Condition Lookup
Category:
Skin Disorders
Number of Conditions: 44
Rosacea
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
facial redness; visible blood vessels; pustules or papules; thickened skin; eye irritation
Root Cause:
Chronic inflammatory condition involving vascular and immune dysregulation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical appearance and exclusion of similar conditions like acne.
Treatment:
Topical or oral medications, laser therapy for blood vessels.
Medications:
Topical metronidazole , ivermectin , azelaic acid, oral doxycycline , or isotretinoin for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 5–10% of the population, more common in fair-skinned individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Sun exposure, alcohol, spicy foods, and genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but manageable with treatment and lifestyle changes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Thickened skin (rhinophyma); Eye damage (ocular rosacea)
Impetigo
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Bacterial Infections
Symptoms:
honey-colored crusted sores; red sores that burst and ooze; itching; commonly affects face and extremities
Root Cause:
Superficial skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination of characteristic lesions; bacterial culture in uncertain cases.
Treatment:
Topical or oral antibiotics, good hygiene to prevent spread.
Medications:
Topical antibiotics (e.g., mupirocin , retapamulin ). Oral antibiotics (e.g., cephalexin , dicloxacillin) for widespread infection.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in children, especially in warm, humid climates.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, poor hygiene, and skin injuries.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; resolves in 1–2 weeks.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cellulitis; Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis; Scarring in severe cases
Contact Dermatitis (Allergic and Irritant)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
redness; itching; swelling; blisters; dry, cracked, or scaly skin; burning sensation
Root Cause:
Inflammatory reaction triggered by direct skin contact with an irritant (irritant contact dermatitis) or allergen (allergic contact dermatitis).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical history, physical examination, and patch testing to identify allergens.
Treatment:
Avoiding irritants/allergens, using emollients to repair the skin barrier, applying topical corticosteroids for inflammation, and taking antihistamines for itching.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone , clobetasol ), oral antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine , loratadine ), and for severe cases, systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 15–20% of the population at some point.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupations with frequent exposure to irritants/allergens, atopic history, or sensitive skin.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with trigger avoidance and treatment; chronic exposure can lead to persistent dermatitis.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary skin infections; Chronic eczema; Lichenification
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
red, greasy patches with yellowish scales; itching; dandruff; affected areas include scalp, face, ears, chest, and back
Root Cause:
Overgrowth of yeast (Malassezia species) and inflammation, often influenced by genetic or environmental factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination based on characteristic appearance and distribution of lesions.
Treatment:
Antifungal treatments, medicated shampoos, and topical anti-inflammatory agents.
Medications:
Antifungal shampoos (e.g., ketoconazole , selenium sulfide), topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone ), calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus ), and keratolytics (e.g., salicylic acid).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 3–5% of the global population, more common in men.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Oily skin, stress, cold and dry weather, or certain neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but controllable with regular treatment; tends to relapse.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary infections; Psychological impact due to visible lesions
Psoriasis (Plaque, Guttate, Pustular, Inverse, Erythrodermic)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
red plaques with silvery scales (plaque psoriasis); small, drop-shaped lesions (guttate psoriasis); pus-filled blisters (pustular psoriasis); smooth, red patches in skin folds (inverse psoriasis); widespread redness and scaling (erythrodermic psoriasis)
Root Cause:
Chronic autoimmune disorder causing overactive T-cell response and accelerated skin cell turnover.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, skin biopsy (if needed), and evaluation of family history.
Treatment:
Topical treatments, phototherapy, systemic medications for severe cases.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids, vitamin D analogs (e.g., calcipotriol), biologics (e.g., adalimumab , ustekinumab ), systemic agents (e.g., methotrexate , cyclosporine ), and phototherapy.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 2–3% of the global population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, infections, stress, obesity, smoking, and certain medications.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition; management focuses on reducing symptoms and preventing flare-ups.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Psoriatic arthritis; Cardiovascular diseases; Psychosocial stress
Lichen Planus
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
purple, flat-topped lesions; itching; white, lace-like patterns in the mouth (wickham’s striae); nail thinning or splitting
Root Cause:
Autoimmune reaction causing inflammation of skin and mucous membranes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, biopsy, and blood tests to rule out associated conditions like hepatitis C.
Treatment:
Topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and immunosuppressants for severe cases.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., clobetasol ), oral antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine ), systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ), or immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1% of the population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Middle age, genetic predisposition, and association with certain viral infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but often resolves within 1–2 years; oral lichen planus may persist longer.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Painful oral ulcers; Scarring alopecia; Nail damage; Increased risk of oral cancer
Pityriasis Rosea
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Inflammatory Skin Diseases
Symptoms:
herald patch (single, large lesion); smaller, oval lesions in a christmas tree pattern; mild itching
Root Cause:
Likely viral etiology (possibly linked to human herpesvirus 6 or 7).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination of characteristic lesions and exclusion of other conditions.
Treatment:
Typically self-limiting; symptomatic relief for itching.
Medications:
Antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine ), topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone ), or antiviral medications (e.g., acyclovir ) in severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in about 0.1–0.2% of the population, common in young adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Seasonal changes, viral infections, and stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves within 6–12 weeks; rarely recurs.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation; Severe itching
Lupus Erythematosus (Cutaneous and Systemic)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
butterfly-shaped facial rash; joint pain and swelling; photosensitivity; fatigue; oral ulcers; hair loss; systemic symptoms like kidney involvement (in systemic lupus)
Root Cause:
Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing inflammation and damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, blood tests (e.g., ANA, anti-dsDNA), and skin or organ biopsies.
Treatment:
Sun protection, topical or systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and antimalarials.
Medications:
Antimalarials (e.g., hydroxychloroquine ) – for systemic and cutaneous lupus. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) – for inflammation. Immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate , mycophenolate mofetil). Biologics (e.g., belimumab ) – for refractory cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 5–50 per 100,000 globally, more common in women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, hormonal factors, infections, and environmental triggers like UV light.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition with variable severity; systemic lupus can be life-threatening without treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Kidney damage (lupus nephritis); Cardiovascular disease; Neurological symptoms
Dermatomyositis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
heliotrope rash (purple discoloration on eyelids); gottron's papules (scaly bumps on knuckles); muscle weakness; fatigue; difficulty swallowing; photosensitivity
Root Cause:
Autoimmune attack on muscle and skin tissues, possibly triggered by infections or malignancies.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Muscle biopsy, skin biopsy, elevated muscle enzymes (e.g., CK), and EMG studies.
Treatment:
Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, and physical therapy.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) – to control inflammation. Immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate , azathioprine ). Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) – for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
1–10 per million people annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Middle age, female gender, and association with malignancies.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early treatment improves outcomes but complications may arise.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Interstitial lung disease; Calcinosis; Cancer
Scleroderma
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
skin thickening and hardening; raynaud’s phenomenon; joint pain; swallowing difficulties; tightness around mouth and facial features
Root Cause:
Excessive collagen deposition in skin and internal organs due to autoimmunity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, ANA tests, and skin biopsies.
Treatment:
Symptom management with immunosuppressants and vasodilators for Raynaud's.
Medications:
Immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate , mycophenolate mofetil). Vasodilators (e.g., nifedipine ) – for Raynaud’s phenomenon. Proton pump inhibitors – for GERD symptoms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
50–300 cases per million people, more common in women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, exposure to certain chemicals, and infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic and progressive; prognosis depends on the extent of organ involvement.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary hypertension; Renal crisis; Cardiac involvement
Pemphigus Vulgaris
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
painful blisters on skin and mucous membranes; raw, open sores; difficulty eating (oral blisters)
Root Cause:
Autoimmune attack on desmogleins (proteins in skin cells), leading to loss of cell adhesion.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy with direct immunofluorescence, and blood tests for anti-desmoglein antibodies.
Treatment:
Systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ). Immunosuppressants (e.g., rituximab , azathioprine ). Antibiotics – for secondary infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
1–5 cases per million people annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Middle-aged or elderly, genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Requires lifelong management; untreated cases can be fatal.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infections; Sepsis; Nutritional deficiencies
Bullous Pemphigoid
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
large, fluid-filled blisters; itchy, inflamed skin; blisters commonly on the arms, legs, and abdomen
Root Cause:
Autoimmune attack on hemidesmosomes, leading to detachment of the epidermis from the dermis.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy with direct immunofluorescence.
Treatment:
Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ). Immunosuppressants (e.g., azathioprine ). Tetracycline antibiotics – for anti-inflammatory effects.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
10–40 cases per million people annually, more common in the elderly.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, neurological conditions, or certain medications.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment, but relapses are common.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infections; Dehydration; Sepsis
Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
blistering rash; clusters of fluid-filled blisters; itchy or painful lesions; commonly affects lower abdomen, thighs, and mucous membranes
Root Cause:
Autoimmune attack on basement membrane proteins, causing separation between skin layers.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy with direct immunofluorescence showing linear IgA deposition.
Treatment:
Dapsone is the first-line treatment, along with corticosteroids for severe cases.
Medications:
Dapsone – anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) – for severe inflammation. Immunosuppressants (e.g., mycophenolate mofetil) – for refractory cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, approximately 0.5–2 cases per million people annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Drug reactions (e.g., vancomycin), genetic predisposition, and autoimmune conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; spontaneous remission may occur.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary infections; Scarring of mucous membranes
Vitiligo
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Pigmentation Disorders
Symptoms:
white patches on the skin; loss of pigmentation in hair, eyebrows, or eyelashes; typically symmetrical distribution
Root Cause:
Autoimmune destruction of melanocytes, leading to depigmented areas of skin.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; Wood’s lamp examination to highlight depigmented areas.
Treatment:
Topical or systemic treatments to restore pigmentation or camouflage the skin.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., clobetasol ). Calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus ). Psoralen with UV-A therapy (PUVA).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1% of the global population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, autoimmune diseases (e.g., thyroid disorders).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition; treatment can stabilize or repigment skin in some cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Psychological distress; Sunburn on depigmented skin; Association with other autoimmune conditions
Morphea
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
localized patches of hard, thickened skin; discolored plaques; reduced mobility in affected areas (in deep morphea)
Root Cause:
Excessive collagen deposition in localized areas of the skin, leading to fibrosis.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, skin biopsy for confirmation.
Treatment:
Topical corticosteroids, phototherapy, or systemic immunosuppressants for severe cases.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., betamethasone ). Immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate ). Phototherapy (e.g., UVA1 therapy).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, about 0.4–2.7 cases per 100,000 people annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender, trauma, and certain infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
May resolve spontaneously over time; severe cases can leave permanent skin changes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Disfigurement; Contractures; Psychological distress
Erythema Multiforme
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
target-like red lesions; itching or burning; lesions on hands, feet, and mucous membranes; mild fever or malaise
Root Cause:
Hypersensitivity reaction, often triggered by infections (e.g., herpes simplex virus) or drugs.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination and exclusion of similar conditions; skin biopsy if uncertain.
Treatment:
Treat underlying cause (e.g., antivirals for herpes), supportive care, and corticosteroids for severe cases.
Medications:
Antivirals (e.g., acyclovir ) – for herpes simplex virus. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) – for inflammation. Antihistamines – for symptomatic relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 0.01–1% of the population; more common in young adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Herpes simplex infections, drug reactions, or genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally self-limiting in mild cases; recurrences may occur.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Painful mucosal erosions; Scarring
Folliculitis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Bacterial Infections
Symptoms:
red, inflamed hair follicles; small pustules or papules; itching or tenderness; localized to areas of friction or shaving
Root Cause:
Infection or inflammation of hair follicles, commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus or fungal organisms.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; culture for recurrent or resistant cases.
Treatment:
Topical antiseptics or antibiotics, improved hygiene, and avoiding friction.
Medications:
Topical antibiotics (e.g., mupirocin , clindamycin ). Antiseptic washes (e.g., chlorhexidine ). Oral antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline ) for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, particularly in areas prone to sweating and friction.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Shaving, tight clothing, hot tubs, and diabetes.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; resolves with treatment and preventive measures.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Abscess formation; Furunculosis; Scarring
Furuncles and Carbuncles
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Bacterial Infections
Symptoms:
painful, red, swollen lumps; pus drainage; fever and malaise in severe cases; carbuncles involve multiple interconnected boils
Root Cause:
Deep bacterial infection of hair follicles, typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; culture of drainage for recurrent or resistant cases.
Treatment:
Warm compresses, incision and drainage, antibiotics for severe cases.
Medications:
Oral antibiotics (e.g., clindamycin , trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) – if systemic symptoms or multiple lesions. Topical antibiotics (e.g., mupirocin ) – for localized infection.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in individuals with poor hygiene or conditions like diabetes.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Friction, excessive sweating, obesity, and immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves with appropriate treatment; recurrence is possible.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Abscess formation; Sepsis; Scarring
Herpes Simplex (Cold Sores and Genital Herpes)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
painful blisters or ulcers; burning or tingling sensation before lesions appear; cold sores around the mouth; genital sores in genital herpes; fever and malaise in severe cases
Root Cause:
Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1 or HSV-2), characterized by latent and recurrent episodes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; PCR testing or viral culture for confirmation; serology for HSV antibodies.
Treatment:
Antiviral medications to reduce severity and recurrence.
Medications:
Antivirals (e.g., acyclovir , valacyclovir , famciclovir ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
HSV-1 affects approximately 67% of the global population, and HSV-2 affects about 13%.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, immunosuppression, and stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Recurrent but manageable; antivirals can reduce frequency and severity.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Keratitis (eye infection); Encephalitis; Neonatal herpes
Varicella (Chickenpox)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
itchy, blister-like rash; red spots that progress to fluid-filled blisters; fever; fatigue; loss of appetite
Root Cause:
Primary infection with Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation; PCR testing or serology in atypical cases.
Treatment:
Symptomatic care for most cases; antivirals for high-risk individuals.
Medications:
Antivirals (e.g., acyclovir , valacyclovir ) for severe cases. Antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine ) – for itching.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Highly contagious; incidence has decreased significantly with vaccination.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, unvaccinated status, and immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent in children; adults and immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk of complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Pneumonia; Encephalitis
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
painful, blistering rash along a single dermatome; burning or tingling sensation; fever; fatigue
Root Cause:
Reactivation of latent Varicella-Zoster Virus in sensory nerve ganglia.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; PCR testing or viral culture for confirmation.
Treatment:
Antiviral medications and pain management.
Medications:
Antivirals (e.g., acyclovir , valacyclovir , famciclovir ). Analgesics (e.g., ibuprofen , acetaminophen ) – for pain relief. Neuropathic pain medications (e.g., gabapentin ) – for post-herpetic neuralgia.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 1 in 3 people in their lifetime; more common in older adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, immunosuppression, and stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves in 2–4 weeks; post-herpetic neuralgia can persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Post-herpetic neuralgia; Ocular complications (if involving the eye); Dissemination in immunocompromised patients
Molluscum Contagiosum
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
small, flesh-colored or pink dome-shaped bumps with central dimpling; mild itching or redness; commonly affects face, trunk, and extremities
Root Cause:
Viral infection caused by the Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV), a member of the poxvirus family.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination based on characteristic appearance; biopsy in atypical cases.
Treatment:
Often self-limiting; physical removal or topical treatments in persistent cases.
Medications:
Topical therapies (e.g., cantharidin , imiquimod ). Cryotherapy – for lesion removal.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in children and immunocompromised individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, sharing personal items, and immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolves spontaneously in 6–12 months; treatment accelerates clearance.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Spreading to other areas
Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
rough, raised lesions; common warts on hands and feet; flat warts on face or legs; plantar warts on soles of feet
Root Cause:
Infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV), causing overgrowth of keratinocytes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; biopsy for atypical lesions.
Treatment:
Physical removal, topical treatments, or cryotherapy.
Medications:
Topical salicylic acid – to soften and remove warts. Cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen) – to destroy warts. Immunotherapy (e.g., imiquimod ) – for persistent cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in children and young adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Direct contact with infected skin, immunosuppression, and cuts or abrasions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most warts resolve within 1–2 years; treatment accelerates resolution.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spread to other areas; Painful plantar warts; Recurrent infections
Measles (Skin Manifestation)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
red, blotchy rash starting on face and spreading downward; fever; cough; runny nose; koplik spots inside the mouth
Root Cause:
Viral infections caused by Measles Virus or Rubella Virus, transmitted via respiratory droplets.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation; PCR testing, serology for IgM antibodies.
Treatment:
Supportive care; prevention via vaccination.
Medications:
Supportive care (e.g., antipyretics like acetaminophen ). Vitamin A supplementation – for measles in malnourished children.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in vaccinated populations; outbreaks occur in areas with low vaccination coverage.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unvaccinated status, close contact with infected individuals, and travel to endemic areas.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Self-limiting in most cases; complications are more common in malnourished or immunocompromised individuals.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia; Encephalitis; Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (rare)
Rubella (Skin Manifestation)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections
Symptoms:
pink, maculopapular rash starting on face and spreading downward; mild fever; swollen lymph nodes; joint pain
Root Cause:
Viral infections caused by Measles Virus or Rubella Virus, transmitted via respiratory droplets.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation; PCR testing, serology for IgM antibodies.
Treatment:
Supportive care; prevention via vaccination.
Medications:
Supportive care (e.g., antipyretics like acetaminophen ). Vitamin A supplementation – for measles in malnourished children.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in vaccinated populations; outbreaks occur in areas with low vaccination coverage.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unvaccinated status, close contact with infected individuals, and travel to endemic areas.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Self-limiting in most cases; complications are more common in malnourished or immunocompromised individuals.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Congenital rubella syndrome in pregnant women; Arthritis
Ringworm
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
circular, red, scaly patches with central clearing; itching
Root Cause:
Superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton species).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical appearance, potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of skin scrapings, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical antifungals for mild cases; systemic antifungals for extensive or scalp infections.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , terbinafine ). Oral antifungals (e.g., griseofulvin , terbinafine ) – for scalp or widespread infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, humid environments, close contact with infected individuals, sharing personal items.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate treatment; recurrence is possible without preventive measures.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Chronic or recurrent infections
Athlete’s Foot
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
itching and burning between toes; cracked, peeling skin
Root Cause:
Superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton species).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical appearance, potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of skin scrapings, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical antifungals for mild cases; systemic antifungals for extensive or scalp infections.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , terbinafine ). Oral antifungals (e.g., griseofulvin , terbinafine ) – for scalp or widespread infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, humid environments, close contact with infected individuals, sharing personal items.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate treatment; recurrence is possible without preventive measures.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Chronic or recurrent infections
Jock Itch
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
itchy, red rash in the groin and inner thighs; scaly or flaky edges
Root Cause:
Superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton species).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical appearance, potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of skin scrapings, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical antifungals for mild cases; systemic antifungals for extensive or scalp infections.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , terbinafine ). Oral antifungals (e.g., griseofulvin , terbinafine ) – for scalp or widespread infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, humid environments, close contact with infected individuals, sharing personal items.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate treatment; recurrence is possible without preventive measures.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Chronic or recurrent infections
Fungal Infection of the Scalp
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
scaly patches of hair loss; itching; swollen lymph nodes in severe cases
Root Cause:
Superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton species).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical appearance, potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation of skin scrapings, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical antifungals for mild cases; systemic antifungals for extensive or scalp infections.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , terbinafine ). Oral antifungals (e.g., griseofulvin , terbinafine ) – for scalp or widespread infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, humid environments, close contact with infected individuals, sharing personal items.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate treatment; recurrence is possible without preventive measures.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Chronic or recurrent infections
Candidiasis of Skin
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
red, moist patches with satellite pustules; itching and irritation; common in skin folds
Root Cause:
Overgrowth of Candida species, typically Candida albicans, in warm, moist environments or due to immunosuppression.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, KOH preparation, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical or systemic antifungals; address underlying risk factors.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , nystatin ). Oral antifungals (e.g., fluconazole ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in individuals with diabetes, weakened immune systems, or recent antibiotic use.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, moist environments, diabetes, immunosuppression, recent antibiotic or corticosteroid use.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; chronic or recurrent infections may occur if risk factors persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Systemic candidiasis in immunocompromised patients; Pain or discomfort in affected areas; Recurrent infections
Candidiasis of Oral (Thrush)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
white plaques on tongue and inner cheeks; soreness or burning sensation
Root Cause:
Overgrowth of Candida species, typically Candida albicans, in warm, moist environments or due to immunosuppression.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, KOH preparation, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical or systemic antifungals; address underlying risk factors.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , nystatin ). Oral antifungals (e.g., fluconazole ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in individuals with diabetes, weakened immune systems, or recent antibiotic use.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, moist environments, diabetes, immunosuppression, recent antibiotic or corticosteroid use.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; chronic or recurrent infections may occur if risk factors persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Systemic candidiasis in immunocompromised patients; Pain or discomfort in affected areas; Recurrent infections
Candidiasis of Vagina
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Fungal Infections
Symptoms:
thick, white discharge; itching and burning
Root Cause:
Overgrowth of Candida species, typically Candida albicans, in warm, moist environments or due to immunosuppression.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, KOH preparation, or fungal culture.
Treatment:
Topical or systemic antifungals; address underlying risk factors.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole , nystatin ). Oral antifungals (e.g., fluconazole ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in individuals with diabetes, weakened immune systems, or recent antibiotic use.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Warm, moist environments, diabetes, immunosuppression, recent antibiotic or corticosteroid use.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; chronic or recurrent infections may occur if risk factors persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Systemic candidiasis in immunocompromised patients; Pain or discomfort in affected areas; Recurrent infections
Pediculosis (Lice)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Parasitic Infections
Symptoms:
intense itching on scalp, body, or pubic area; visible lice or nits (eggs) attached to hair shafts; red bumps or excoriations due to scratching
Root Cause:
Infestation by lice species (Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus corporis, or Pthirus pubis).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visual identification of lice or nits; Wood’s lamp may help detect nits.
Treatment:
Topical pediculicides and manual removal of nits; wash clothing and bedding to prevent reinfestation.
Medications:
Topical permethrin 1% or 5% lotion – first-line treatment. Oral ivermectin – for resistant cases. Malathion or benzyl alcohol – alternative topical treatments.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common, especially in children and crowded living conditions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infested individuals, sharing personal items, poor hygiene.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; reinfestation is common without environmental control.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Scalp irritation or dermatitis
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Parasitic Infections
Symptoms:
painless skin sores or ulcers; raised edges and central crater; may heal with scarring
Root Cause:
Infection by Leishmania parasites transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy or lesion aspirate, microscopy, PCR, or culture to identify parasites.
Treatment:
Antiparasitic medications; treatment varies by species and region.
Medications:
Pentavalent antimonials (e.g., sodium stibogluconate). Amphotericin B – for resistant or severe cases. Miltefosine – oral therapy for certain forms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic in tropical and subtropical regions; affects millions globally.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living or traveling in endemic areas, exposure to sandflies, and poor housing conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Healing depends on the species and treatment; mucocutaneous forms can cause significant disfigurement.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Disfiguring scars; Spread to mucous membranes
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Parasitic Infections
Symptoms:
disfiguring lesions on mucous membranes; nasal and oral ulceration
Root Cause:
Infection by Leishmania parasites transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin biopsy or lesion aspirate, microscopy, PCR, or culture to identify parasites.
Treatment:
Antiparasitic medications; treatment varies by species and region.
Medications:
Pentavalent antimonials (e.g., sodium stibogluconate). Amphotericin B – for resistant or severe cases. Miltefosine – oral therapy for certain forms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic in tropical and subtropical regions; affects millions globally.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living or traveling in endemic areas, exposure to sandflies, and poor housing conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Healing depends on the species and treatment; mucocutaneous forms can cause significant disfigurement.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Disfiguring scars; Spread to mucous membranes
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Parasitic Infections
Symptoms:
itchy, red, serpiginous tracks on the skin; localized swelling and irritation; commonly affects feet, buttocks, or other areas in contact with contaminated soil
Root Cause:
Skin infestation by hookworm larvae (Ancylostoma braziliense or Ancylostoma caninum) from contaminated soil or sand.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical appearance of characteristic serpiginous lesions; history of contact with contaminated environments.
Treatment:
Oral or topical antiparasitic medications.
Medications:
Oral albendazole or ivermectin – first-line treatments. Topical thiabendazole – for localized lesions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in tropical and subtropical regions; travelers and locals are affected.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Walking barefoot on contaminated soil or sand, living in endemic areas.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; lesions typically resolve within a week.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Persistent itching or irritation
Hyperpigmentation (e.g., Melasma)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Pigmentation Disorders
Symptoms:
darkened patches of skin, typically on the face; irregular borders; symmetrical distribution; often exacerbated by sun exposure
Root Cause:
Overproduction of melanin by melanocytes, often triggered by sun exposure, hormonal changes, or medications.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; Wood’s lamp examination to assess depth of pigmentation.
Treatment:
Topical depigmenting agents, sun protection, and chemical peels.
Medications:
Topical hydroquinone – for skin lightening. Retinoids (e.g., tretinoin ) – for skin renewal. Azelaic acid or kojic acid – alternative depigmenting agents.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, particularly in women and those with darker skin tones.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Pregnancy, hormonal therapies (e.g., oral contraceptives), sun exposure, family history.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition; recurrences are common without sun protection.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Psychological distress; Persistent discoloration despite treatment
Albinism (Hypopigmentation)
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Pigmentation Disorders
Symptoms:
complete or partial absence of melanin in skin, hair, and eyes; sensitivity to sunlight; vision abnormalities
Root Cause:
Genetic mutation affecting melanin production.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, family history, genetic testing (for albinism).
Treatment:
Sun protection, camouflage makeup; no cure for albinism.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors – for post-inflammatory cases. Vitamin D supplements – for albinism due to reduced sun exposure.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
1 in 17,000 to 20,000 people worldwide.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic inheritance (albinism), history of skin inflammation or injury.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Lifelong condition; manageable with precautions.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sunburn; Skin cancer; Vision problems
Post-Inflammatory Hypopigmentation
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Pigmentation Disorders
Symptoms:
localized light patches of skin following inflammation or injury
Root Cause:
Loss of melanocytes or reduced melanin production following skin trauma.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, family history, genetic testing (for albinism).
Treatment:
Sun protection, camouflage makeup; no cure for albinism.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids or calcineurin inhibitors – for post-inflammatory cases. Vitamin D supplements – for albinism due to reduced sun exposure.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially after skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic inheritance (albinism), history of skin inflammation or injury.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often resolves over time.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Psychological distress due to cosmetic appearance
Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
Specialty: Dermatology
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Pigmentation Disorders
Symptoms:
darkened patches of skin at sites of previous inflammation or injury; irregular borders; can affect any part of the body
Root Cause:
Overproduction of melanin in response to skin trauma, inflammation, or injury.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination; differentiate from other hyperpigmentation causes.
Treatment:
Topical depigmenting agents, chemical peels, and sun protection.
Medications:
Topical hydroquinone – for depigmentation. Retinoids (e.g., tretinoin ) – to improve skin renewal. Azelaic acid or kojic acid – alternatives for skin lightening.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in individuals with darker skin tones.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Acne, eczema, psoriasis, or any condition causing skin inflammation.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Gradual resolution over months to years with treatment; recurrence possible if underlying cause persists.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent discoloration; Psychological distress due to cosmetic concerns
Pressure ulcers (bedsores)
Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Chronic Skin Conditions
Symptoms:
pain at pressure points; redness or discoloration of skin; blisters or open sores; swelling; tissue necrosis
Root Cause:
Damage to the skin and underlying tissue due to prolonged pressure on the skin, often over bony areas such as heels, hips, or tailbone.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically made through visual inspection of the affected area and staging of the ulcer (from stage 1 to stage 4, based on severity).
Treatment:
Relieving pressure from the affected area, proper wound care, maintaining hygiene, ensuring adequate nutrition, and using specialized mattresses or cushions.
Medications:
Pain relievers (NSAIDs like ibuprofen ), topical antibiotics (e.g., silver sulfadiazine ), and sometimes systemic antibiotics for infection control. Medications are classified as analgesics (pain relief), antibiotics (for infection), and topical agents (for wound care).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2-3 million people in the United States annually, with the elderly and those with limited mobility being at highest risk.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Immobility, poor nutrition, dehydration, advanced age, incontinence, and underlying health conditions like diabetes or vascular diseases.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis depends on severity; minor cases may heal with proper care, while severe cases may lead to chronic wounds and complications like infection or sepsis.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infection, cellulitis, sepsis, osteomyelitis, and complications related to prolonged immobility, such as deep vein thrombosis.
Venous stasis dermatitis
Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Chronic Skin Conditions
Symptoms:
itching; swelling; redness; discoloration (brownish skin); dry, flaky skin; leg ulcers
Root Cause:
Poor circulation in the lower legs, typically due to venous insufficiency, which causes blood to pool and leads to skin inflammation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is clinical, based on symptoms and patient history. Duplex ultrasound may be used to assess venous insufficiency.
Treatment:
Compression therapy, elevation of legs, proper skin care, and topical corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgical interventions to correct venous insufficiency may be necessary.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone ), oral diuretics (e.g., furosemide ) for edema control, and venotonics (e.g., diosmin) to improve venous tone. Medications are classified as anti-inflammatory agents (for inflammation), diuretics (to reduce fluid retention), and venotropics (to improve blood flow).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 3 million individuals in the U.S., particularly those with chronic venous insufficiency.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, prolonged standing, advanced age, history of deep vein thrombosis, and varicose veins.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The condition is manageable with treatment but can lead to chronic leg ulcers if not controlled.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Leg ulcers, secondary bacterial infections, and persistent skin discoloration.
Seborrheic dermatitis
Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Chronic Skin Conditions
Symptoms:
itchy scalp; flaky, scaly skin; red patches; greasy or oily appearance; dandruff
Root Cause:
Overgrowth of yeast (Malassezia) on the skin in areas with abundant sebaceous (oil) glands, leading to skin inflammation and scaling.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is clinical, based on skin appearance, location of lesions, and patient history. Skin scraping or biopsy may be performed to rule out other conditions.
Treatment:
Medicated shampoos (containing ketoconazole, selenium sulfide), topical corticosteroids, and antifungal creams or lotions.
Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., ketoconazole ), topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone ), and medicated shampoos. Medications are classified as antifungals (to control yeast growth) and anti-inflammatory agents (to reduce inflammation).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 1-3% of the general population, with a higher prevalence in individuals over 40 years old.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, oily skin, immune system deficiencies, and neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically chronic and relapsing, but manageable with proper treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections, especially if the skin becomes damaged from scratching or inflammation.
Pruritus (itching, often due to dry skin)
Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics
Category: Skin Disorders
Sub-category: Chronic Skin Conditions
Symptoms:
intense itching; dry, flaky skin; redness; cracked skin
Root Cause:
Dry skin (xerosis) leads to itching due to reduced moisture content in the skin, which can be exacerbated by environmental factors or underlying medical conditions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and patient history. Skin biopsy may be performed if the cause of itching is unclear.
Treatment:
Moisturizing lotions, topical corticosteroids for inflammation, avoiding triggers (e.g., hot water, harsh soaps), and antihistamines for relief.
Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone ) for inflammation, antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine ) for itching relief, and emollients (e.g., petroleum jelly). Medications are classified as anti-inflammatory agents (to reduce inflammation), antihistamines (for itching), and emollients (to hydrate the skin).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 10-20% of the general population, with higher incidence in older adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, cold weather, dehydration, certain medications, and skin conditions like eczema.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically manageable with proper skin care, but may persist or worsen in the elderly.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Skin infections due to scratching, thickening of the skin (lichenification), and secondary bacterial infections.