Condition Lookup

Sub-category: Respiratory Diseases

Symptoms:
wheezing; shortness of breath; chest tightness; coughing, especially at night or early morning

Root Cause:
Chronic inflammation of the airways, leading to narrowing and obstruction. Triggered by allergens, irritants, or respiratory infections.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Spirometry (to assess airflow and lung function), peak flow measurement, allergy tests, and clinical history.

Treatment:
Avoiding triggers, inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, leukotriene modifiers, and biologics for severe cases.

Medications:
Short-acting beta-agonists (like albuterol ), long-acting beta-agonists (like salmeterol ), inhaled corticosteroids (like budesonide ), leukotriene modifiers (like montelukast ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Asthma affects approximately 10% of the global population, with higher prevalence in children and young adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of asthma, exposure to allergens (pollen, dust mites, pet dander), respiratory infections during childhood, air pollution, smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper management, asthma can often be controlled, though it may persist into adulthood or worsen with age.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe asthma attacks, respiratory failure, and increased susceptibility to respiratory infections.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Respiratory Diseases

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; chronic cough; wheezing; chest tightness; frequent respiratory infections; fatigue

Root Cause:
Progressive airflow limitation due to inflammation and narrowing of the airways, often caused by smoking or long-term exposure to lung irritants.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Pulmonary function tests (spirometry) to measure lung capacity and airflow, chest X-ray, and blood tests (ABGs - arterial blood gases).

Treatment:
Smoking cessation, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and in severe cases, lung surgery or transplantation.

Medications:
Short-acting bronchodilators (like albuterol ), long-acting bronchodilators (like salmeterol ), inhaled corticosteroids (like fluticasone ), and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (like roflumilast ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
COPD affects around 10% of the global adult population, with a higher prevalence in older adults and smokers.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking (primary risk factor), exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution, occupational dust and chemicals, genetic factors (e.g., alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
COPD is progressive and irreversible; however, treatment can manage symptoms and slow progression. Prognosis varies based on severity and adherence to treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory infections, heart problems (e.g., cor pulmonale), lung cancer, chronic respiratory failure, and increased risk of pneumonia.

Atrial Fibrillation

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Cardiovascular Diseases

Symptoms:
irregular heartbeats; palpitations; fatigue; dizziness; shortness of breath; chest pain

Root Cause:
An irregular and often rapid heart rate caused by abnormal electrical impulses in the heart's atria.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
ECG, Holter monitor, and echocardiogram to evaluate heart rhythm and identify underlying causes.

Treatment:
Anticoagulants (to prevent blood clots), antiarrhythmic drugs, rate or rhythm control medications, and sometimes cardioversion or ablation.

Medications:
Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin , Apixaban ) – Prevent clot formation to reduce stroke risk. Beta-blockers (e.g., Metoprolol ) – Help control heart rate and reduce palpitations. Calcium channel blockers (e.g., Diltiazem ) – Help control heart rate by blocking calcium channels in the heart.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 2-3% of the population; more common in older adults and those with heart disease.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, excessive alcohol use, family history, obesity.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with medication; however, if untreated, AF can increase the risk of stroke and heart failure.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Stroke, heart failure, blood clots, fatigue.

Hypothyroidism

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; weight gain; cold intolerance; constipation; dry skin; hair loss; depression

Root Cause:
Underactive thyroid gland that produces insufficient thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), leading to slowed metabolism.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests measuring levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) and free T4.

Treatment:
Lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy, typically with levothyroxine.

Medications:
Levothyroxine (a synthetic form of T4) to replace missing thyroid hormone.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 4-5% of adults, with a higher prevalence in older adults, especially women.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune diseases (e.g., Hashimoto's thyroiditis), age, gender (more common in women), and family history.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Well-controlled with appropriate medication. Untreated hypothyroidism can lead to serious complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart disease, infertility, nerve damage, myxedema coma (in severe cases).

Metabolic Syndrome

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders

Symptoms:
high blood pressure; high blood sugar; abdominal obesity; high triglycerides; low hdl cholesterol

Root Cause:
A combination of metabolic risk factors (insulin resistance, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and obesity) that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis typically involves the presence of three or more of the following

Treatment:
Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, weight loss), medications to manage blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar, and potentially insulin therapy.

Medications:
Statins for dyslipidemia, antihypertensive drugs (e.g., ACE inhibitors, diuretics), metformin for insulin resistance, and medications to control cholesterol and triglycerides .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 25% of the global adult population, with increasing prevalence among older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, obesity, physical inactivity, high cholesterol, family history, and smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If untreated, metabolic syndrome increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Effective management can prevent or delay complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.

Vitamin D Deficiency

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; bone pain; muscle weakness; frequent infections; depression; hair loss

Root Cause:
Insufficient levels of vitamin D in the body, leading to poor calcium absorption, bone weakness, and muscle problems.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood test measuring levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Treatment:
Vitamin D supplementation, increased sun exposure, and dietary changes (foods rich in vitamin D like fatty fish, fortified foods, etc.).

Medications:
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol ) supplements, either orally or through injections in severe cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 30-50% of the global population, with higher rates in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, limited sun exposure, dark skin, obesity, certain medications, and poor dietary intake.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Timely diagnosis reduces the risk of fractures, falls, and associated complications, while also enhancing bone health, muscle strength, and overall quality of life.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Osteoporosis. Increased risk of fractures. Muscle weakness. Falls. Impaired immune function. Potential cardiovascular and cognitive issues.

Constipation

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders

Symptoms:
infrequent bowel movements; difficulty passing stools; abdominal discomfort; straining; hard or lumpy stools

Root Cause:
Slow transit through the colon or impaired rectal function.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms, patient history, and sometimes colonoscopy or anorectal manometry.

Treatment:
Dietary fiber, increased fluid intake, laxatives, stool softeners, and possibly biofeedback therapy.

Medications:
Bulk-forming agents (e.g., psyllium), stool softeners (e.g., docusate), stimulant laxatives (e.g., bisacodyl ), osmotic laxatives (e.g., polyethylene glycol).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10-20% of adults, with a higher prevalence in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Low-fiber diet, dehydration, lack of physical activity, certain medications (e.g., opioids), and aging.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally manageable with lifestyle modifications and occasional use of medications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hemorrhoids, anal fissures, fecal impaction, and rectal prolapse.

Osteoarthritis

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Musculoskeletal Disorders

Sub-category: Bone Disorders

Symptoms:
joint pain; stiffness; limited range of motion; swelling; bone spurs; grating sensation during joint movement

Root Cause:
The gradual breakdown of cartilage in joints, leading to bone-on-bone contact, inflammation, and joint damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, patient history, imaging studies (X-ray, MRI), and joint fluid analysis to rule out other conditions.

Treatment:
Lifestyle modifications (weight loss, physical therapy), pain management, assistive devices, and surgery (joint replacement) for severe cases.

Medications:
Acetaminophen for mild pain; NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or naproxen for pain and inflammation; corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation; and hyaluronic acid injections for joint lubrication.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 32.5 million adults in the U.S., particularly those aged 50 and older.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, obesity, joint injuries, genetics, and repetitive joint use.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic and progressive; symptoms can be managed with treatment, but cartilage loss is irreversible.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, decreased mobility, joint deformity, and increased risk of falls.

Gout

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Musculoskeletal Disorders

Sub-category: Metabolic Disorders

Symptoms:
sudden severe joint pain; redness; swelling; warmth; tenderness in affected joint (commonly the big toe)

Root Cause:
High levels of uric acid in the blood lead to the formation of urate crystals in joints, causing inflammation and pain.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Joint fluid analysis to detect urate crystals, blood tests for uric acid levels, and imaging (ultrasound, X-ray, or dual-energy CT).

Treatment:
Lifestyle changes (dietary modifications, weight management), medications to manage acute attacks and prevent recurrences.

Medications:
NSAIDs like indomethacin for acute pain; colchicine to reduce inflammation; corticosteroids for severe attacks; allopurinol or febuxostat to lower uric acid levels.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 4% of adults in the U.S.; more common in men and older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High purine diet, alcohol consumption, obesity, hypertension, and diuretic use.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with appropriate treatment and lifestyle changes; untreated gout can lead to chronic arthritis and kidney damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic tophaceous gout, kidney stones, and joint deformities.

Osteoporosis

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders

Symptoms:
often asymptomatic until a fracture occurs. in some cases, back pain, loss of height, or stooped posture.

Root Cause:
Loss of bone density and strength, leading to fragile bones and an increased risk of fractures.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Bone mineral density (BMD) test (DEXA scan).

Treatment:
Medications to increase bone density, weight-bearing exercises, calcium and vitamin D supplements.

Medications:
Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate ), denosumab (RANKL inhibitor), and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) (e.g., raloxifene ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men over the age of 50.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, gender (more common in women), family history, low calcium or vitamin D intake, smoking, and physical inactivity.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatable and manageable with medication, lifestyle changes, and monitoring; untreated osteoporosis leads to an increased risk of fractures.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Fractures, especially hip, spine, and wrist fractures.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Urologic and Renal Disorders

Symptoms:
frequent urination; burning sensation during urination; cloudy or strong-smelling urine; pelvic pain; hematuria (blood in urine); fever (in severe cases)

Root Cause:
Infection caused by bacteria (commonly E. coli) entering the urinary tract, often affecting the bladder or kidneys.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Urinalysis (to check for white blood cells, bacteria, and blood), urine culture (to identify the causative bacteria), and sometimes imaging if recurrent UTIs occur.

Treatment:
Antibiotics are typically prescribed to treat the infection. Hydration and pain management may also be recommended.

Medications:
Antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin , trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or fosfomycin are commonly prescribed. In recurrent infections, a longer course of antibiotics or prophylactic antibiotics may be recommended. These are classified as antimicrobial agents.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
UTIs are one of the most common infections, with older adults being at higher risk due to factors such as decreased immunity and urinary retention.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender, urinary catheter use, diabetes, a weakened immune system, poor hydration, and a history of UTIs.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most UTIs are easily treated with antibiotics. However, in older adults, infections can be more severe and may require hospital treatment, especially if it progresses to a kidney infection (pyelonephritis).

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Kidney damage, sepsis, and recurrent infections, especially in older adults with comorbidities.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Urologic and Renal Disorders

Symptoms:
frequent urination; difficulty starting urination; weak urine stream; dribbling after urination; increased nighttime urination (nocturia); feeling of incomplete bladder emptying

Root Cause:
Enlargement of the prostate gland, which leads to compression of the urethra and obstruction of urinary flow.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical exam (including digital rectal exam), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test, urinalysis, ultrasound, and urodynamic testing.

Treatment:
Lifestyle changes (e.g., reducing fluid intake before bed, avoiding bladder irritants), medications, or surgery (in severe cases).

Medications:
Alpha blockers (e.g., tamsulosin ) to relax the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride ) to shrink the prostate. In some cases, combination therapy may be used. These medications help to alleviate symptoms and reduce the size of the prostate.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects more than 50% of men over the age of 60, with the prevalence increasing with age.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, family history, obesity, lack of physical activity, and certain lifestyle factors.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally manageable with treatment, but symptoms may worsen over time if untreated. Surgical intervention may be necessary in advanced cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Urinary retention, bladder stones, kidney damage, and bladder infections if left untreated.

Tinnitus

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Sensory Disorders

Sub-category: Hearing Disorders

Symptoms:
ringing, buzzing, or hissing sound in one or both ears; sensitivity to external noise; difficulty concentrating or sleeping due to the constant sound; feeling of fullness in the ear

Root Cause:
Tinnitus is often caused by damage to the hair cells in the inner ear, which disrupts normal sound processing. It may also be related to age-related hearing loss, ear infections, earwax buildup, or exposure to loud noises.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves a physical examination and hearing tests by an audiologist or ENT specialist. Imaging tests (e.g., MRI or CT scans) may be ordered to rule out underlying structural causes.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on symptom management and may include sound therapy (e.g., white noise machines), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), tinnitus retraining therapy, or medications to reduce anxiety and depression.

Medications:
No specific medications cure tinnitus, but some medications may help alleviate symptoms. These include antidepressants (e.g., nortriptyline , a tricyclic antidepressant), antianxiety drugs (e.g., buspirone , a non-benzodiazepine), and benzodiazepines (e.g., alprazolam ) for anxiety-related tinnitus. These medications fall under the classifications of antidepressants, anxiolytics, and sedatives.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Tinnitus affects around 10-15% of the general population, with increased prevalence among older adults and those with hearing loss.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to loud noises. Age-related hearing loss. Ear infections or ear damage. High blood pressure. Diabetes. Stress and anxiety.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
While tinnitus often cannot be cured, it can be managed effectively. The prognosis depends on the underlying cause and the individual’s response to treatment. In many cases, symptoms decrease over time.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sleep disturbances. Anxiety and depression. Difficulty concentrating. Decreased quality of life due to constant noise perception.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders

Symptoms:
increased thirst; frequent urination; fatigue; blurred vision; slow wound healing; numbness or tingling in hands or feet

Root Cause:
Insulin resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. The pancreas eventually cannot produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests including fasting blood glucose, HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin), or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).

Treatment:
Lifestyle changes (diet and exercise), blood sugar monitoring, oral medications (e.g., metformin), and insulin therapy in some cases.

Medications:
Metformin (an oral biguanide that improves insulin sensitivity and reduces glucose production in the liver), sulfonylureas (e.g., glimepiride ), SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., empagliflozin ), GLP-1 agonists (e.g., liraglutide ), and insulin.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 9.3% of the global population, with a higher prevalence in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, family history, obesity, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and an unhealthy diet.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be managed with lifestyle changes and medications, though long-term complications can arise if blood sugar levels are not well-controlled.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, nerve damage, eye damage, poor wound healing, and increased risk of infections.

Heatstroke

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Thermoregulatory Disorders

Symptoms:
high body temperature (above 104°f or 40°c); altered mental state (confusion, agitation, delirium); hot, dry skin; rapid heartbeat; shallow breathing; nausea or vomiting; headache; muscle cramps

Root Cause:
The body’s thermoregulation system becomes overwhelmed in extremely hot environments, causing a dangerous increase in body temperature. In older adults, the ability to regulate body temperature may be impaired due to decreased sweating, dehydration, or underlying medical conditions.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically clinical, based on symptoms such as elevated body temperature and altered mental status. Laboratory tests (blood tests, urinalysis) may help assess the severity of organ dysfunction, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.

Treatment:
The primary treatment for heatstroke involves immediate cooling of the body, such as immersing the person in cool water, applying ice packs to areas like the neck, armpits, and groin, and using cooling blankets. Intravenous fluids are given to rehydrate the person and correct electrolyte imbalances. In severe cases, hospitalization is necessary for organ support.

Medications:
No specific medications are typically used to treat heatstroke, but medications such as intravenous fluids (saline or Ringer's lactate) are used to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Antipyretics like acetaminophen or ibuprofen are not recommended because they may mask symptoms and interfere with body cooling. In cases of seizures, anticonvulsant medications (e.g., lorazepam ) may be given.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Heatstroke is more common in older adults, especially during heatwaves, as their ability to regulate body temperature decreases with age. It can be fatal without prompt treatment.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, dehydration, chronic medical conditions (e.g., heart disease, diabetes), use of certain medications (e.g., diuretics, anticholinergics), and exposure to high temperatures, especially in humid environments.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Heatstroke is a medical emergency, and prognosis depends on the speed of intervention. With immediate treatment, recovery is possible, but the risk of long-term organ damage or death increases with delayed treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Organ failure (especially kidney and liver), heat-related brain damage, seizures, shock, and death are possible in severe cases if treatment is not initiated quickly.

Hypothermia

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Thermoregulatory Disorders

Symptoms:
shivering; confusion; slurred speech; drowsiness; weak pulse; low body temperature; pale skin; loss of coordination

Root Cause:
The body loses heat faster than it can produce it, causing the body temperature to drop below the normal range (95°F or 35°C). In older adults, the body's thermoregulation becomes less efficient, increasing the risk.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, supported by the measurement of body temperature. Other diagnostic tests may include blood tests and ECG to assess for complications such as arrhythmias.

Treatment:
The primary treatment involves rewarming the body using passive or active methods, such as warm blankets, heating pads, or immersion in warm water. Intravenous fluids and, in severe cases, warm, humidified oxygen or rewarming devices may be used. Hospitalization is often required in severe cases.

Medications:
No specific medications are used to treat hypothermia directly. However, if complications such as infection or dehydration occur, antibiotics and intravenous fluids may be prescribed. In case of cardiac arrhythmias, anti-arrhythmic medications (e.g., amiodarone ) may be used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Hypothermia is more common in elderly individuals, particularly those who are frail, have chronic health conditions, or live in poorly insulated environments. It is more common during winter months.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, poor circulation, malnutrition, certain medications (such as sedatives or antidepressants), and environmental factors (cold weather, wet clothing).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With prompt and effective treatment, many individuals recover without lasting effects. However, severe cases can lead to organ failure and death if not treated in time.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe hypothermia can cause heart arrhythmias, organ failure, frostbite, respiratory failure, and even death if not managed properly.

Paget’s Disease of Bone

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Musculoskeletal Disorders

Sub-category: Bone Disorders

Symptoms:
bone pain; bowing of the legs; enlarged skull; hearing loss; increased risk of fractures

Root Cause:
Disrupted bone remodeling process, where excessive bone resorption is followed by abnormal new bone formation, leading to weakened and deformed bones.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (elevated alkaline phosphatase), X-rays, bone scans, and sometimes bone biopsy.

Treatment:
Bisphosphonates to reduce bone turnover, calcium and vitamin D supplementation, and physical therapy. Surgery may be needed for fractures or deformities.

Medications:
Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate , risedronate , or zoledronic acid) to inhibit bone resorption; calcitonin for pain management.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1-3% of individuals over age 50, more common in men.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advancing age, family history, and European ancestry.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally manageable with treatment; untreated, it can lead to significant complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bone fractures, arthritis, nerve compression, and rarely, osteosarcoma.

Chronic Diarrhea

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders

Symptoms:
frequent, loose stools; abdominal cramping; urgency; dehydration; fatigue

Root Cause:
Can result from a variety of causes including infections, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or malabsorption disorders.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Stool tests, colonoscopy, blood tests, and imaging studies.

Treatment:
Depending on the cause, treatment may involve antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medications, dietary changes, or corticosteroids.

Medications:
Anti-diarrheal agents (e.g., loperamide ), antibiotics (e.g., metronidazole for infections), anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., mesalamine for IBD).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 5-10% of the general population, more common in the elderly.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Inflammatory bowel disease, infections, irritable bowel syndrome, medications (e.g., antibiotics).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the underlying cause, but chronic diarrhea can often be managed effectively.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Dehydration, malnutrition, and electrolyte imbalances.

Cataracts

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Sensory Disorders

Sub-category: Vision Disorders

Symptoms:
blurry vision; difficulty seeing at night; sensitivity to light; double vision; faded colors

Root Cause:
Clouding of the natural lens of the eye, leading to decreased vision.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Eye examination, including a slit-lamp exam, visual acuity test, and dilated eye exam to assess the extent of cloudiness in the lens.

Treatment:
Surgical removal of the clouded lens and replacement with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).

Medications:
No specific medications for treatment; however, eye drops may be prescribed for post-surgical care to prevent infection or inflammation (e.g., corticosteroid drops or antibiotic drops).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Cataracts are extremely common in older adults, affecting more than half of people over the age of 65.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, family history, prolonged exposure to UV light, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, prolonged use of corticosteroids.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Surgery is highly effective in restoring vision, and most patients experience significant improvement post-surgery.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Risk of infection, bleeding, retinal detachment, or secondary cataract formation (after surgery).

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Neurological Conditions

Symptoms:
sudden, temporary loss of vision in one eye; sudden difficulty speaking or understanding speech; sudden weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg, usually on one side of the body; sudden dizziness or loss of balance

Root Cause:
A temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain, often due to a clot or narrowing of the blood vessels.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical and neurological exam. MRI or CT scan. Carotid ultrasound. Blood tests.

Treatment:
Antiplatelet medications (e.g., aspirin). Management of underlying risk factors like hypertension or high cholesterol. In some cases, surgery to remove blockages or prevent stroke.

Medications:
Aspirin or clopidogrel (antiplatelets). Statins for cholesterol control. Antihypertensives to control blood pressure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 200,000 cases in the U.S. annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, heart disease, high cholesterol, age, family history.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
High risk of a full stroke following a TIA, especially if untreated; early intervention can reduce the risk of a major stroke.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Stroke, cognitive impairments, memory loss, permanent disability.

Peripheral Neuropathy

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Neurological Conditions

Symptoms:
numbness or tingling in the hands or feet; weakness in the affected area; sensitivity to touch; pain that may be sharp, burning, or throbbing

Root Cause:
Damage to the peripheral nerves, often caused by diabetes, infections, or vitamin deficiencies.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Neurological exam. Nerve conduction studies. Blood tests to check for diabetes or vitamin deficiencies. Electromyography (EMG).

Treatment:
Pain management (anticonvulsants, antidepressants). Physical therapy. Addressing underlying causes like diabetes control.

Medications:
Gabapentin or pregabalin (anticonvulsants for pain relief). Amitriptyline or duloxetine (antidepressants for neuropathic pain). Capsaicin cream for localized pain relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 2-3% of the general population, with higher rates among diabetics (up to 50% of those with diabetes).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Diabetes, excessive alcohol use, autoimmune diseases, certain medications, infections, vitamin deficiencies.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be managed with treatment, but nerve damage is often permanent. Symptoms may worsen if underlying causes are not treated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Loss of sensation, increased risk of falls, muscle weakness, infections due to unnoticed injuries.

Congestive Heart Failure

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Cardiovascular Diseases

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; fatigue; swelling in legs and ankles; coughing or wheezing; rapid or irregular heartbeat

Root Cause:
The heart's inability to pump blood efficiently, leading to fluid accumulation in the lungs and other parts of the body.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on physical exam, medical history, and tests such as echocardiograms, chest X-rays, and BNP blood tests.

Treatment:
Medications to reduce fluid overload (diuretics), ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and lifestyle changes. In severe cases, heart transplant may be considered.

Medications:
Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide ) – Help reduce fluid buildup by increasing urination. ACE inhibitors (e.g., Enalapril , Ramipril ) – Help relax blood vessels and reduce the heart’s workload. Beta-blockers (e.g., Carvedilol , Bisoprolol ) – Help the heart pump more efficiently by slowing the heart rate. Aldosterone antagonists (e.g., Spironolactone ) – Help reduce fluid retention.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2% of the population; more common in older adults and those with a history of heart disease.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous heart attack, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, alcohol use, family history.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper management, many people with CHF can live for years, but the condition may worsen over time without treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Kidney failure, liver damage, arrhythmias, stroke, severe fluid retention.

Peripheral Artery Disease

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Cardiovascular Diseases

Symptoms:
leg pain while walking; numbness or weakness in the legs; cold legs or feet; delayed wound healing; shiny skin on legs

Root Cause:
Narrowing or blockages of arteries in the legs due to plaque buildup, reducing blood flow.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, ankle-brachial index (ABI), ultrasound, and angiography.

Treatment:
Lifestyle changes, medications to improve blood flow, and surgical options such as bypass surgery or angioplasty.

Medications:
Antiplatelet agents (e.g., Aspirin , Clopidogrel ) – Prevent blood clot formation and improve blood flow. Statins (e.g., Atorvastatin ) – Lower cholesterol to reduce plaque buildup. Vasodilators (e.g., Cilostazol ) – Improve blood flow by relaxing blood vessels.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 10-20% of individuals over 60; more common in individuals with diabetes or smoking history.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, family history, older age.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatment improves quality

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Critical limb ischemia. non-healing wounds. infections. An increased risk of heart attack or stroke.

Valvular Heart Disease (e.g., Aortic Stenosis)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Cardiovascular Diseases

Symptoms:
chest pain; shortness of breath; fatigue; dizziness; fainting; heart murmur

Root Cause:
Narrowing, leaking, or dysfunction of the heart valves, which impairs the heart's ability to pump blood effectively.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, echocardiogram, chest X-ray, and electrocardiogram (ECG).

Treatment:
Valve repair or replacement surgery (e.g., aortic valve replacement), lifestyle modifications, medications to manage symptoms such as diuretics and beta-blockers.

Medications:
Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide ) – Help reduce fluid buildup and lower blood pressure. Beta-blockers (e.g., Metoprolol ) – Reduce the heart's workload by slowing the heart rate. ACE inhibitors (e.g., Lisinopril ) – Relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin ) – Prevent blood clots in cases of valve dysfunction leading to increased clotting risk.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Aortic stenosis affects approximately 2% of people over 65, with a higher prevalence in elderly individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, history of rheumatic fever, congenital heart defects, hypertension, high cholesterol, and smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If untreated, valvular heart disease can lead to heart failure and other serious complications; valve replacement surgery can greatly improve symptoms and prognosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart failure, arrhythmias, stroke, endocarditis, blood clots, and sudden cardiac arrest.

Hyperlipidemia (Dyslipidemia)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders

Symptoms:
generally asymptomatic, but may lead to atherosclerosis or other cardiovascular problems.

Root Cause:
Elevated levels of cholesterol and/or triglycerides in the blood, leading to the buildup of plaques in arteries and increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests that measure levels of total cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoprotein), HDL (high-density lipoprotein), and triglycerides.

Treatment:
Dietary changes, weight loss, increased physical activity, and medications (statins, fibrates, etc.).

Medications:
Statins (e.g., atorvastatin ) to reduce LDL cholesterol, fibrates (e.g., gemfibrozil ) for triglycerides , and niacin (vitamin B3) to improve HDL levels.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 40-50% of adults, with higher rates in older populations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, obesity, high-fat diet, physical inactivity, diabetes, and smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With effective treatment and lifestyle changes, individuals can manage hyperlipidemia and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Atherosclerosis, heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Respiratory Diseases

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; chronic dry cough; fatigue; unexplained weight loss; clubbing of fingers

Root Cause:
Scarring of the lung tissue due to inflammation, often resulting from an unknown cause (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), environmental exposures, or secondary to other conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
High-resolution CT scans of the chest, pulmonary function tests, and sometimes a lung biopsy.

Treatment:
No cure, but treatments include antifibrotic medications (pirfenidone, nintedanib), oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and lung transplantation in severe cases.

Medications:
Antifibrotic agents (pirfenidone , nintedanib ), corticosteroids for inflammation management in some cases, oxygen therapy for advanced stages.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 3-5 in 100,000 people globally; more common in older adults, especially those over 60.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, smoking, environmental exposures (e.g., asbestos, silica), genetics, underlying autoimmune diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis is often poor, with a median survival time of 3-5 years post-diagnosis, although some patients can live longer with treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, lung infections, and heart problems due to strain on the heart from reduced lung function.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Respiratory Diseases

Symptoms:
loud snoring; excessive daytime sleepiness; waking up with a dry mouth or sore throat; morning headaches; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Repeated episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, leading to reduced oxygen levels and disrupted sleep.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Polysomnography (sleep study) to monitor breathing patterns and oxygen levels during sleep, home sleep apnea tests.

Treatment:
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, lifestyle changes (weight loss, sleep position), oral appliances, surgery in severe cases.

Medications:
No specific medications for sleep apnea, but sedatives or nasal decongestants may be prescribed in some cases to help with symptoms.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2-9% of adults, with higher prevalence in older adults and those with obesity.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, age, family history, male gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, nasal congestion.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatable with CPAP therapy, but untreated sleep apnea can lead to serious cardiovascular complications and poor quality of life.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cardiovascular diseases (e.g., hypertension, heart attack), stroke, daytime fatigue, cognitive impairments, and metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes).

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders

Symptoms:
heartburn; regurgitation; chest pain; difficulty swallowing; chronic cough; sore throat; acidic taste in mouth

Root Cause:
A malfunctioning lower esophageal sphincter (LES) allows stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus, causing irritation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical history, symptoms, and may involve tests like endoscopy, 24-hour pH monitoring, or esophageal manometry.

Treatment:
Lifestyle changes (diet modification, weight loss, elevating the head of the bed), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 blockers, antacids, and sometimes surgery (fundoplication).

Medications:
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole ), H2 blockers (e.g., ranitidine), antacids (e.g., calcium carbonate), and prokinetic agents (e.g., metoclopramide ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 20-30% of the adult population in the United States.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, pregnancy, smoking, alcohol use, hiatal hernia, and certain foods (spicy foods, citrus, etc.).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition with a potential for symptom control, though complications like esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus can develop.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Esophagitis, strictures, Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, respiratory problems (e.g., asthma, pneumonia).

Peptic ulcer disease

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; bloating; nausea; vomiting; heartburn; loss of appetite; weight loss

Root Cause:
Ulcers in the stomach lining or the first part of the small intestine caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and protective factors.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on symptoms, endoscopy, and tests for H. pylori infection (blood, breath, or stool tests).

Treatment:
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), antibiotics for H. pylori infection, antacids, and sometimes surgery.

Medications:
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., lansoprazole ), H2 blockers (e.g., ranitidine), antibiotics (e.g., clarithromycin , amoxicillin for H. pylori), and antacids.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 10-15% of people at some point in their lives, more common in those aged 55-70.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
H. pylori infection, long-term NSAID use, alcohol use, smoking, stress, and spicy foods.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, most ulcers heal within a few weeks; recurrence is common if risk factors are not managed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation, gastric cancer.

Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; fever; nausea; change in bowel habits; constipation or diarrhea; bloating; rectal bleeding

Root Cause:
Diverticulosis is the formation of small pouches in the colon; diverticulitis occurs when these pouches become inflamed or infected.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Colonoscopy, CT scan, or abdominal ultrasound.

Treatment:
Antibiotics for infection, dietary modifications (high-fiber diet), and pain relief; in severe cases, surgery.

Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin , metronidazole ), pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen ), and antispasmodics (e.g., dicyclomine ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 50-60% of individuals aged 60 and older in Western populations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, low-fiber diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally manageable with lifestyle changes, but recurrent episodes of diverticulitis may require surgical intervention.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Abscesses, perforation, peritonitis, fistulas, and bleeding.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; abdominal discomfort; right upper quadrant pain; elevated liver enzymes; hepatomegaly

Root Cause:
Accumulation of fat in liver cells not related to alcohol consumption, often associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Liver function tests, imaging (e.g., ultrasound), liver biopsy in some cases.

Treatment:
Weight loss, dietary changes, exercise, controlling underlying conditions (e.g., diabetes, hypertension).

Medications:
No specific medications for NAFLD; vitamin E (antioxidant) and pioglitazone are sometimes used in certain cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 25% of the global population; more common in those with obesity or diabetes.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally manageable with lifestyle changes; however, progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis is possible.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and cardiovascular disease.

Hepatitis (Chronic, e.g., Hepatitis C)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; jaundice; abdominal pain; dark urine; loss of appetite; nausea; itchy skin

Root Cause:
Chronic inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), leading to potential liver damage over time.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests to detect HCV antibodies and RNA, liver function tests, and liver biopsy or elastography for assessing liver damage.

Treatment:
Antiviral medications such as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), and lifestyle changes to manage symptoms.

Medications:
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) such as sofosbuvir , ledipasvir , glecaprevir /pibrentasvir , ribavirin in some cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Hepatitis C affects approximately 1-2% of the global population, with higher prevalence among older adults and those with a history of intravenous drug use.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of intravenous drug use, blood transfusions prior to 1992, needle sharing, unprotected sex, and tattoos or piercings in unsanitary conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate antiviral therapy, the infection can be cured, but chronic infection can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer if untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cirrhosis, liver failure, liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma), and portal hypertension.

Alzheimer’s disease

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Dementias

Symptoms:
memory loss; difficulty planning or solving problems; confusion with time or place; trouble understanding visual images and spatial relationships; difficulty speaking or writing; misplacing items and inability to retrace steps; poor judgment and decision-making

Root Cause:
The accumulation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain causes brain cell death and disrupts communication between neurons.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily clinical through a medical history review, cognitive testing, neuroimaging (such as MRI or CT scans), and ruling out other conditions. Biomarker tests for amyloid plaques and tau may also be used.

Treatment:
Medications to manage symptoms, such as cholinesterase inhibitors (Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine) and NMDA receptor antagonists (Memantine). Non-drug interventions like cognitive stimulation therapy and maintaining a structured environment.

Medications:
Donepezil (cholinesterase inhibitor), Rivastigmine (cholinesterase inhibitor), Galantamine (cholinesterase inhibitor), Memantine (NMDA receptor antagonist). These medications help with cognitive symptoms but do not cure the disease.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Alzheimer’s disease affects an estimated 6.5 million people in the U.S., with prevalence increasing as the population ages.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, family history, genetics (e.g., APOE e4 allele), head trauma, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, low education levels, and lifestyle factors like poor diet and lack of physical activity.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive decline in memory and cognitive abilities; life expectancy after diagnosis is typically 4-8 years, but it can be longer or shorter.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of infections (e.g., pneumonia), difficulty with mobility, malnutrition, and eventual loss of independence.

Vascular dementia

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Dementias

Symptoms:
memory problems; difficulty concentrating or planning; confusion and disorientation; trouble walking and with motor skills; mood changes, including depression or apathy; sudden onset of symptoms after a stroke or series of mini-strokes (tias)

Root Cause:
Reduced blood flow to the brain due to damaged blood vessels, often as a result of strokes or chronic conditions such as hypertension or diabetes, leading to brain cell damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, imaging studies (MRI or CT scans), neuropsychological tests, and ruling out other types of dementia.

Treatment:
Managing underlying conditions (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol). Medications to treat symptoms and prevent further strokes (e.g., antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants). Cognitive rehabilitation and supportive care.

Medications:
Antihypertensives (e.g., Lisinopril , Amlodipine ), antiplatelet agents (e.g., Aspirin , Clopidogrel ), and cholesterol-lowering drugs (e.g., Atorvastatin ). These medications address the vascular causes but do not reverse the dementia.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
It accounts for approximately 10-20% of dementia cases in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, high cholesterol, and heart disease.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive decline, but the rate may be slower than Alzheimer's disease. Lifespan after diagnosis varies but may be 5-10 years.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of future strokes, falls, infections, and complications related to immobility.

Lewy body dementia

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Dementias

Symptoms:
fluctuating cognitive abilities; visual hallucinations; parkinsonism (tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia); rem sleep behavior disorder (acting out dreams); depression and anxiety

Root Cause:
Abnormal clumps of protein (Lewy bodies) build up in the brain, disrupting normal brain function and leading to cognitive decline, movement disorders, and psychiatric symptoms.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, neuroimaging (MRI, CT), and assessment of symptoms. A definitive diagnosis is made post-mortem.

Treatment:
Medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors (Donepezil) for cognitive symptoms. Antipsychotics carefully (due to sensitivity to these drugs). Levodopa for Parkinsonism-related motor symptoms.

Medications:
Donepezil (cholinesterase inhibitor), Rivastigmine (cholinesterase inhibitor), Levodopa (dopamine precursor). Careful use of antipsychotics (e.g., Quetiapine ) for hallucinations, although they can exacerbate movement symptoms.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1.4 million people in the U.S.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, family history, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive cognitive and motor decline, with a life expectancy of about 5-8 years following diagnosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe motor disability, increased risk of falls, and difficulty with swallowing, which can lead to aspiration pneumonia.

Frontotemporal dementia

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Dementias

Symptoms:
personality and behavior changes (e.g., impulsivity, inappropriate behavior, apathy); difficulty with language (e.g., speaking or understanding speech); emotional blunting; motor difficulties, including rigidity and tremors in some cases

Root Cause:
Degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to the loss of neurons in those regions that control behavior, emotions, and language.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical assessment, neuroimaging (MRI or PET scan), and ruling out other causes of symptoms. Genetic testing may be used for certain subtypes.

Treatment:
No specific treatment, but medications can manage symptoms (e.g., antidepressants for mood changes). Behavioral interventions to manage challenging behaviors.

Medications:
Antidepressants (e.g., Sertraline , Fluoxetine ) for behavioral symptoms, antipsychotics (e.g., Risperidone ) may be used cautiously for severe agitation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 5-10% of people with dementia, typically younger individuals (50-60 years old).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, genetic mutations (e.g., mutations in the MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72 genes).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressively worsens, with life expectancy usually between 6-8 years after diagnosis, but it varies.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe behavioral problems, difficulty in communication, motor problems, and inability to care for oneself.

Parkinson’s disease

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Movement Disorders

Symptoms:
tremors at rest; bradykinesia (slowness of movement); muscle rigidity; postural instability; difficulty with balance and coordination; shuffling gait; speech changes; cognitive decline (in advanced stages)

Root Cause:
Degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra of the brain, leading to reduced dopamine levels and impaired movement control.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, neurological examination, and medical history. Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may be used to rule out other conditions, but diagnosis is primarily clinical.

Treatment:
Medications to increase or mimic dopamine, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and in some cases, surgical interventions like deep brain stimulation.

Medications:
Common medications include levodopa (a precursor to dopamine), dopamine agonists (e.g., pramipexole , ropinirole ), and MAO-B inhibitors (e.g., selegiline ). Levodopa is classified as a dopaminergic agent, while dopamine agonists are categorized as antiparkinsonian drugs.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1% of individuals over the age of 60, with an increasing prevalence as the population ages.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (higher risk in older adults), family history, male gender, environmental exposures (e.g., pesticides), and genetic mutations.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive disease with varying rates of progression. Many individuals live for many years with the condition, but quality of life can be significantly impacted.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cognitive decline (dementia), difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), depression, sleep disturbances, and an increased risk of falls.

Essential tremor

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Movement Disorders

Symptoms:
rhythmic tremor (shaking) in hands, head, voice, or other body parts; tremors worsen with movement or when holding something; difficulty with fine motor tasks (e.g., writing, eating)

Root Cause:
A neurodegenerative condition that affects the cerebellum, leading to abnormal signals causing tremors, though the exact cause remains unclear.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is clinical, based on the presence of a tremor that worsens with voluntary movement. Neuroimaging is typically used to rule out other causes of tremor.

Treatment:
Treatment may involve medications like beta-blockers (propranolol), anticonvulsants (primidone), or botulinum toxin injections. In severe cases, deep brain stimulation surgery may be considered.

Medications:
Beta-blockers (propranolol ) and anticonvulsants (primidone ) are commonly prescribed. These medications are classified as anti-tremor agents and are used to reduce the intensity of tremors.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 4-5% of people over the age of 40, with a higher prevalence in those over 65.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history (essential tremor is often hereditary), age, and in some cases, environmental exposures.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
It is generally not life-threatening but is a progressive condition that can worsen over time, especially if untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Impairment in daily functioning (e.g., difficulty writing, eating, and dressing), social embarrassment, and anxiety related to tremor severity.

Huntington’s disease (late-onset cases)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Movement Disorders

Symptoms:
chorea (involuntary jerky movements); dystonia (muscle contractions); cognitive decline; psychiatric symptoms (depression, irritability, anxiety); difficulty with speech and swallowing; unsteady gait

Root Cause:
A genetic neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the HTT gene, leading to the accumulation of abnormal huntingtin protein, which damages brain cells in regions controlling movement and cognition.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed through genetic testing, which identifies the mutation in the HTT gene. Clinical evaluation includes assessment of movement disorders, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms.

Treatment:
There is no cure, but symptoms can be managed. Medications for movement symptoms (e.g., tetrabenazine, antipsychotics for chorea), antidepressants, and cognitive therapies.

Medications:
Tetrabenazine (for chorea) and antipsychotic medications like olanzapine or risperidone may be prescribed. These drugs are classified as neuroleptics or antipsychotic agents, and tetrabenazine is a vesicular monoamine transporter 2 inhibitor.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Late-onset Huntington’s disease is rare but typically affects individuals in their 40s or later. The overall prevalence of Huntington's disease is about 3 to 7 per 100,000 people worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Inherited mutation in the HTT gene, with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Age of onset is usually in mid-life for late-onset cases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive disease, with a gradual decline in motor, cognitive, and psychiatric functions. Individuals typically live 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cognitive decline, psychiatric issues (depression, suicidal thoughts), difficulty swallowing (increased risk of aspiration), and mobility impairments.

Stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Neurological Conditions

Symptoms:
sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg (especially on one side of the body); sudden confusion, trouble speaking, or understanding speech; sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes; sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance, or coordination

Root Cause:
Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks or narrows an artery leading to the brain. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, causing bleeding.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Medical history review. Physical and neurological exams. Imaging tests like CT scan, MRI, or angiography. Blood tests.

Treatment:
Ischemic stroke - Thrombolytics (clot-busting drugs), antiplatelet therapy, surgery, rehabilitation. Hemorrhagic stroke - Surgery to repair blood vessels, blood pressure management, and other supportive treatments.

Medications:
Ischemic stroke - Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to dissolve blood clots (thrombolytic), antiplatelets (e.g., aspirin ), anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin ), statins to lower cholesterol. Hemorrhagic stroke - Medications to control bleeding and reduce brain pressure (e.g., mannitol ), blood pressure medication, anticonvulsants (e.g., phenytoin if seizures occur).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 15 million people worldwide annually, with about 5 million deaths and 5 million permanent disabilities.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High blood pressure, smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, diabetes, family history, older age, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can range from full recovery to permanent disability depending on severity and timely treatment. Rehabilitation is essential for recovery.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Paralysis, speech and language problems, cognitive deficits, depression, increased risk of recurrent strokes, pneumonia, and blood clots in the legs (deep vein thrombosis).

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Neurological Conditions

Symptoms:
difficulty walking (gait disturbance); urinary incontinence; cognitive impairment (memory problems, confusion)

Root Cause:
An accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain's ventricles that causes pressure but with normal CSF pressure levels.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
MRI or CT scans. Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to assess CSF dynamics. Clinical evaluation.

Treatment:
Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt surgery to drain excess fluid.

Medications:
No specific medications for treatment; surgery is the main approach.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 1 in 1,000 older adults, though many cases go undiagnosed.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, previous brain injury, infections affecting the brain.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can improve significantly with shunt surgery, but outcomes vary based on the severity of symptoms before treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Gait problems, cognitive decline, persistent urinary incontinence.

Seizure Disorders (e.g., Late-Onset Epilepsy)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Neurological Conditions

Symptoms:
uncontrollable shaking or jerking of the body; loss of consciousness; temporary confusion, staring spells; aura (a sensation before a seizure)

Root Cause:
Abnormal electrical activity in the brain leading to seizures, often due to brain injury, tumors, or strokes in older adults.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
EEG (electroencephalogram). MRI or CT scan. Blood tests.

Treatment:
Anticonvulsant medications (e.g., valproate, levetiracetam). Lifestyle modifications and seizure triggers management.

Medications:
Levetiracetam (anticonvulsant). Lamotrigine (anticonvulsant). Valproate (anticonvulsant).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1 in 26 people will develop epilepsy at some point in their life; late-onset epilepsy is more common in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Stroke, brain injury, brain tumors, infections, Alzheimer’s disease.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate treatment; seizures can be controlled in many cases, but in some, they may persist despite medication.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cognitive impairments, memory loss, risk of falls, social stigma, depression, injury due to falls during seizures.

Depression (Late-life depression)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Mental Health Disorders

Sub-category: Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Symptoms:
persistent sadness; loss of interest in daily activities; fatigue; irritability; difficulty concentrating; feelings of worthlessness; sleep disturbances; weight changes; thoughts of death or suicide

Root Cause:
Biochemical changes in the brain, often exacerbated by aging, social isolation, chronic illness, or loss of loved ones.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis through a clinical evaluation including patient history, physical exam, and standardized depression screening tools (e.g., Geriatric Depression Scale).

Treatment:
Psychotherapy (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy), antidepressant medications, social support, exercise, and lifestyle changes.

Medications:
Antidepressants such as SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine , sertraline ), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine ), or tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline ). These medications help correct the chemical imbalances in the brain associated with depression.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10-20% of older adults, though this number may vary depending on the population studied.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age-related changes in brain chemistry, chronic medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease), medication side effects, bereavement, isolation, and a family history of depression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper treatment, symptoms often improve, but relapse is possible, especially if underlying health issues are not addressed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of cognitive decline, disability, suicide, and poorer outcomes in managing other health conditions.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Mental Health Disorders

Sub-category: Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Symptoms:
excessive worry about a variety of topics; restlessness; fatigue; difficulty concentrating; muscle tension; sleep disturbances; irritability

Root Cause:
Dysfunctional regulation of anxiety in the brain, often linked to neurotransmitter imbalances or chronic stress.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interview, patient history, and assessment using standardized anxiety questionnaires (e.g., GAD-7).

Treatment:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), relaxation techniques, lifestyle changes, medication.

Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., sertraline ), SNRIs (e.g., duloxetine ), or benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam ) for short-term relief. These medications help regulate mood and anxiety levels.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Around 4-6% of the general population, with a higher prevalence in older adults due to stressors of aging and chronic illness.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, chronic medical conditions, prolonged stress, previous mental health issues.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatment can significantly reduce symptoms, but GAD may be chronic, requiring ongoing management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Impaired daily functioning, poor quality of life, increased risk for depression, and physical health problems such as cardiovascular issues due to chronic stress.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Mental Health Disorders

Sub-category: Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Symptoms:
intrusive memories or flashbacks of traumatic events; nightmares; avoidance of reminders of trauma; emotional numbness; hyperarousal (e.g., difficulty sleeping, irritability); heightened startle response

Root Cause:
The brain's stress response system becomes overactive due to a past traumatic event, leading to long-term anxiety and distress.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis through a comprehensive evaluation, often using PTSD-specific questionnaires (e.g., PTSD Checklist) and clinical interviews.

Treatment:
Trauma-focused therapy, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), medications for anxiety or depression, and stress management.

Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., sertraline , paroxetine ) for mood stabilization, SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine ) for anxiety symptoms, and benzodiazepines (e.g., clonazepam ) for short-term relief of severe anxiety.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Around 3-4% of the general population; higher prevalence in veterans and survivors of significant trauma, including older adults who have experienced multiple traumas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous traumatic experiences, lack of social support, history of mental health disorders, ongoing stress, and chronic medical conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, symptoms can be managed, though some individuals may experience long-term effects.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of depression, substance abuse, physical health problems (e.g., heart disease), and impaired social and occupational functioning.

Psychosis (Secondary to Dementia or Other Conditions)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Mental Health Disorders

Sub-category: Other Psychiatric Conditions

Symptoms:
hallucinations; delusions; paranoia; disorganized thinking; agitation; social withdrawal

Root Cause:
Dysregulation of brain neurotransmitters, often associated with neurodegenerative changes in dementia or secondary to metabolic, infectious, or medication-related causes.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, including history, mental status examination, and assessment for underlying causes. Neuroimaging or lab tests may be needed to rule out secondary factors.

Treatment:
Managing the underlying cause, behavioral interventions, caregiver education, and cautious use of medications.

Medications:
Antipsychotics like risperidone or quetiapine (second-generation antipsychotics) are commonly prescribed, with consideration of risks such as increased mortality in dementia-related psychosis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in 10-25% of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and up to 50% in other dementia subtypes like Lewy body dementia.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, preexisting dementia, severe cognitive decline, sensory impairments, and environmental stressors.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms may fluctuate, and prognosis depends on addressing the underlying cause. Chronic psychosis is associated with increased caregiver burden and institutionalization.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Higher risk of injury, worsened cognitive decline, poor quality of life, and caregiver stress.

Substance Use Disorders (e.g., Alcohol Use Disorder)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Mental Health Disorders

Sub-category: Addiction Disorders

Symptoms:
compulsive substance use; cravings; withdrawal symptoms; tolerance; neglect of responsibilities; continued use despite harm

Root Cause:
Chronic brain disease involving altered reward and motivation pathways, influenced by genetic, psychological, and environmental factors.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on DSM-5 criteria, including a pattern of problematic substance use leading to significant impairment or distress, confirmed by history and collateral information.

Treatment:
Behavioral therapies (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing), support groups (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous), and pharmacotherapy.

Medications:
Naltrexone (an opioid receptor antagonist) to reduce cravings, acamprosate (glutamate modulator) for maintaining abstinence, or disulfiram (enzyme inhibitor) to discourage alcohol use.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 10% of older adults in the U.S. experience alcohol use disorder, with varying rates for other substances.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, social isolation, depression, chronic pain, and access to substances.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Recovery is possible with treatment, but relapse is common. Long-term success often requires sustained support.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Liver disease, cardiovascular issues, falls, cognitive decline, and interactions with medications.

Sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass and strength)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Musculoskeletal Disorders

Sub-category: Other Musculoskeletal Conditions

Symptoms:
decreased muscle mass; reduced strength and endurance; difficulty with physical tasks such as climbing stairs, lifting objects; increased risk of falls and fractures; reduced mobility

Root Cause:
Loss of muscle mass and strength due to aging, hormonal changes, decreased physical activity, and malnutrition.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves assessing muscle mass and strength, physical performance tests (e.g., handgrip strength, walking speed), and imaging (e.g., DEXA scans to measure muscle mass).

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on resistance exercise (strength training), adequate nutrition (protein and vitamin D), and possibly medications or hormone therapy in some cases.

Medications:
Medications may include anabolic steroids, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), or hormones like testosterone . These are classified as anabolic agents or hormonal therapies used to increase muscle mass.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sarcopenia affects approximately 5-13% of older adults, with prevalence increasing significantly with age, particularly over 70 years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (over 50 years), physical inactivity, poor nutrition (especially protein deficiency), chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, cancer), and hormonal changes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate interventions like exercise and nutrition, sarcopenia can be managed, but without treatment, it can lead to functional decline, frailty, and increased risk of disability or mortality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of falls, fractures, functional disability, frailty, and overall reduced quality of life.

Chronic Back Pain

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Musculoskeletal Disorders

Sub-category: Other Musculoskeletal Conditions

Symptoms:
persistent back pain lasting more than three months; pain may be localized or radiate to legs (sciatica); stiffness and limited range of motion; difficulty standing or walking for long periods; muscle spasms

Root Cause:
Chronic back pain is often due to degenerative changes in the spine (e.g., disc degeneration, arthritis), muscle imbalances, or injury. It can also be related to poor posture, obesity, or other health conditions.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves a thorough physical examination, patient history, and imaging tests (e.g., X-rays, MRI, CT scan) to identify structural abnormalities, degenerative changes, or underlying diseases.

Treatment:
Treatment often involves a combination of physical therapy, pain management (e.g., NSAIDs, corticosteroids), lifestyle changes (e.g., weight loss), and in some cases, surgical interventions.

Medications:
Common medications include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), muscle relaxants, acetaminophen , and opioids (for severe pain). Corticosteroid injections may be used for inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Chronic back pain affects about 20-30% of the adult population, with the prevalence increasing with age, particularly after 50 years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, poor posture, physical overexertion, previous back injuries, and underlying conditions like osteoarthritis or osteoporosis.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper treatment, many individuals can manage chronic back pain and improve their quality of life, though some may experience ongoing discomfort.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain can lead to decreased mobility, depression, anxiety, disability, and impaired quality of life.

Spinal Stenosis

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Musculoskeletal Disorders

Sub-category: Other Musculoskeletal Conditions

Symptoms:
lower back pain; numbness, tingling, or weakness in the legs; pain that worsens with walking or standing, relieved by sitting; difficulty walking or maintaining balance; possible loss of bladder or bowel control (in severe cases)

Root Cause:
Spinal stenosis occurs when the spaces within the spine narrow, putting pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. It is often caused by age-related changes like disc degeneration, bone spurs, or thickened ligaments.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through patient history, physical exams, and imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, which can reveal narrowing of the spinal canal and nerve compression.

Treatment:
Treatment options include physical therapy, pain medications (e.g., NSAIDs), corticosteroid injections, and in some cases, surgery (e.g., laminectomy or spinal fusion).

Medications:
Medications include NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen ), corticosteroids (oral or injectable), and occasionally opioids for short-term pain relief. Antidepressants or anticonvulsants may be used for nerve pain.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Spinal stenosis is common in older adults, affecting 8-11% of those aged 60 and over.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, genetics, previous back injuries, degenerative changes in the spine, and conditions such as osteoarthritis or scoliosis.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Spinal stenosis can be managed with treatment, though symptoms may progressively worsen over time. Surgery may provide long-term relief in severe cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
In severe cases, it can lead to permanent nerve damage, chronic pain, loss of mobility, and incontinence.

Rotator Cuff Tears

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Musculoskeletal Disorders

Sub-category: Other Musculoskeletal Conditions

Symptoms:
pain in the shoulder, especially with overhead movements; weakness in the shoulder or arm; limited range of motion; clicking or popping sounds when moving the shoulder; night pain or pain during sleep

Root Cause:
A rotator cuff tear is caused by damage to the group of muscles and tendons that stabilize the shoulder. It can result from acute injury or degeneration due to repetitive motion, age, or overuse.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis includes a physical exam, assessment of shoulder movements, and imaging studies such as MRI or ultrasound, which can confirm the presence and extent of the tear.

Treatment:
Treatment options range from conservative measures like rest, physical therapy, and corticosteroid injections to surgical repair for more severe tears.

Medications:
Medications typically include NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen ) for pain relief, and in some cases, corticosteroid injections to reduce inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rotator cuff tears are common in older adults, particularly those over 60. It is estimated that around 20% of people over the age of 60 have some form of rotator cuff tear.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, repetitive overhead movements, sports-related injuries, and prior shoulder injuries.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most people improve with conservative treatment, though rotator cuff tears can sometimes lead to chronic pain and limited shoulder function. Surgical repair often results in good outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, weakness, and stiffness, particularly if untreated. Severe tears can lead to permanent shoulder dysfunction.

Acute Kidney Injury (in elderly patients)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Urologic and Renal Disorders

Symptoms:
decreased urine output; swelling in legs or ankles; fatigue; shortness of breath; confusion; nausea and vomiting; severe fatigue or weakness

Root Cause:
Acute kidney injury (AKI) in elderly patients is typically caused by factors such as dehydration, medication toxicity, infections, or obstruction of the urinary tract. The kidneys suddenly lose their ability to filter waste from the blood.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
AKI is diagnosed through blood tests (elevated creatinine levels and BUN), urine tests (urinalysis for protein, blood, and other abnormalities), and imaging studies (ultrasound to assess for obstructions). In some cases, kidney biopsy may be performed.

Treatment:
Treatment includes identifying and addressing the underlying cause (e.g., rehydration, stopping harmful medications, treating infections), medications to support kidney function, and possibly dialysis if kidney function does not recover.

Medications:
Medications may include diuretics to manage fluid overload, vasopressors for blood pressure support, and antibiotics if an infection is present. In cases of electrolyte imbalances, medications like potassium binders or phosphate binders may be required.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
AKI is common in elderly patients, particularly those who are hospitalized or have multiple comorbid conditions. The incidence increases with age, affecting up to 20-30% of hospitalized elderly individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, dehydration, underlying chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, use of nephrotoxic medications (e.g., NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors), infections, and surgery.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis for AKI depends on the underlying cause, the extent of kidney damage, and the patient's overall health. Some elderly patients recover full kidney function, while others may develop chronic kidney disease or experience long-term kidney dysfunction.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications include electrolyte imbalances, fluid overload, infections, and progression to chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease if not managed promptly.

Stress Incontinence

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Urologic and Renal Disorders

Sub-category: Urinary Incontinence

Symptoms:
leakage of urine with physical activity (e.g., coughing, sneezing, laughing, lifting); involuntary loss of urine; weak pelvic floor muscles

Root Cause:
Weakening of the pelvic floor muscles or sphincter, often due to aging, childbirth, or other factors. The bladder is unable to prevent urine leakage during moments of physical stress.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Patient history and physical examination. Urinalysis to rule out other causes. Urodynamics to assess bladder function. Cystoscopy or pelvic ultrasound in some cases.

Treatment:
Pelvic floor exercises (Kegel exercises). Behavioral therapy (bladder training). Lifestyle modifications (e.g., weight loss, caffeine reduction). Surgery (e.g., sling procedure, bladder neck suspension). Pessaries to support the bladder.

Medications:
Medications may include anticholinergics (e.g., oxybutynin ) to reduce bladder spasms and alpha-agonists (e.g., pseudoephedrine ) for increasing urethral tone. These are used in cases with mixed incontinence or if there is concurrent urge incontinence.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 25% of women, with the incidence increasing with age.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Pregnancy and childbirth. Obesity. Older age. Menopause. Pelvic surgery.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be effectively managed with lifestyle changes, pelvic exercises, and in some cases surgery. Symptoms may worsen over time if untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Social embarrassment and mental health issues. Skin irritation or infections from chronic wetness. Urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Urge Incontinence

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Urologic and Renal Disorders

Sub-category: Urinary Incontinence

Symptoms:
sudden, intense urge to urinate; involuntary leakage of urine; frequent urination, especially at night

Root Cause:
Overactive bladder muscles that contract uncontrollably, leading to the urgent need to urinate and potential involuntary leakage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Detailed patient history. Urinalysis and urine culture to rule out infection. Urodynamics to assess bladder and muscle function.

Treatment:
Bladder training and scheduled voiding. Medications (e.g., anticholinergics like tolterodine, oxybutynin) to relax the bladder muscles. Behavioral therapy. Surgery (in severe cases, botox injections or bladder augmentation).

Medications:
The most common medications are anticholinergics (e.g., oxybutynin , tolterodine ) which block the neurotransmitters that cause bladder spasms, and beta-3 agonists (e.g., mirabegron ) to relax the bladder muscle.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects around 16% of the general population, with a higher prevalence in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (more common in older adults). Neurological conditions (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease). Diabetes. Obesity. Women after menopause.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be managed with medications, bladder retraining, and lifestyle changes, though it can be chronic.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of falls due to frequent bathroom visits. Skin irritation or infections. Emotional and social impact due to the urgency and unpredictability of symptoms.

Overflow Incontinence

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Urologic and Renal Disorders

Sub-category: Urinary Incontinence

Symptoms:
frequent dribbling or leakage of urine; inability to completely empty the bladder; feeling of fullness in the bladder

Root Cause:
Bladder becomes overfull and leaks because it cannot fully empty due to obstruction (e.g., enlarged prostate) or poor bladder muscle contraction.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Patient history and physical exam. Post-void residual urine measurement (using ultrasound or catheter). Urodynamic testing. Cystoscopy for potential obstructions.

Treatment:
Treatment of the underlying cause (e.g., prostate surgery for men). Intermittent catheterization. Medications for bladder muscle function (e.g., bethanechol in some cases). Surgery (in cases of obstruction or neurological causes).

Medications:
Medications like cholinergic agents (e.g., bethanechol ) can sometimes be used to stimulate bladder contractions if the issue is due to underactive bladder muscles.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in older adults, particularly men with prostate issues.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Diabetes and other neuropathies. Spinal cord injury. Medications that affect bladder function (e.g., alpha-blockers).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be managed with treatment of the underlying cause, though it may require long-term management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs). Bladder damage from long-term retention of urine. Social and psychological impact.

Functional Incontinence

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Urologic and Renal Disorders

Sub-category: Urinary Incontinence

Symptoms:
inability to reach the bathroom in time due to physical or cognitive limitations; frequent accidents due to immobility or mental confusion

Root Cause:
Physical or cognitive impairments (e.g., arthritis, dementia) that prevent the individual from accessing the bathroom or recognizing the need to urinate in time.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Detailed patient history to identify physical or cognitive impairments. Physical and cognitive assessments. Observation of urinary patterns.

Treatment:
Environmental modifications (e.g., accessible toilets, grab bars). Assistance with toileting. Behavioral strategies. Management of underlying conditions (e.g., cognitive therapy for dementia).

Medications:
Medications typically focus on the underlying condition, such as antidepressants (e.g., duloxetine ) for associated depression or antipsychotics for dementia-related incontinence.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in older adults, especially those with cognitive decline or mobility limitations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Cognitive impairment (e.g., dementia, Alzheimer’s disease). Physical disability or immobility. Depression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies depending on the severity of the underlying physical or cognitive condition; can improve with proper interventions and support.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Skin breakdown or infections due to chronic wetness. Social withdrawal and emotional distress.

Interstitial Cystitis (IC)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Urologic and Renal Disorders

Symptoms:
chronic pelvic pain; frequent urination; urgency to urinate; pain during or after urination; pain during intercourse

Root Cause:
A chronic bladder condition characterized by inflammation, irritation, or injury to the bladder lining, leading to pain and urinary symptoms. The exact cause is unknown but may involve autoimmune reactions or bladder tissue damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is often based on symptoms and exclusion of other conditions. Cystoscopy with hydrodistention and urine tests may also be used to rule out other causes.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on symptom management through lifestyle changes, bladder training, physical therapy, and medications. In some cases, bladder instillations or surgical treatments may be considered.

Medications:
Oral medications such as amitriptyline (a tricyclic antidepressant), pentosan polysulfate sodium (for bladder lining protection), and antihistamines may be used. These medications are classified as analgesics, antidepressants, and bladder protectants.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects an estimated 3 to 8 million people in the U.S., with women being more commonly affected.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Gender (more common in women), age (often occurs in middle-aged individuals), a history of urinary tract infections, and certain autoimmune conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms can be managed, but the condition is chronic and may have periods of flare-ups and remission. Complete resolution is uncommon.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bladder scarring, reduced bladder capacity, and the impact of chronic pain on quality of life.

Anemia (Iron deficiency, chronic disease, etc.)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Hematologic Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; weakness; pale skin; shortness of breath; dizziness; cold hands and feet; chest pain (in severe cases)

Root Cause:
A lack of healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to tissues, often due to low iron levels or chronic disease affecting red blood cell production.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (complete blood count (CBC), iron studies, ferritin levels, reticulocyte count), bone marrow biopsy (in some cases).

Treatment:
Iron supplementation (oral or intravenous), treatment of underlying causes (such as addressing chronic disease), blood transfusions in severe cases.

Medications:
Oral iron supplements (e.g., ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate) are commonly prescribed to treat iron deficiency anemia. Intravenous iron (e.g., iron sucrose, ferric gluconate) may be used for more severe or resistant cases. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents may be prescribed in anemia due to chronic disease.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Anemia affects approximately 25% of the global population, with higher prevalence in elderly individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor diet (low iron intake), chronic diseases (e.g., kidney disease, diabetes), gastrointestinal conditions (e.g., Crohn's disease), blood loss (e.g., menstruation, gastrointestinal bleeding), age (elderly individuals are at higher risk).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If treated appropriately, the prognosis is generally good. However, untreated anemia can lead to severe complications like heart failure or cognitive impairment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart failure, fatigue affecting quality of life, cognitive decline, complications from untreated underlying diseases.

Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Hematologic Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; frequent infections; unexplained bruising or bleeding; pale skin; shortness of breath; weakness

Root Cause:
A group of disorders caused by poorly formed or dysfunctional blood cells in the bone marrow. There is a problem with the maturation of blood cells, leading to ineffective blood cell production.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (CBC, peripheral blood smear), bone marrow biopsy, cytogenetic analysis.

Treatment:
Supportive care (e.g., blood transfusions), chemotherapy, stem cell transplant (in some cases), and medications to stimulate bone marrow production (e.g., lenalidomide, growth factors).

Medications:
Medications include growth factors like erythropoietin and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to stimulate blood cell production, immunosuppressive agents (e.g., antithymocyte globulin ), and chemotherapy drugs for more aggressive cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
MDS is more common in older adults, with an incidence of 4 to 5 cases per 100,000 people annually. The risk increases with age.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (most cases occur in people aged 60 and older), previous chemotherapy or radiation treatments, exposure to chemicals (e.g., benzene), genetic mutations.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis varies depending on the type of MDS and response to treatment. Some forms are relatively indolent, while others may progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Development of acute leukemia, severe infections, bleeding complications, anemia requiring repeated transfusions.

Thrombocytopenia

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Hematologic Disorders

Symptoms:
easy bruising; petechiae (small red spots on the skin); excessive bleeding from minor cuts; fatigue; nosebleeds; heavy menstrual periods

Root Cause:
A low platelet count in the blood, which can result from decreased production in the bone marrow, increased destruction of platelets, or sequestration in the spleen.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (CBC), platelet count, peripheral blood smear, bone marrow biopsy, and tests to evaluate for underlying conditions (e.g., autoimmune diseases, infections).

Treatment:
Treatment varies based on the underlying cause. Options include platelet transfusions, corticosteroids, immunoglobulin therapy, or treatment of the underlying disorder (e.g., chronic liver disease, leukemia).

Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) may be used to reduce immune system activity if the thrombocytopenia is autoimmune in nature. Other medications include intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or thrombopoietin receptor agonists (e.g., eltrombopag , romiplostim ) to stimulate platelet production.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Thrombocytopenia affects around 1 in 1000 individuals, with higher prevalence in older adults and those with certain underlying conditions such as autoimmune diseases or leukemia.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, underlying conditions (e.g., autoimmune disorders, infections, liver disease), certain medications (e.g., heparin, chemotherapy), alcohol use, and viral infections (e.g., HIV, hepatitis).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the underlying cause. In many cases, treatment can improve platelet counts, but severe thrombocytopenia can lead to bleeding complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Major bleeding (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, intracranial hemorrhage), anemia, infections due to associated conditions, and reduced quality of life due to symptoms.

Breast cancer

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Oncologic Disorders

Symptoms:
lump in the breast; changes in the size or shape of the breast; skin dimpling or redness; unexplained pain or tenderness in the breast; nipple discharge (other than breast milk)

Root Cause:
The uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the breast tissue. It can start in the milk ducts or the glands that produce milk (lobules).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis typically involves mammograms, ultrasounds, biopsies, MRI scans, and clinical breast exams.

Treatment:
Treatment options include surgery (lumpectomy or mastectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.

Medications:
Chemotherapy drugs (e.g., doxorubicin , cyclophosphamide , paclitaxel ). Hormone therapies (e.g., tamoxifen , aromatase inhibitors like letrozole ). Targeted therapies (e.g., trastuzumab for HER2-positive breast cancer). Immunotherapy (e.g., pembrolizumab ). Pain management (e.g., opioids, NSAIDs).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
It is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with about 1 in 8 women being diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (increasing risk with age). Family history of breast cancer. Hormonal factors (early menstruation, late menopause, use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy). Lifestyle factors (lack of physical activity, alcohol consumption, obesity).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis, type of cancer, and the individual’s response to treatment. Survival rates are high for early-stage breast cancer.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Lymphedema (swelling caused by removal of lymph nodes). Recurrence of cancer. Metastasis to other organs (e.g., bones, liver, lungs). Emotional and psychological impacts.

Prostate cancer

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Oncologic Disorders

Symptoms:
difficulty urinating or weak urine flow; frequent urination, especially at night; painful ejaculation; blood in urine or semen; pain in the lower back, hips, or pelvis

Root Cause:
The growth of cancerous cells in the prostate gland, typically starting in the gland’s cells that produce semen.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis includes a digital rectal exam (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test, biopsy, and imaging studies (e.g., MRI or bone scan).

Treatment:
Treatment includes surgery (prostatectomy), radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and active surveillance (for less aggressive forms).

Medications:
Hormone therapy (e.g., leuprolide , goserelin ) to lower testosterone levels. Chemotherapy (e.g., docetaxel ). Targeted therapy (e.g., enzalutamide ). Pain relievers (e.g., opioids, NSAIDs).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, with one in 8 men being diagnosed during their lifetime.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (higher risk in men over 50). Family history of prostate cancer. African American race. High-fat diet.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis is favorable in most cases, especially when caught early. Many men with prostate cancer can live for many years after diagnosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Erectile dysfunction. Incontinence. Metastasis to bones and lymph nodes. Recurrence of cancer.

Colorectal cancer

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Oncologic Disorders

Symptoms:
changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation); blood in stool or rectal bleeding; abdominal pain or cramping; unexplained weight loss; fatigue

Root Cause:
The development of cancer in the colon or rectum, often starting as polyps that become cancerous over time.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis includes colonoscopy, biopsy, CT scans, and blood tests (e.g., carcinoembryonic antigen).

Treatment:
Treatment options include surgery (colorectomy), chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies.

Medications:
Chemotherapy (e.g., fluorouracil , oxaliplatin , irinotecan ). Targeted therapies (e.g., cetuximab , bevacizumab ). Immunotherapy (e.g., pembrolizumab for mismatch repair-deficient cancers).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer globally.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (more common in people over 50). Family history of colorectal cancer or polyps. Diet high in red meat and low in fiber. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis and response to treatment. Early detection increases the chances of survival.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bowel obstruction. Metastasis to liver or lungs. Recurrence of cancer.

Lung cancer

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Oncologic Disorders

Symptoms:
persistent cough; shortness of breath; chest pain; wheezing; coughing up blood

Root Cause:
Abnormal growth of cells in the lungs, often starting in the lining of the airways. It may be non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis includes chest X-ray, CT scan, biopsy, and sputum cytology.

Treatment:
Treatment includes surgery (lobectomy), chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies.

Medications:
Chemotherapy (e.g., cisplatin , carboplatin , paclitaxel ). Targeted therapies (e.g., erlotinib , osimertinib for EGFR mutations). Immunotherapy (e.g., nivolumab , pembrolizumab ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, with higher incidence in smokers.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking (primary risk factor). Exposure to radon, asbestos, and environmental pollutants. Family history of lung cancer.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis is poor in advanced stages, but early-stage lung cancer can be treated successfully.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Metastasis to other organs (brain, liver, bones). Respiratory failure. Pneumonitis.

Skin cancer (e.g., basal cell carcinoma, melanoma)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Oncologic Disorders

Symptoms:
new growth or sore that doesn’t heal; changes in an existing mole or skin lesion; itchy, painful, or bleeding skin lesions; irregularly shaped or colored mole

Root Cause:
The uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells. Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type, while melanoma is more aggressive and often spreads.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis includes skin examination, biopsy, and dermatoscopy.

Treatment:
Treatment involves surgical removal, cryotherapy, radiation therapy, and topical treatments. Advanced melanoma may require immunotherapy or targeted therapies.

Medications:
Chemotherapy (e.g., dacarbazine for melanoma). Immunotherapy (e.g., nivolumab , ipilimumab ). Targeted therapies (e.g., vemurafenib for BRAF mutations). Topical treatments (e.g., imiquimod for basal cell carcinoma).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Skin cancer, particularly non-melanoma types like basal cell carcinoma, is one of the most common cancers worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. Fair skin, light eyes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early detection and treatment typically result in excellent outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Local tissue damage. Disfigurement. Metastasis. Life-threatening systemic involvement.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Sensory Disorders

Sub-category: Vision Disorders

Symptoms:
central vision loss; distorted vision; difficulty reading or recognizing faces; blurred or darkened central vision

Root Cause:
Deterioration of the macula, the central part of the retina, leading to loss of central vision.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Comprehensive eye exam, including fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography.

Treatment:
For dry AMD, no cure exists, but vitamin supplements may slow progression. For wet AMD, anti-VEGF injections (such as Avastin, Lucentis, or Eylea) are used to reduce abnormal blood vessel growth.

Medications:
Anti-VEGF injections, such as Avastin (bevacizumab ), Lucentis (ranibizumab ), or Eylea (aflibercept ), are used for wet AMD to inhibit abnormal blood vessel growth.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects around 10-15% of people over the age of 65, with increasing rates as the population ages.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, obesity, light-colored eyes, and excessive sun exposure.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can lead to permanent central vision loss, but treatments can slow progression, especially in wet AMD.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe vision impairment or blindness in severe cases, difficulty with tasks requiring central vision (reading, driving).

Glaucoma

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Sensory Disorders

Sub-category: Vision Disorders

Symptoms:
loss of peripheral vision; halo around lights; eye pain; nausea (in acute angle-closure glaucoma); blurry vision

Root Cause:
Increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve, leading to vision loss.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Comprehensive eye examination, including tonometry (to measure intraocular pressure), optic nerve imaging, visual field testing, and dilated eye exam.

Treatment:
Medications (usually eye drops), laser treatment, and surgery to reduce intraocular pressure.

Medications:
Prostaglandin analogs (e.g., latanoprost ), beta-blockers (e.g., timolol ), alpha agonists (e.g., brimonidine ), and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., dorzolamide ) are commonly prescribed to lower intraocular pressure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 2-3% of people over the age of 40, with the risk increasing with age.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, age, African or Hispanic ethnicity, high intraocular pressure, previous eye injuries.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If untreated, glaucoma can lead to permanent blindness. With treatment, the progression can be controlled, preserving vision.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent vision loss, optic nerve damage, and blindness in severe cases.

Diabetic retinopathy

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Sensory Disorders

Sub-category: Vision Disorders

Symptoms:
blurry vision; floaters; dark or empty areas in vision; difficulty seeing at night; sudden vision loss

Root Cause:
Damage to the blood vessels of the retina caused by prolonged high blood sugar levels, leading to leakage or blockage of blood vessels.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Comprehensive eye exam, including fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fluorescein angiography.

Treatment:
Laser therapy (laser photocoagulation), anti-VEGF injections, corticosteroid injections, and vitrectomy surgery for severe cases.

Medications:
Anti-VEGF injections (e.g., ranibizumab , aflibercept ), corticosteroid injections, and laser treatments.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 28.5% of people with diabetes, with the prevalence increasing as the duration of diabetes increases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Diabetes (type 1 or type 2), poor blood sugar control, hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early diagnosis and effective blood sugar control, vision loss can be prevented. Advanced stages may lead to permanent vision impairment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Retinal detachment, macular edema, blindness, and difficulty with daily activities such as reading and driving.

Presbycusis (Age-related Hearing Loss)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Sensory Disorders

Sub-category: Hearing Disorders

Symptoms:
difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds; muffled or unclear speech; asking people to repeat themselves; tinnitus (ringing in the ears); difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments

Root Cause:
The gradual degeneration of the inner ear structures, especially the hair cells in the cochlea, or changes in the auditory nerve that occur due to aging.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive hearing evaluation by an audiologist, which may include pure tone audiometry, speech discrimination tests, and tympanometry to assess ear function.

Treatment:
While presbycusis cannot be cured, it is managed with hearing aids, cochlear implants, and assistive listening devices. Speech therapy may also help improve communication.

Medications:
Medications are not typically used to treat presbycusis directly. However, some individuals with tinnitus may be prescribed medications like antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline , a tricyclic antidepressant) or antianxiety drugs (e.g., diazepam , a benzodiazepine) to help manage the symptoms of tinnitus that often accompany presbycusis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately one-third of people over the age of 65, with prevalence increasing with age.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age. Family history of hearing loss. Chronic exposure to loud noises. Smoking. Diabetes. Cardiovascular conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Hearing loss is progressive and irreversible, but symptoms can be managed effectively with hearing aids and communication strategies.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Social isolation. Depression. Cognitive decline due to difficulty in communication. Increased risk of falls and accidents due to reduced auditory cues.

Periodontal disease

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Sensory Disorders

Sub-category: Oral and Dental Health

Symptoms:
red, swollen gums; bleeding gums when brushing or flossing; bad breath; receding gums; loose teeth; pain while chewing

Root Cause:
The primary cause of periodontal disease is the accumulation of plaque and tartar on the teeth, leading to inflammation and infection of the gums and supporting structures of the teeth.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
A dentist diagnoses periodontal disease through a clinical examination, reviewing medical history, and performing dental X-rays to assess bone loss.

Treatment:
Treatment includes professional cleaning (scaling and root planing), improved oral hygiene, and possibly surgery for advanced stages.

Medications:
Medications include oral antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline , minocycline ) to control infection, and sometimes antimicrobial mouth rinses (e.g., chlorhexidine ). These are classified as antibiotics and antimicrobial agents.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Periodontal disease affects up to 50% of adults globally, with higher prevalence in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, genetic factors, certain medications (e.g., calcium channel blockers), and a weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If detected early and treated properly, the disease can be managed or reversed; untreated cases can lead to tooth loss and systemic health issues.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Untreated periodontal disease can lead to tooth loss, systemic infections, and may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory conditions.

Xerostomia (dry mouth)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Sensory Disorders

Sub-category: Oral and Dental Health

Symptoms:
dryness in the mouth; difficulty swallowing; sore throat; cracked lips; difficulty speaking; bad breath; altered taste

Root Cause:
Xerostomia occurs due to a decrease in saliva production, often caused by medications, radiation therapy, dehydration, or autoimmune diseases like Sjögren's syndrome.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
A diagnosis is made through a clinical evaluation, including a physical examination, patient history, and sometimes sialography or salivary flow tests.

Treatment:
Treatment includes salivary substitutes, improving hydration, using medications to stimulate saliva production (e.g., pilocarpine), and managing underlying conditions like autoimmune diseases.

Medications:
Medications prescribed for xerostomia include pilocarpine (classified as a cholinergic agent) and cevimeline (also a cholinergic agent). These drugs stimulate saliva production. Saliva substitutes are also available over-the-counter.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Xerostomia affects 10-30% of the population, with higher prevalence in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, certain medications (e.g., antihistamines, antidepressants, diuretics), radiation therapy to the head or neck, and autoimmune diseases like Sjögren's syndrome.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis can vary; while xerostomia may improve if the underlying cause is treated, it may become a chronic condition if not managed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications include increased risk of dental decay, difficulty speaking and swallowing, oral infections, and discomfort.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Common Infections

Symptoms:
frequent urination; burning sensation during urination; cloudy or foul-smelling urine; pelvic pain; low fever; incontinence; confusion or agitation in elderly

Root Cause:
UTIs are caused by the invasion of bacteria (typically E. coli) into the urinary tract, leading to inflammation and infection. In older adults, UTIs can present with more subtle or atypical symptoms, such as confusion.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is through urinalysis, urine culture, and sometimes imaging tests to check for complications like kidney stones or anatomical abnormalities.

Treatment:
UTIs are primarily treated with antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, or nitrofurantoin.

Medications:
Antibiotics are commonly prescribed, such as nitrofurantoin (a nitrofuran), ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone), or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (a combination antibiotic). These are classified as antibiotics.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
UTIs are very common in the elderly, with up to 25% of older women and 15% of older men experiencing them.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender, catheter use, urinary retention, diabetes, weakened immune system, and anatomical abnormalities.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate antibiotic treatment, the prognosis is generally favorable, although recurrent UTIs are common in older adults.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pyelonephritis (kidney infection), sepsis, and chronic kidney disease in severe or untreated cases.

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections (e.g., Cellulitis)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Common Infections

Symptoms:
redness; swelling; pain; warmth; fever; blisters; lymph node enlargement

Root Cause:
These infections are caused by bacteria (typically Streptococcus or Staphylococcus) entering broken skin or mucous membranes, causing localized inflammation and infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is usually clinical based on the appearance of the affected area, though blood cultures or a biopsy may be used in severe or non-responsive cases.

Treatment:
Treatment involves oral or intravenous antibiotics, such as cefalexin, clindamycin, or dicloxacillin, depending on the severity and suspected bacteria.

Medications:
Common antibiotics include clindamycin (a lincosamide), cefalexin (a cephalosporin), and dicloxacillin (a penicillin). These are classified as antibiotics.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Cellulitis and other skin and soft tissue infections are common, particularly in elderly individuals with comorbidities or skin integrity issues.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic conditions like diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, obesity, immunocompromised states, and poor circulation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases improve with antibiotics, although severe infections can require surgical intervention. Recurrent infections may occur, especially if underlying conditions are not addressed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Abscess formation, sepsis, necrotizing fasciitis, and lymphangitis.

Herpes zoster (shingles)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Chronic and Recurrent Infections

Symptoms:
painful, blistering rash typically on one side of the body; burning or tingling sensation; fever; headache; sensitivity to light; itching or numbness in the affected area

Root Cause:
Reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (which causes chickenpox) in the nerve roots after a period of dormancy.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically based on clinical presentation (painful rash, usually localized in a dermatome). Laboratory testing (e.g., PCR or direct fluorescent antibody tests) can confirm the presence of the varicella-zoster virus.

Treatment:
Antiviral medications (e.g., acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir), pain management, and corticosteroids (for severe pain or inflammation). Vaccination with the shingles vaccine (Shingrix) can prevent future occurrences.

Medications:
Antiviral drugs such as acyclovir , valacyclovir , or famciclovir , which are antiviral agents used to inhibit the replication of the varicella-zoster virus. For pain management, analgesics such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be used, while more severe cases may require opioids or gabapentin for nerve pain.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Shingles affects about 1 in 3 people in their lifetime. The risk increases with age, particularly after 50.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging (older adults are at higher risk), weakened immune system (due to conditions like HIV, cancer treatments, or immunosuppressive medications), having had chickenpox (varicella) earlier in life.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The rash usually resolves within 2-4 weeks. However, postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), a complication involving long-term nerve pain, can persist for months or even years, especially in older adults.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), vision loss (if the eye is affected), bacterial skin infections, neurological complications such as encephalitis, and facial paralysis (Ramsay Hunt syndrome).

Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Chronic and Recurrent Infections

Symptoms:
severe diarrhea (watery stools); abdominal cramps; fever; loss of appetite; nausea; dehydration; in some cases, colonic perforation or toxic megacolon

Root Cause:
Overgrowth of Clostridium difficile bacteria in the colon after disruption of normal gut flora, typically caused by antibiotic use. The bacteria produce toxins that cause inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed by stool tests to detect Clostridium difficile toxins (PCR or enzyme immunoassay) or culture. Colonoscopy or imaging may be used in severe cases to assess colonic damage.

Treatment:
First-line treatment involves oral antibiotics such as vancomycin or fidaxomicin. For recurrent cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an option. Discontinuation of the inciting antibiotics and infection control measures are important.

Medications:
The main medications for treating C. difficile infection include oral vancomycin (a glycopeptide antibiotic), fidaxomicin (a macrolide antibiotic), and metronidazole (used for mild cases). In recurrent infections, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is also used as a treatment.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
The incidence of C. difficile infection is higher in healthcare settings, particularly among older adults and those with weakened immune systems. It is one of the leading causes of healthcare-associated infections in the U.S.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, prolonged use of antibiotics (especially broad-spectrum antibiotics), weakened immune system (due to cancer treatments, organ transplants, or chronic diseases), previous C. difficile infection.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
While most cases resolve with antibiotics, recurrent infections are common, particularly in older adults. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a better prognosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe dehydration, colonic perforation, toxic megacolon, and sepsis in extreme cases. Recurrence is common, and patients may experience multiple episodes over time.

Pressure ulcers (bedsores)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Skin Disorders

Sub-category: Chronic Skin Conditions

Symptoms:
pain at pressure points; redness or discoloration of skin; blisters or open sores; swelling; tissue necrosis

Root Cause:
Damage to the skin and underlying tissue due to prolonged pressure on the skin, often over bony areas such as heels, hips, or tailbone.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically made through visual inspection of the affected area and staging of the ulcer (from stage 1 to stage 4, based on severity).

Treatment:
Relieving pressure from the affected area, proper wound care, maintaining hygiene, ensuring adequate nutrition, and using specialized mattresses or cushions.

Medications:
Pain relievers (NSAIDs like ibuprofen ), topical antibiotics (e.g., silver sulfadiazine ), and sometimes systemic antibiotics for infection control. Medications are classified as analgesics (pain relief), antibiotics (for infection), and topical agents (for wound care).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2-3 million people in the United States annually, with the elderly and those with limited mobility being at highest risk.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Immobility, poor nutrition, dehydration, advanced age, incontinence, and underlying health conditions like diabetes or vascular diseases.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis depends on severity; minor cases may heal with proper care, while severe cases may lead to chronic wounds and complications like infection or sepsis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infection, cellulitis, sepsis, osteomyelitis, and complications related to prolonged immobility, such as deep vein thrombosis.

Venous stasis dermatitis

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Skin Disorders

Sub-category: Chronic Skin Conditions

Symptoms:
itching; swelling; redness; discoloration (brownish skin); dry, flaky skin; leg ulcers

Root Cause:
Poor circulation in the lower legs, typically due to venous insufficiency, which causes blood to pool and leads to skin inflammation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is clinical, based on symptoms and patient history. Duplex ultrasound may be used to assess venous insufficiency.

Treatment:
Compression therapy, elevation of legs, proper skin care, and topical corticosteroids. In severe cases, surgical interventions to correct venous insufficiency may be necessary.

Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone ), oral diuretics (e.g., furosemide ) for edema control, and venotonics (e.g., diosmin) to improve venous tone. Medications are classified as anti-inflammatory agents (for inflammation), diuretics (to reduce fluid retention), and venotropics (to improve blood flow).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 3 million individuals in the U.S., particularly those with chronic venous insufficiency.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, prolonged standing, advanced age, history of deep vein thrombosis, and varicose veins.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The condition is manageable with treatment but can lead to chronic leg ulcers if not controlled.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Leg ulcers, secondary bacterial infections, and persistent skin discoloration.

Seborrheic dermatitis

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Skin Disorders

Sub-category: Chronic Skin Conditions

Symptoms:
itchy scalp; flaky, scaly skin; red patches; greasy or oily appearance; dandruff

Root Cause:
Overgrowth of yeast (Malassezia) on the skin in areas with abundant sebaceous (oil) glands, leading to skin inflammation and scaling.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is clinical, based on skin appearance, location of lesions, and patient history. Skin scraping or biopsy may be performed to rule out other conditions.

Treatment:
Medicated shampoos (containing ketoconazole, selenium sulfide), topical corticosteroids, and antifungal creams or lotions.

Medications:
Topical antifungals (e.g., ketoconazole ), topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone ), and medicated shampoos. Medications are classified as antifungals (to control yeast growth) and anti-inflammatory agents (to reduce inflammation).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 1-3% of the general population, with a higher prevalence in individuals over 40 years old.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, oily skin, immune system deficiencies, and neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically chronic and relapsing, but manageable with proper treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections, especially if the skin becomes damaged from scratching or inflammation.

Pruritus (itching, often due to dry skin)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Skin Disorders

Sub-category: Chronic Skin Conditions

Symptoms:
intense itching; dry, flaky skin; redness; cracked skin

Root Cause:
Dry skin (xerosis) leads to itching due to reduced moisture content in the skin, which can be exacerbated by environmental factors or underlying medical conditions.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and patient history. Skin biopsy may be performed if the cause of itching is unclear.

Treatment:
Moisturizing lotions, topical corticosteroids for inflammation, avoiding triggers (e.g., hot water, harsh soaps), and antihistamines for relief.

Medications:
Topical corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone ) for inflammation, antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine ) for itching relief, and emollients (e.g., petroleum jelly). Medications are classified as anti-inflammatory agents (to reduce inflammation), antihistamines (for itching), and emollients (to hydrate the skin).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 10-20% of the general population, with higher incidence in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, cold weather, dehydration, certain medications, and skin conditions like eczema.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically manageable with proper skin care, but may persist or worsen in the elderly.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Skin infections due to scratching, thickening of the skin (lichenification), and secondary bacterial infections.

Wrist fractures

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Falls, Mobility, and Frailty

Sub-category: Falls and Injuries

Symptoms:
pain and swelling in the wrist; deformity or abnormal positioning; bruising; difficulty moving the wrist or hand

Root Cause:
Fracture of one or more bones in the wrist, often caused by falls, especially in elderly individuals with weaker bones or balance issues.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Typically diagnosed through physical examination and confirmed by imaging like X-rays.

Treatment:
Treatment may involve immobilization with a cast, splinting, or surgery (e.g., if the fracture is displaced or complex).

Medications:
Pain management includes acetaminophen , ibuprofen , or opioids for severe pain. Bone-strengthening medications like calcium and vitamin D supplements or bisphosphonates may be used to prevent further fractures in patients with osteoporosis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Wrist fractures are common in older adults, especially in those over 65 years, and they are among the most frequent fractures in falls.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Osteoporosis, advanced age, frailty, balance issues, high-risk activities, and prior wrist injuries.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper treatment, recovery is often possible; however, in elderly individuals, full recovery may be slow, and there is a risk of persistent pain or loss of function.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Potential complications include nonunion or malunion of the bones, arthritis, stiffness, or long-term disability.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) from falls

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Falls, Mobility, and Frailty

Sub-category: Falls and Injuries

Symptoms:
headache; dizziness; nausea or vomiting; loss of consciousness; confusion; memory problems; difficulty concentrating; changes in mood or personality

Root Cause:
Injury to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head, often from falls, which may result in contusions, concussions, or more severe brain damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, physical examination, and imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs to detect brain injury.

Treatment:
Treatment varies based on the severity of the injury, ranging from observation and rest to surgical intervention for severe brain injury.

Medications:
Medications for TBI may include pain relievers (acetaminophen or ibuprofen ), anticonvulsants if seizures are present, and antidepressants if mood disorders develop. Antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron ) may be used for nausea.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
TBI is a leading cause of injury-related morbidity in older adults, especially those with balance issues or frailty.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (especially over 65), previous history of TBI, frailty, falls, anticoagulant use, and environmental hazards.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Recovery from TBI can range from full recovery to long-term cognitive and physical impairments, depending on the severity of the injury. Older adults often have a slower recovery process.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Long-term complications can include cognitive impairment, memory loss, post-concussion syndrome, and an increased risk of dementia or other neurological disorders. There may also be an increased risk of recurrent falls.

Weakness

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Falls, Mobility, and Frailty

Sub-category: Frailty Syndrome

Symptoms:
fatigue; difficulty lifting objects; decreased muscle strength; lack of energy; reduced endurance

Root Cause:
The decrease in muscle strength and function, which can be due to age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia), chronic diseases, or other health conditions affecting physical capacity.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically based on a combination of clinical evaluation, physical tests of strength and endurance, and ruling out underlying conditions such as anemia, infections, or neurological diseases.

Treatment:
Treatment involves addressing underlying causes (e.g., treating chronic disease, improving nutrition), strength-building exercises (such as resistance training), and sometimes physical therapy to improve mobility and function.

Medications:
In some cases, medications such as corticosteroids or anabolic agents may be prescribed to improve muscle mass and strength. Nutritional supplements, such as protein or vitamin D, may also be recommended.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 25% of older adults experience some form of weakness, with a higher prevalence in those with chronic conditions or frailty syndrome.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, lack of physical activity, poor nutrition, chronic illnesses (e.g., heart disease, diabetes), neurological disorders, and medications that affect muscle function.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis varies depending on the underlying causes; with appropriate treatment, individuals can regain strength and improve their functional capacity, but frailty may persist in some cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of falls, decreased mobility, disability, and potentially reduced independence.

Weight loss

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Falls, Mobility, and Frailty

Sub-category: Frailty Syndrome

Symptoms:
unexplained weight loss; fatigue; reduced appetite; muscle wasting; weakness

Root Cause:
Unintentional weight loss in older adults is often due to underlying medical conditions, such as cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, chronic infections, malnutrition, or the aging process itself (e.g., reduced caloric intake, metabolic changes).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, lab tests (e.g., thyroid function tests, electrolyte levels), and imaging studies to identify the cause of the weight loss.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, such as treating infections, adjusting medications, or providing nutritional support (e.g., high-calorie supplements, improving diet, addressing digestive issues).

Medications:
Depending on the underlying cause, medications like appetite stimulants (e.g., megestrol acetate or dronabinol ), or medications to treat specific conditions (e.g., antibiotics for infections) may be used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Weight loss is common in older adults, affecting approximately 5–10% of those over 65, particularly among those with chronic health conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic illnesses (e.g., cancer, diabetes, heart disease), poor nutrition, depression, medication side effects, and digestive issues.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the cause; with proper treatment, weight can be regained, but ongoing monitoring is necessary to avoid further complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Muscle wasting, frailty, increased risk of infection, delayed wound healing, and reduced quality of life.

Reduced Physical Activity

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Falls, Mobility, and Frailty

Sub-category: Frailty Syndrome

Symptoms:
decreased ability to exercise; fatigue; increased sedentary behavior; difficulty with daily activities; weakness

Root Cause:
Reduced physical activity is often linked to aging, chronic diseases (e.g., arthritis, cardiovascular conditions), and psychological factors (e.g., depression, fear of falling).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on a history of reduced physical activity and a physical examination to assess mobility, muscle strength, and overall fitness levels. Specific tests may include gait speed, strength assessments, and functional performance evaluations.

Treatment:
Treatment involves encouraging regular physical activity tailored to the individual's abilities, such as walking, strength training, and balance exercises. Physical therapy and interventions to address underlying health issues may also be included.

Medications:
No specific medications are prescribed solely for reduced physical activity, but medications for underlying conditions (e.g., pain relief for arthritis or anti-depressants for depression) may help.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
A significant percentage of older adults (estimated at 30–40%) experience reduced physical activity, especially among those with chronic health issues or frailty syndrome.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, chronic disease, pain (especially from conditions like arthritis), mental health issues (e.g., depression, anxiety), and lack of social support.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis improves with consistent, gradual reintroduction of physical activity and treatment of underlying conditions. Regular exercise can significantly reduce frailty and improve overall function.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of falls, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular disease, metabolic decline, and worsened frailty.

Gait instability

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Falls, Mobility, and Frailty

Sub-category: Mobility Disorders

Symptoms:
difficulty walking; unsteady movements; frequent falls; impaired balance; shuffling gait; slow or uneven steps

Root Cause:
Gait instability is often caused by muscle weakness, neurological disorders, or joint problems that affect balance and coordination. It can also result from aging, medication side effects, or chronic diseases like Parkinson's disease, stroke, or arthritis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis typically involves a physical exam, gait analysis, and possibly imaging studies such as MRIs or CT scans to identify underlying causes. A detailed medical history and neurological examination may also be performed.

Treatment:
Treatment may include physical therapy to improve strength and balance, occupational therapy, and environmental modifications to reduce fall risks. In some cases, medications to address underlying conditions like Parkinson's disease may be prescribed.

Medications:
No specific medication for gait instability itself; however, medications for underlying conditions such as Parkinson’s disease (e.g., levodopa ) or antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs like sertraline ) may help. These drugs are classified as dopaminergic agents and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), respectively.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Gait instability is common among older adults, with studies suggesting that up to 20-30% of seniors experience mobility difficulties, particularly those over 70 years old.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease, stroke), joint problems (e.g., osteoarthritis), medication side effects, sensory deficits, and previous falls.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, including therapy and fall prevention measures, many individuals experience improved mobility. However, severe cases can lead to chronic instability and a high risk of falls, which can cause further complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of falls, fractures (especially hip fractures), reduced independence, and loss of confidence in mobility.

Use of assistive devices (e.g., walkers, canes)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Falls, Mobility, and Frailty

Sub-category: Mobility Disorders

Symptoms:
need for assistance with walking; difficulty maintaining balance; pain or weakness in legs; increased fall risk; difficulty navigating stairs or uneven surfaces

Root Cause:
The need for assistive devices typically arises due to muscle weakness, joint pain (e.g., arthritis), neurological conditions (e.g., stroke or Parkinson's disease), or a history of falls, which impair the ability to walk independently.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
A healthcare provider will assess mobility, balance, and strength through a physical exam and gait analysis. The need for assistive devices is determined based on the severity of mobility impairment.

Treatment:
Treatment involves prescribing the appropriate assistive device (walker, cane, or crutches) based on the patient's specific needs. Physical therapy may also be recommended to improve strength, balance, and coordination.

Medications:
No specific medications for using assistive devices ; however, medications to address underlying conditions like pain (e.g., acetaminophen or NSAIDs) or muscle weakness (e.g., baclofen for spasticity) may be prescribed. These medications are classified as analgesics and muscle relaxants, respectively.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
The use of assistive devices increases with age, especially among older adults experiencing mobility issues. Approximately 15-25% of seniors use some form of assistive device to aid walking.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, neurological conditions, chronic pain (e.g., from osteoarthritis), previous falls, and impaired vision or hearing.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The use of assistive devices can significantly improve mobility, reduce the risk of falls, and enhance independence. Long-term use may be necessary for individuals with chronic conditions.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Improper use of assistive devices can lead to falls, bruises, or strain on other parts of the body. Additionally, there can be emotional challenges related to dependence on these devices.

Polypharmacy and Drug Interactions

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Geriatric Syndromes

Symptoms:
adverse drug reactions; increased falls risk; confusion; dizziness; fatigue; gastrointestinal issues; orthostatic hypotension

Root Cause:
Polypharmacy occurs when a patient uses multiple medications, often more than necessary. Drug interactions can lead to adverse effects or reduced drug efficacy, especially in older adults with multiple chronic conditions.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on a detailed medication history, identifying all prescribed medications, over-the-counter drugs, supplements, and herbal remedies. Assessment may include reviewing drug interaction databases and conducting lab tests to monitor potential adverse effects.

Treatment:
Treatment involves careful medication review, discontinuation of unnecessary drugs, substitution of drugs with safer alternatives, and monitoring of ongoing therapy. Coordination among healthcare providers (e.g., primary care physicians, specialists, pharmacists) is essential.

Medications:
In polypharmacy, medication adjustments are often necessary. There are no specific "treatment medications" per se, but medications may be adjusted or stopped based on interactions. Some examples include discontinuing sedatives or pain relievers like benzodiazepines, opioids, or NSAIDs, as they may interact poorly with other drugs. Medication adjustments typically involve switching to medications with fewer interactions or using smaller dosages.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Polypharmacy is common in older adults, with estimates ranging from 25% to 50% of elderly people taking five or more medications concurrently. The prevalence increases with age and the number of chronic conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, multiple chronic health conditions, multiple healthcare providers, self-medication with over-the-counter drugs or supplements, and lack of coordination in care.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
If properly managed, the risks associated with polypharmacy and drug interactions can be minimized. Regular reviews and adjustments of medications can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of adverse drug reactions, hospitalizations due to drug interactions, falls, cognitive decline, and decreased quality of life.

Malnutrition

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Geriatric Syndromes

Symptoms:
unintended weight loss; fatigue; weakness; poor wound healing; dry skin; hair loss; decreased appetite; edema

Root Cause:
Malnutrition occurs when the body does not get enough nutrients or calories. It can result from inadequate dietary intake, poor absorption of nutrients, or increased nutritional needs due to illness or aging.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical assessments, including evaluating weight history, dietary intake, physical exams, and lab tests (such as serum albumin levels, hemoglobin, and other nutrient deficiencies).

Treatment:
Treatment involves addressing the underlying causes of malnutrition, improving nutritional intake, and in some cases, providing supplements or enteral/parenteral feeding. Dietary changes, meal plans, and a multidisciplinary team approach are essential.

Medications:
No specific "medications" for malnutrition, but supplements like multivitamins , vitamin D, vitamin B12, and iron may be prescribed depending on deficiencies. Medications to stimulate appetite (e.g., megestrol acetate) or treat underlying conditions may be used as well.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Malnutrition affects approximately 10-40% of older adults, particularly those with chronic conditions or who are hospitalized or institutionalized.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, chronic diseases (such as diabetes, cancer, or gastrointestinal disorders), low socioeconomic status, social isolation, depression, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), and medications that affect appetite or nutrient absorption.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate interventions, malnutrition can be reversed, and health outcomes can improve. However, if left untreated, it may lead to weakened immune function, infections, and increased mortality risk.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of infections, delayed wound healing, weakened muscles, bone fractures, and a higher rate of hospital readmissions.

Circadian Rhythm Disturbances

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Geriatric Syndromes

Sub-category: Sleep Disorders

Symptoms:
difficulty maintaining a regular sleep-wake cycle; frequent daytime sleepiness; insomnia; sleep disturbances at night; disorientation in sleep timing

Root Cause:
These disturbances occur when there is a misalignment between an individual's internal body clock and the external environment, often due to aging, neurological disorders, or irregular lifestyle patterns.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves reviewing the patient's sleep patterns, possibly through actigraphy or sleep diaries, and may include polysomnography or tests for underlying medical conditions.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on resetting the internal clock through light therapy, melatonin supplementation, and improving sleep hygiene. Behavioral therapy or CBT-I may also be useful.

Medications:
Medications may include melatonin supplements (a hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles) and other sleep aids like zolpidem or eszopiclone . These medications help adjust the sleep cycle and promote restfulness.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Circadian rhythm disturbances affect a significant number of older adults, particularly those with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, shift work, travel across time zones (jet lag), neurological disorders, and certain medications.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate interventions, such as light therapy or medication, circadian rhythm disturbances can often be improved. However, in some cases, they may persist and require ongoing management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Untreated circadian rhythm disturbances can lead to sleep deprivation, cognitive decline, mood disorders, and an increased risk of falls.

Urinary and Fecal Incontinence

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Geriatric Syndromes

Symptoms:
inability to control urination or bowel movements; frequent urge to urinate; accidental leakage of urine; urgency or dribbling of urine; difficulty holding stool; involuntary stool leakage

Root Cause:
Weakening of pelvic muscles, nerve damage, or an obstruction in the urinary tract or colon. Can also result from cognitive decline or side effects from medications.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, bladder diary, physical exam, urodynamic testing, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Stool testing may be used for fecal incontinence.

Treatment:
Behavioral therapies (e.g., bladder training, pelvic floor exercises), lifestyle changes, medications, and surgery (in some cases).

Medications:
Anticholinergics such as oxybutynin or tolterodine for urinary incontinence (these reduce bladder muscle spasms), and laxatives or stool softeners like polyethylene glycol for fecal incontinence.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 25-50% of older adults, with higher prevalence in women and those with comorbid conditions such as diabetes or stroke.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, female gender, history of childbirth, obesity, neurological disorders, chronic constipation, and certain medications (e.g., diuretics).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often manageable with treatment, but can become more challenging with age and coexisting health issues.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Skin infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), social isolation, depression, and decreased quality of life.

Pain Management Challenges

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Geriatric Syndromes

Symptoms:
chronic or acute pain; difficulty managing pain; increased sensitivity to pain; reduced ability to communicate pain; pain affecting daily activities

Root Cause:
Aging-related changes such as decreased pain threshold, chronic illnesses (e.g., arthritis, osteoporosis), and polypharmacy. Cognitive decline may also complicate pain assessment.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Detailed medical history, patient self-reporting, assessment tools like pain scales (e.g., Visual Analog Scale), and physical examination. Diagnosis often requires multidisciplinary input, especially if the patient has cognitive impairment.

Treatment:
Pharmacological treatment (pain medications), physical therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, acupuncture, and other complementary treatments. Emphasis on managing underlying conditions contributing to pain.

Medications:
Acetaminophen (analgesic), NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen for inflammation), opioids (with caution in older adults), gabapentin for nerve pain, and antidepressants (such as amitriptyline ) for neuropathic pain.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 40% of older adults, particularly those with arthritis, osteoporosis, and neuropathic conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, chronic diseases, immobility, polypharmacy, cognitive decline, and mental health issues.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies depending on underlying conditions; pain can be effectively managed in many cases with tailored treatment strategies.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Mismanagement of pain, medication side effects, addiction to pain medication, decreased mobility, and depression.

Elder Abuse and Neglect

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Geriatric Syndromes

Symptoms:
unexplained bruises or injuries; withdrawal or anxiety; poor hygiene; malnutrition; dehydration; inconsistent medical history; financial exploitation

Root Cause:
Physical, emotional, or financial mistreatment by caregivers, family members, or others in positions of trust. Neglect often results from caregiver burnout or inability to provide proper care.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, review of medical history, and interviews with the individual and caregivers. Investigations may involve social services or law enforcement when abuse is suspected.

Treatment:
Reporting to authorities, interventions to protect the elder, therapy for trauma, legal action if necessary, and supportive services (e.g., adult protective services).

Medications:
No specific medications; treatment focuses on addressing physical and emotional harm caused by abuse and neglect. Supportive mental health medications, like antidepressants or anxiolytics, may be prescribed if trauma is involved.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimates vary, but approximately 10% of older adults experience some form of abuse or neglect.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Isolation, cognitive impairment, dependence on others for care, substance abuse in caregivers, and history of family violence.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the severity of the abuse, the timeliness of intervention, and the elder's overall health. Long-term consequences may include psychological trauma and physical disabilities.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic physical and mental health problems, PTSD, social isolation, and death in severe cases.

Palliative and End-of-Life Care

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Geriatric Syndromes

Symptoms:
pain; shortness of breath; fatigue; nausea; loss of appetite; difficulty sleeping; anxiety; depression; emotional distress

Root Cause:
Progressive, incurable illnesses such as cancer, advanced heart disease, or neurodegenerative conditions. Aimed at alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life rather than curing the underlying disease.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Palliative care specialists assess symptoms, goals of care, and prognosis. This process often involves input from oncologists, cardiologists, or neurologists.

Treatment:
Symptom management through medications (analgesics, antiemetics, etc.), psychological support, spiritual care, and counseling. Hospice care is often used in the final stages of life.

Medications:
Opioids (morphine or fentanyl ) for pain management, antiemetics like ondansetron for nausea, anxiolytics such as lorazepam for anxiety, and corticosteroids for appetite stimulation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in those with advanced age, particularly among those with terminal illnesses.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, terminal illness, declining functional status, and frailty.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Focus is on comfort rather than cure; the prognosis depends on the underlying condition and the effectiveness of symptom management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications often include unmanaged symptoms, family distress, and caregiver burnout. If palliative care is not available, unnecessary suffering may occur.

Immunosenescence (Decline in Immune System Function with Age)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Symptoms:
increased susceptibility to infections; reduced vaccine efficacy; chronic inflammation; higher incidence of autoimmune disorders; delayed wound healing

Root Cause:
The aging immune system undergoes changes such as thymic involution, decreased production of naive T-cells, and a decline in both cell-mediated and humoral immunity, leading to a reduced ability to respond to new infections and vaccines.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on age, history of recurrent infections, and immunologic tests like T-cell counts and response to vaccines. Blood tests (e.g., complete blood count, immunoglobulin levels, cytokine profiles) may also help in diagnosing immunosenescence.

Treatment:
There is no cure for immunosenescence, but management includes lifestyle changes (healthy diet, exercise), vaccination (e.g., pneumococcal and influenza vaccines), and addressing specific infections promptly. Immunotherapy or drugs targeting immune modulation (experimental).

Medications:
Currently, no specific medication is approved to reverse immunosenescence. However, vaccines (e.g., flu vaccine, pneumonia vaccine) can help prevent infections in older adults. Some treatments include corticosteroids to manage inflammation, but their long-term use is generally avoided due to side effects. Classification - Vaccines (preventive), corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Nearly all individuals experience some degree of immunosenescence as they age, with effects becoming noticeable in those over 65.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, genetic factors, chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease), poor nutrition, and sedentary lifestyle.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Gradual decline in immune function, leading to higher risk of infections and chronic diseases. However, with appropriate management (e.g., vaccination), the impact can be minimized.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased infections, poor vaccine response, higher risk of cancer due to impaired immune surveillance, and autoimmune diseases.

Chronic Pain Syndromes

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Symptoms:
persistent pain lasting for more than 3 months; decreased range of motion in affected areas; fatigue, insomnia; depression or anxiety due to pain; reduced mobility and functionality

Root Cause:
Chronic pain syndromes can result from a variety of causes including age-related degeneration of joints and tissues, persistent inflammation, nerve damage, or changes in the nervous system that lead to altered pain processing.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history and physical examination. Imaging studies (X-rays, MRIs) to assess joint degeneration or nerve compression. Blood tests to rule out inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Nerve conduction studies or electromyography (EMG) for suspected neuropathy.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on pain relief and improving quality of life. Options include physical therapy, occupational therapy, medications (e.g., analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, nerve agents), and lifestyle modifications. Psychological support (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy) may help manage the emotional and mental impacts of chronic pain.

Medications:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or naproxen for inflammation and pain. Opioids like morphine or oxycodone may be prescribed for severe pain, though they are carefully monitored due to risk of dependency. Antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline ) and anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin ) for nerve pain. Classification - Analgesics (NSAIDs, opioids), Antidepressants, Anticonvulsants.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Chronic pain affects around 25-30% of older adults, with the incidence rising with age, especially due to conditions like osteoarthritis, neuropathy, and fibromyalgia.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, previous injuries, chronic health conditions (e.g., arthritis, diabetes), obesity, poor physical conditioning, and depression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic pain can often be managed, though it may not be fully reversible. The goal is to reduce pain levels and improve functionality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Reduced quality of life, disability, depression, anxiety, social isolation, and complications from long-term opioid use (e.g., dependence, side effects).

Delayed Wound Healing

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Sub-category: Post-surgical complications

Symptoms:
wound site remains open or unhealed for extended periods; swelling around the wound; redness or increased warmth at the wound site; pain or tenderness at the site; presence of discharge or pus

Root Cause:
Impaired healing due to factors such as reduced blood flow, decreased immune function, or chronic conditions like diabetes. This results in a prolonged inflammatory phase, reduced collagen production, and insufficient tissue regeneration.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically based on clinical evaluation of the wound, patient history, and potential underlying factors (e.g., diabetes, poor nutrition). Advanced diagnostic methods may include blood tests (e.g., glucose levels, infection markers) or imaging to assess circulation.

Treatment:
Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause (e.g., managing diabetes, improving nutrition, optimizing wound care), wound debridement, using advanced dressings (e.g., hydrocolloids or hydrogels), and in some cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy to promote healing.

Medications:
The use of antibiotics to treat or prevent infection, analgesics to manage pain, and sometimes growth factors (e.g., platelet-rich plasma) to stimulate healing. These medications are typically classified as antibiotics, analgesics, or wound-healing agents.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in the elderly population, particularly those with chronic health conditions such as diabetes, vascular disease, or poor nutrition. It is more prevalent in post-surgical patients, especially in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, diabetes, malnutrition, vascular disease, immunosuppression, smoking, obesity, poor circulation, and use of certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate management, most delayed wounds heal; however, healing can be prolonged in those with chronic conditions or poor lifestyle choices. In severe cases, non-healing wounds can lead to complications like infections or the need for surgical interventions.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infection, chronic wounds, scar tissue formation, increased risk of cellulitis, and in severe cases, amputation if the wound becomes necrotic.

Increased Risk of Infection

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics