medications:
Medications can include antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone , azithromycin for pneumonia), diuretics (e.g., furosemide for pulmonary edema), and corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone ). These medications are classified as antibiotics, diuretics, and corticosteroids.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in patients with pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Pulmonary infections, trauma, aspiration, acute lung injury, and heart failure.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the underlying cause; with prompt treatment, many patients recover, but severe cases can result in death or long-term complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Organ failure, cardiac arrhythmias, brain damage due to prolonged hypoxia, and pulmonary fibrosis in severe cases.

Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Kartagener Syndrome)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Genetic and Congenital Disorders

Symptoms:
chronic respiratory infections (sinusitis, bronchitis); persistent cough; infertility (in males, due to immotile sperm); situs inversus (reversal of organ positions in the chest and abdomen); hearing loss

Root Cause:
A genetic disorder affecting the motility of cilia (hair-like structures in the respiratory tract and other organs), leading to impaired clearance of mucus and recurrent infections.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Nasal nitric oxide measurement (low levels suggest PCD). Genetic testing for mutations in ciliary genes. Electron microscopy to examine ciliary structure. Pulmonary function tests.

Treatment:
Airway clearance techniques (e.g., chest physiotherapy). Antibiotics for lung infections. Inhaled medications (e.g., bronchodilators, mucolytics). Fertility treatments for affected individuals.

Medications:
Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ) - To relax the muscles around the airways and improve airflow. Mucolytics (e.g., dornase alfa) - To thin mucus and ease its removal from the lungs. Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin , ciprofloxacin ) - To manage bacterial infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 30,000 live births.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern (both parents must carry the mutated gene).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Life expectancy is reduced due to chronic respiratory infections and lung damage, but with proper treatment, individuals can live into adulthood.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinusitis and respiratory infections. Bronchiectasis (lung damage). Infertility (in men). Hearing loss.

Tracheomalacia

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Disorders of the Airway

Symptoms:
noisy breathing; wheezing; shortness of breath; coughing; stridor; recurrent respiratory infections

Root Cause:
The trachea is abnormally soft, leading to collapse during exhalation, resulting in airflow obstruction and respiratory distress.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through clinical assessment and confirmed by imaging, such as flexible bronchoscopy, chest X-rays, or CT scans of the chest.

Treatment:
Treatment may involve conservative management such as observation, airway clearance techniques, or in severe cases, surgery like tracheal stenting or tracheoplasty.

Medications:
No specific medications treat tracheomalacia directly. However, bronchodilators like albuterol (a beta-agonist) may be prescribed to relieve wheezing and improve airflow. In cases of associated infections, antibiotics may be used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare condition, often present in infants, with some cases continuing into adulthood.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prematurity, low birth weight, congenital disorders (e.g., Down syndrome), and a history of prolonged intubation or mechanical ventilation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often improves with age as the airway structure becomes more rigid; however, some may require surgical intervention.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent respiratory infections, airway collapse, and potential for respiratory failure in severe cases.

Bronchomalacia

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Disorders of the Airway

Symptoms:
wheezing; recurrent cough; difficulty breathing; chronic respiratory infections; stridor

Root Cause:
The bronchial walls are weak and may collapse during exhalation, causing airway obstruction and difficulty breathing.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Flexible bronchoscopy, chest X-rays, or CT scans can confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment:
Management includes airway clearance techniques, inhaled bronchodilators, and sometimes surgery if symptoms are severe.

Medications:
Bronchodilators like albuterol (a beta-agonist) and corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and open the airways.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in infants and young children but can affect adults, especially those with chronic respiratory conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prematurity, congenital conditions like tracheomalacia, chronic respiratory infections, and intubation history.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms may improve with age, but in some cases, persistent issues require long-term management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic respiratory infections, difficulty managing symptoms, and progressive airway collapse in severe cases.

Tracheobronchitis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Disorders of the Airway

Symptoms:
cough; fever; sore throat; wheezing; shortness of breath; chest discomfort

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, often due to viral or bacterial infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and confirmed with a chest X-ray or sputum culture if a bacterial infection is suspected.

Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications (e.g., acetaminophen for fever). Antibiotics may be required if a bacterial infection is diagnosed.

Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin or azithromycin ) may be prescribed if bacterial infection is identified. Bronchodilators and corticosteroids may help alleviate symptoms of wheezing and inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in the winter months and in individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic respiratory conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to respiratory infections, smoking, weakened immune system, and pre-existing lung conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically resolves with appropriate treatment, but can take longer in people with underlying lung diseases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, or exacerbation of pre-existing respiratory conditions.

Vocal Cord Dysfunction (Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Disorders of the Airway

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; wheezing; coughing; choking sensation; difficulty breathing; voice changes; stridor

Root Cause:
The vocal cords close instead of opening during inhalation, which can obstruct airflow and cause respiratory distress.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through clinical evaluation and may involve laryngoscopy to observe vocal cord motion.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on breathing exercises, speech therapy, and stress management techniques. Medications may be used to manage symptoms.

Medications:
Inhaled bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ) may be prescribed to relieve symptoms of wheezing or difficulty breathing. Anxiety or stress-related medications may also be used in some cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects both adults and children, with a higher incidence in women and those with asthma or anxiety.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Asthma, anxiety, stress, irritant exposure, and history of upper respiratory infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often improves with proper treatment, including speech therapy and breathing exercises. However, symptoms may recur.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Misdiagnosis as asthma or other respiratory conditions, ongoing breathing difficulties, and impaired quality of life.

Chronic Cough

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Other Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
persistent cough lasting more than 8 weeks; dry or productive cough; wheezing; shortness of breath; sore throat; fatigue

Root Cause:
Chronic cough is often a symptom of an underlying condition such as asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), post-nasal drip, or chronic bronchitis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on a thorough medical history, physical examination, and ruling out other conditions with tests like chest X-rays, pulmonary function tests, and possibly endoscopy or pH monitoring for GERD.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, such as managing asthma with inhalers, controlling GERD with antacids or proton pump inhibitors, or using decongestants or antihistamines for post-nasal drip.

Medications:
Medications may include bronchodilators like albuterol (a beta-agonist), inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone ), antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine ), proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole ), or cough suppressants like dextromethorphan (a non-opioid antitussive). These medications fall into categories of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antihistamines, proton pump inhibitors, and antitussives.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10-20% of the adult population. Chronic cough is a common reason for medical visits.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, allergies, asthma, exposure to environmental irritants, respiratory infections, GERD.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the underlying cause; with appropriate treatment, most cases resolve or improve significantly. If the underlying cause is not treated, the cough may persist.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If untreated, chronic cough can lead to sleep disturbances, rib fractures, urinary incontinence, or headaches.

Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Other Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; rapid breathing; feeling of suffocation or tight chest; fatigue

Root Cause:
Dyspnea may result from obstructive pulmonary diseases (e.g., COPD, asthma), heart failure, anemia, anxiety, or pulmonary embolism.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves history taking, physical examination, pulse oximetry, chest X-ray, blood tests, and pulmonary function tests to assess lung and heart function.

Treatment:
Treatment targets the underlying cause, including bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, diuretics (for heart failure), or anti-anxiety medications.

Medications:
Common medications include bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ), corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone for inflammation), oxygen therapy, and diuretics (e.g., furosemide for fluid retention in heart failure). These medications belong to the categories of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, diuretics, and anti-anxiety agents.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Dyspnea is a common symptom in conditions like COPD and heart failure, affecting millions worldwide. It is a major reason for hospital admissions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, obesity, cardiovascular disease, lung disease, physical inactivity, anxiety.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis depends on the underlying condition. With treatment, many individuals experience improvement, though chronic conditions like COPD may have a progressive course.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Untreated dyspnea can lead to severe hypoxia, fatigue, and reduced quality of life. In chronic cases, it can lead to cardiac or respiratory failure.

Hyperventilation Syndrome

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Other Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
rapid breathing; feeling of breathlessness; dizziness; chest tightness; tingling or numbness in fingers and toes; palpitations

Root Cause:
Often triggered by anxiety or panic attacks, hyperventilation leads to a rapid loss of carbon dioxide from the blood, disrupting normal physiological balance.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is largely clinical, based on a history of rapid, shallow breathing, and ruling out other causes through tests like arterial blood gases or a chest X-ray.

Treatment:
Treatment involves breathing retraining techniques such as diaphragmatic breathing, relaxation exercises, and sometimes cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to address underlying anxiety.

Medications:
Medications may include anti-anxiety drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, e.g., fluoxetine ), benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam ), or beta-blockers for palpitations (e.g., propranolol ). These belong to the categories of anxiolytics and beta-blockers.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
It is common in the general population, especially among individuals with anxiety disorders, though exact prevalence is difficult to measure.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Anxiety disorders, panic attacks, stress, hyperthyroidism.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper management, individuals can often control symptoms effectively. Chronic hyperventilation is less common and typically improves with behavioral interventions.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic hyperventilation can lead to further anxiety, fainting, or exacerbation of panic attacks.

Pulmonary Eosinophilia

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Other Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
cough; shortness of breath; wheezing; fever; fatigue; chest pain

Root Cause:
Pulmonary eosinophilia is characterized by an increase in eosinophils (a type of white blood cell) in the lungs, often triggered by allergies, infections, or autoimmune diseases.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis includes blood tests showing elevated eosinophil counts, chest imaging (CT scan), and sometimes bronchoscopy with biopsy.

Treatment:
Treatment typically involves corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) to reduce inflammation and addressing any underlying causes (e.g., infection or allergy).

Medications:
Common medications include corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) for inflammation and antibiotics if an infection is present. These are classified as corticosteroids and antibiotics.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively rare; more common in individuals with allergies or asthma.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Allergies, asthma, infections (e.g., parasitic), autoimmune diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, the condition often improves, though recurrence can occur if the underlying cause is not resolved.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Untreated pulmonary eosinophilia may lead to lung damage, fibrosis, or respiratory failure in severe cases.

Interstitial Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Other Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
progressive shortness of breath; cough; fatigue; weight loss; chest discomfort; cyanosis

Root Cause:
A rare lung disorder where a substance called surfactant builds up in the alveoli, leading to impaired gas exchange and respiratory distress.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging (CT scan showing ground-glass opacities), bronchoalveolar lavage, and sometimes lung biopsy.

Treatment:
The main treatment is whole lung lavage (a procedure to wash out the surfactant buildup), and in some cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.

Medications:
There are no specific medications approved for this condition, but corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) may be used for inflammation in some cases. These are classified as corticosteroids.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very rare, with only a few cases reported worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Most commonly occurs in otherwise healthy adults, with no clear risk factors identified.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Without treatment, the prognosis is poor, but with interventions like lung lavage, many individuals can experience improvements.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If untreated, the disease can lead to respiratory failure, fibrosis, or secondary infections.

Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (with lung involvement)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Other Respiratory Conditions

Sub-category: Rare Lung Diseases

Symptoms:
progressive lung disease; breathing difficulties; cyanosis; frequent respiratory infections; clubbing of fingers; fatigue

Root Cause:
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in one of the HPS genes, which affects the functioning of lysosomes and the transportation of certain proteins, leading to defects in various systems, including the lungs, immune system, and skin. Lung involvement typically results in pulmonary fibrosis and associated breathing difficulties.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, genetic testing to detect mutations in the HPS genes, and imaging studies (such as chest X-rays or CT scans) showing lung abnormalities, especially pulmonary fibrosis.

Treatment:
Treatment primarily focuses on managing symptoms and complications. Pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and managing respiratory infections are essential. Lung transplantation may be considered in severe cases.

Medications:
No specific medication targets the underlying defect in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. However, medications like corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory), bronchodilators (to relieve breathing difficulty), and antifibrotic agents (such as pirfenidone or nintedanib ) may be prescribed to manage symptoms of lung fibrosis. Antibiotics are used to treat respiratory infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; the exact prevalence is not well established, but it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 500,000 individuals worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic mutations in the HPS genes, family history of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis is variable, with lung involvement leading to a progressive decline in lung function, potentially resulting in respiratory failure. Lifespan can be shortened without proper management or lung transplantation.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, recurrent respiratory infections, severe pulmonary fibrosis, bleeding tendencies (due to platelet dysfunction), and vision problems (due to retinal issues).

Birt-Hogg-Dubé Syndrome

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Other Respiratory Conditions

Sub-category: Rare Lung Diseases

Symptoms:
lung cysts; spontaneous pneumothorax; chronic cough; dyspnea; fatigue; recurrent lung infections

Root Cause:
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the FLCN gene, which leads to dysfunction in the protein folliculin. This condition affects multiple organs, including the lungs, leading to the formation of cysts in the lungs and an increased risk of spontaneous pneumothorax (collapsed lung).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, family history, and imaging studies such as CT scans of the chest, which often show characteristic lung cysts. Genetic testing to identify mutations in the FLCN gene confirms the diagnosis.

Treatment:
Treatment is symptomatic and may involve managing pneumothorax episodes with chest tubes or surgery to prevent recurrence. In some cases, lung transplantation may be needed. Other management includes monitoring for kidney tumors (which are also common in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome) and routine surveillance for skin tumors.

Medications:
There are no specific medications to treat Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome itself, but medications such as corticosteroids (for inflammation), bronchodilators (for wheezing or shortness of breath), and oxygen therapy (for respiratory difficulties) may be used to manage symptoms. If pneumothorax occurs, a chest tube may be necessary.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very rare; it is estimated to affect approximately 1 in 200,000 individuals, though the exact prevalence is difficult to determine.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic mutations in the FLCN gene, family history of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis is variable; individuals with lung involvement often experience recurrent pneumothorax. If lung function is well-managed and no severe complications occur, life expectancy may be near normal, although the risk of spontaneous pneumothorax remains.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spontaneous pneumothorax, lung collapse, chronic lung disease, and kidney tumors (which can be malignant). Long-term complications may involve the need for lung transplantation in severe cases.