Condition Lookup
Category:
Rheumatologic Conditions
Number of Conditions: 19
Fibromyalgia
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Pain Syndromes
Symptoms:
widespread musculoskeletal pain; fatigue; sleep disturbances; cognitive difficulties (often called "fibro fog"); headaches; anxiety and depression
Root Cause:
A central sensitivity disorder where the brain and spinal cord process pain signals abnormally, leading to increased pain sensitivity. The exact cause is unclear, but genetics, infections, and physical or emotional trauma are considered potential triggers.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on history and physical examination. Blood tests to rule out other conditions. Tender point test (identifying specific areas of pain when pressed).
Treatment:
Medications (e.g., pain relievers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and stress management techniques. Exercise programs, especially aerobic and strength training. Sleep improvement strategies.
Medications:
Antidepressants such as duloxetine or milnacipran (SNRIs) can help reduce pain and improve mood. Gabapentinoids, such as pregabalin , are used for nerve pain and to improve sleep. Pain relievers, including NSAIDs or acetaminophen , to manage pain. Muscle relaxants for muscle spasms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2-4% of the population, primarily women between the ages of 30-60.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Gender (more common in women). Family history of fibromyalgia or other rheumatic conditions. Trauma or infections. Sleep disturbances and stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic, lifelong condition with periods of flare-ups and remissions. Symptoms can be managed but not cured.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain and fatigue can severely impact daily activities and quality of life. Coexisting mental health conditions like depression and anxiety.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Fatigue Syndromes
Symptoms:
persistent, unexplained fatigue that does not improve with rest; sleep disturbances; muscle pain and joint pain; headaches; difficulty concentrating (often referred to as "brain fog")
Root Cause:
The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to involve immune system dysfunction, viral infections, or hormonal imbalances. It is thought to be a complex disorder involving multiple systems of the body.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on symptoms and exclusion of other conditions. No specific tests; blood tests may be conducted to rule out other causes.
Treatment:
Symptom management with pain relievers, antidepressants, and anti-inflammatory medications. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and graded exercise therapy. Sleep management strategies. Lifestyle changes to manage fatigue and improve quality of life.
Medications:
Antidepressants such as fluoxetine (SSRI) to help manage pain and mood disorders. Pain relievers, such as NSAIDs or acetaminophen , for muscle and joint pain. Sleep aids, like melatonin or low-dose amitriptyline , for improving sleep quality.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.2-2% of the population worldwide, with a higher incidence in women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (most common in adults between 40-60 years). Gender (more common in women). Stressful events or trauma. Viral infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms are often lifelong, but severity can fluctuate. With treatment, many people experience improvement in symptoms.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe disruption of daily life and career. Co-occurring conditions like depression and anxiety. Reduced ability to perform daily activities or maintain relationships.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Arthritis
Symptoms:
joint swelling and pain, often in the knees, wrists, and ankles; morning stiffness; fever, sometimes with a characteristic daily pattern; rash; fatigue
Root Cause:
A chronic autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the joints, leading to inflammation and potential joint damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, blood tests (e.g., ESR, CRP), imaging studies (X-rays), and exclusion of other causes of arthritis.
Treatment:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) like methotrexate. Biologic therapies (e.g., TNF inhibitors, IL-6 inhibitors).
Medications:
Methotrexate (a DMARD), which helps control inflammation and prevent joint damage. Etanercept (TNF inhibitor), which reduces inflammation by targeting a key inflammatory mediator. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) for acute flare-ups.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1 in 1,000 children, with more cases in females.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of autoimmune diseases. Age (typically diagnosed before age 16).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Many children achieve remission or partial remission with treatment. Some may experience long-term joint damage and disability if untreated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Growth disturbances in children. Joint damage and deformities. Eye inflammation (uveitis), which can lead to vision problems.
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Other Rheumatologic Disorders
Symptoms:
discoloration of fingers or toes (white, blue, or red); cold hands and feet; numbness or tingling in affected areas; pain or discomfort in the extremities during episodes
Root Cause:
Raynaud’s phenomenon is a disorder of the blood vessels, where smaller arteries constrict in response to cold or stress, leading to reduced blood flow to extremities.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on symptoms of color changes in fingers or toes. Blood tests may help identify underlying conditions (e.g., autoimmune disorders). Nailfold capillaroscopy or digital plethysmography can be used for further evaluation.
Treatment:
Avoidance of triggers (cold exposure, stress), calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine) to help dilate blood vessels, and sometimes vasodilators (e.g., nitroglycerin). In severe cases, medications like prostacyclin or endothelin receptor antagonists may be used.
Medications:
Calcium channel blockers (e.g., nifedipine ), vasodilators, prostacyclin analogs, endothelin receptor antagonists — these medications help improve blood flow and prevent episodes.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 3-5% of the population, with higher prevalence in women (especially in younger individuals) and people with autoimmune diseases.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, cold climates, stress, smoking, and underlying autoimmune diseases (e.g., scleroderma, lupus).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The condition is often manageable, but in severe cases, it can lead to permanent damage to the affected tissues.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Ulcers or sores on affected fingers or toes, digital deformities, and in extreme cases, gangrene.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Arthritis
Symptoms:
joint pain and swelling (especially in the hands, wrists, and knees); stiffness, particularly in the morning; fatigue; low-grade fever; decreased range of motion; symmetrical joint involvement
Root Cause:
An autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium (lining of the joints), leading to inflammation, pain, and potential joint damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms, blood tests (e.g., rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-CCP), imaging tests (e.g., X-rays, ultrasound, or MRI), and physical examination findings.
Treatment:
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) like methotrexate, biologics like TNF inhibitors (e.g., infliximab), and corticosteroids for acute flare-ups. Joint protection techniques, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery.
Medications:
Methotrexate (a DMARD), which helps slow disease progression. TNF inhibitors (e.g., infliximab , adalimumab ), which reduce inflammation by blocking tumor necrosis factor. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) for reducing inflammation during flare-ups.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.5% to 1% of the global population, with a higher incidence in women (3 times more common in women than men).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic factors (e.g., presence of the HLA-DRB1 gene). Female sex. Smoking. Age (typically develops between ages 30 and 60). Family history of rheumatoid arthritis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early diagnosis and proper treatment, many people can manage symptoms and prevent joint damage. However, untreated or poorly managed RA can lead to significant joint destruction and disability.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Joint damage and deformities. Cardiovascular disease (due to chronic inflammation). Osteoporosis. Infections due to immunosuppressive therapy.
Psoriatic Arthritis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Arthritis
Symptoms:
joint pain, swelling, and stiffness, often affecting the fingers, toes, and spine; psoriasis (skin rash with red patches and silvery scales); nail changes (pitting, separation from the nail bed); morning stiffness; enthesitis (inflammation where tendons and ligaments attach to bone)
Root Cause:
An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the joints and skin, with both genetic and environmental factors contributing to disease development.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on symptoms, medical history, physical exam, and ruling out other conditions. Blood tests (e.g., ESR, CRP) and imaging (X-ray, MRI) can help confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment:
NSAIDs for pain and inflammation. DMARDs like methotrexate. Biologic agents (e.g., TNF inhibitors, IL-17 inhibitors).
Medications:
Methotrexate (a DMARD) to control joint inflammation and prevent progression. Adalimumab (a TNF inhibitor) to reduce inflammation. Corticosteroids for flare-ups, typically in topical or systemic form.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 0.1% to 0.25% of the population; 30% to 40% of people with psoriasis develop psoriatic arthritis.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis. Trauma or infection triggering inflammation. Obesity.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be managed with medications, but some people experience chronic symptoms and joint damage if not adequately treated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Joint damage and deformities. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Psoriatic nail changes.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Arthritis
Symptoms:
chronic lower back pain and stiffness, particularly in the morning; pain that improves with exercise but worsens with rest; reduced flexibility in the spine; inflammation in other joints (hips, shoulders, knees); fatigue
Root Cause:
A chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to fusion of the spine over time. It is associated with an autoimmune response and genetic factors (HLA-B27 gene).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical exam, imaging (X-rays, MRI showing sacroiliitis or spinal changes), and blood tests (HLA-B27, ESR, CRP).
Treatment:
NSAIDs for pain relief. DMARDs like sulfasalazine and methotrexate. Biologics (TNF inhibitors, IL-17 inhibitors) for severe cases.
Medications:
Sulfasalazine (a DMARD) for peripheral joint inflammation. Infliximab (TNF inhibitor) to reduce inflammation and improve spinal mobility. NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen ) for pain relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.1% to 0.5% of the population, more common in men (3:1 male-to-female ratio).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Positive family history (especially HLA-B27 gene). Age (typically develops between 20 and 40 years). Male sex.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but manageable with treatment; progressive fusion of the spine can occur if untreated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spinal fusion and loss of flexibility. Increased risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Cardiovascular issues.
Enteropathic Arthritis (associated with IBD)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Autoimmune and Inflammatory Arthritis
Symptoms:
joint pain and swelling, particularly in the lower back, hips, and knees; diarrhea or other gastrointestinal symptoms (as it is associated with ibd); stiffness, particularly in the morning; fatigue; peripheral arthritis (affecting the arms or legs) may occur along with axial arthritis (affecting the spine)
Root Cause:
An inflammatory arthritis that occurs in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, where immune system dysfunction causes both gastrointestinal and joint inflammation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms, association with IBD, imaging (X-rays or MRI), and exclusion of other causes of arthritis.
Treatment:
Treatment of the underlying IBD with biologics (e.g., infliximab). NSAIDs and DMARDs for joint symptoms. Physical therapy and joint protection strategies.
Medications:
Infliximab (a TNF inhibitor), which treats both the arthritis and IBD symptoms. Methotrexate or sulfasalazine (DMARDs) to control joint inflammation. NSAIDs (e.g., naproxen ) for pain relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect about 10-20% of individuals with IBD.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Having inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Genetic predisposition (HLA-B27 gene). Active or severe IBD symptoms.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The arthritis tends to improve with effective management of the underlying IBD. However, some patients may experience chronic joint issues.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic joint pain and deformities. Exacerbation of IBD symptoms. Development of spinal involvement (ankylosing spondylitis).
Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, SLE)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
Symptoms:
fatigue; joint pain or swelling; skin rashes (especially a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose); photosensitivity; hair loss; mouth or nose ulcers; chest pain or difficulty breathing; kidney issues (e.g., protein in urine, kidney failure)
Root Cause:
The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues and organs, leading to inflammation and damage in multiple systems including skin, joints, kidneys, heart, and lungs.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Medical history and physical examination. Blood tests, including antinuclear antibody (ANA) test, anti-dsDNA, and other specific autoantibodies. Urinalysis (to detect kidney involvement). Skin biopsy (if needed). Imaging tests for organ involvement (e.g., chest X-ray, echocardiogram).
Treatment:
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain relief. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) to reduce inflammation. Antimalarials (e.g., hydroxychloroquine) to control symptoms. Immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., methotrexate, azathioprine). Biologic drugs (e.g., belimumab) for more severe cases. Kidney dialysis or transplant if kidney failure occurs.
Medications:
NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen , naproxen ) - anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic medications. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone , methylprednisolone ) - immunosuppressants used to control inflammation. Hydroxychloroquine - an antimalarial used for immune modulation. Methotrexate - an immunosuppressive medication often used for severe or refractory cases. Belimumab - a monoclonal antibody used for lupus that inhibits B-cell activation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 2,000 people worldwide, more common in women (especially those of childbearing age) and individuals of African, Hispanic, and Asian descent.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender (more common in women). Family history of lupus or other autoimmune diseases. Genetic predisposition (certain genes related to immune system function). Exposure to sunlight (photosensitivity). Infections (can trigger or worsen symptoms). Use of certain medications (e.g., hydralazine, procainamide).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; with treatment, many patients can lead relatively normal lives. However, lupus can be life-threatening, especially when vital organs (kidneys, heart, lungs) are involved. Early diagnosis and management can help improve long-term outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Kidney damage (lupus nephritis). Cardiovascular disease (heart attacks, stroke). Pregnancy complications (e.g., preeclampsia, miscarriage). Osteoporosis (due to long-term corticosteroid use). Infections (due to immunosuppressive treatment).
Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
Symptoms:
skin thickening and tightening (especially hands and face); raynaud’s phenomenon (cold, discolored fingers or toes); joint pain or stiffness; difficulty swallowing; shortness of breath (due to lung involvement); digestive issues (acid reflux, constipation)
Root Cause:
The immune system attacks the skin and internal organs, leading to excessive collagen production, which causes fibrosis (scarring) of tissues.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for specific autoantibodies (e.g., anti-Scl-70, anticentromere antibodies). Skin biopsy to assess collagen deposition. Pulmonary function tests for lung involvement. Echocardiogram for heart involvement.
Treatment:
Immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., methotrexate, cyclophosphamide). Corticosteroids for inflammation control. ACE inhibitors for kidney involvement. Pulmonary vasodilators for lung hypertension (e.g., sildenafil). Physical therapy to manage skin tightness and joint mobility.
Medications:
Methotrexate - an immunosuppressant used to slow disease progression. Cyclophosphamide - used for severe pulmonary and renal involvement. ACE inhibitors (e.g., enalapril ) - used to manage kidney issues. Sildenafil - a vasodilator used for pulmonary hypertension.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1 in 100,000 people, more common in women (especially between ages 30 and 50).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender. Family history of autoimmune diseases. Environmental factors (e.g., silica dust exposure).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly variable; some individuals experience mild symptoms while others develop severe organ involvement. Early treatment can improve outcomes, but the disease can be life-threatening, especially if lung or heart complications arise.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary fibrosis. Heart failure due to fibrosis. Renal crisis leading to kidney failure.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
Symptoms:
combination of symptoms from lupus, scleroderma, and polymyositis; raynaud’s phenomenon (cold, discolored fingers or toes); joint pain and swelling; muscle weakness; swollen hands and fingers; esophageal reflux or swallowing difficulties; skin changes such as a rash or sclerodactyly (thickening of the skin on fingers)
Root Cause:
A condition characterized by the overlap of features from multiple autoimmune diseases (lupus, scleroderma, and polymyositis). The immune system attacks connective tissue, leading to inflammation and fibrosis.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for specific autoantibodies (e.g., anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein [RNP], anti-Smith, anti-Scl-70). Clinical history and physical examination to assess overlapping symptoms of other autoimmune diseases. Skin biopsy for signs of scleroderma or lupus involvement
Treatment:
Corticosteroids for inflammation control. Immunosuppressive medications (e.g., methotrexate, azathioprine). NSAIDs for joint pain. Physical therapy to maintain muscle and joint function.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) to reduce inflammation and control flare-ups. Methotrexate - used for managing systemic inflammation. Azathioprine - an immunosuppressant used for long-term disease control. NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen ) - used for managing joint pain and inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated prevalence of 1-5 cases per 100,000 people. It primarily affects young women (ages 15-50).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Female gender. Family history of autoimmune diseases.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but manageable with early treatment. Disease progression can vary, with some individuals experiencing periods of remission while others develop severe organ involvement.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary hypertension. Interstitial lung disease. Renal complications (similar to lupus nephritis). Esophageal dysfunction and difficulty swallowing. Raynaud's phenomenon leading to digital ulcers.
Pseudogout (Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease, CPPD)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Crystal-Induced Arthritis
Symptoms:
sudden onset of joint pain and swelling, often affecting the knees, wrists, or hips; redness, warmth, and tenderness in the affected joint; joint stiffness, particularly in the mornings
Root Cause:
Pseudogout is caused by the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals in the joints. This results in inflammation and painful flare-ups, which can mimic gout.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination of affected joints. Joint aspiration and microscopic examination of synovial fluid for CPPD crystals. X-rays showing characteristic chondrocalcinosis (calcium deposits in the cartilage). Blood tests to rule out other causes of arthritis.
Treatment:
Acute attacks - NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen), colchicine, corticosteroid injections into the affected joint. Chronic management - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), physical therapy to maintain joint function, and in some cases, low-dose colchicine to prevent flare-ups;
Medications:
NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen , naproxen ) – Reduce inflammation and pain during acute attacks. Colchicine – Used for acute pseudogout attacks and to prevent future flare-ups. Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone , methylprednisolone ) – Intra-articular or oral steroids used to reduce severe inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Pseudogout is less common than gout but is seen in about 5% of individuals over 65 years old. It is more common in older adults and those with underlying joint conditions like osteoarthritis.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging (older adults are more prone). Joint trauma or surgery. Family history of pseudogout. Hyperparathyroidism. Hemochromatosis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The condition is generally manageable with treatment, but it may cause recurrent attacks and, in some cases, lead to chronic joint damage and functional limitations.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent joint pain and inflammation. Chronic joint damage leading to arthritis. Limited range of motion or deformities in affected joints. Increased risk of osteoarthritis in affected joints.
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Symptoms:
muscle pain and stiffness in the shoulders and hips; fatigue; fever; weight loss; difficulty with movement or mobility; morning stiffness
Root Cause:
Inflammation of the muscles and joints, particularly around the shoulders and hips. It is often associated with Giant Cell Arteritis.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, elevated ESR and CRP levels, and the exclusion of other conditions. No specific test exists, but imaging or muscle biopsy may occasionally be used.
Treatment:
First-line treatment includes corticosteroids (prednisone) to reduce inflammation. Immunosuppressants like methotrexate may be used in cases of resistance to steroids.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (prednisone ) are the primary treatment for Polymyalgia Rheumatica. Methotrexate or other immunosuppressive agents may be used in cases where corticosteroids are insufficient or cause side effects.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 1,000 people over the age of 50, with a higher incidence in females and those of Northern European descent.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (over 50), female gender, family history of autoimmune conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, symptoms often improve within weeks; however, corticosteroids are typically required long-term.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Prolonged use of corticosteroids can lead to osteoporosis, diabetes, hypertension, and cataracts.
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Vasculitis
Symptoms:
sinus congestion; nasal ulcers; hemoptysis (coughing up blood); cough; joint pain; fever; fatigue; weight loss
Root Cause:
Autoimmune vasculitis affecting small to medium-sized blood vessels, primarily in the respiratory tract and kidneys, leading to inflammation and damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically confirmed through a combination of clinical symptoms, blood tests (elevated ANCA levels), imaging, and biopsy of affected tissues (e.g., lungs, kidneys).
Treatment:
The treatment typically includes high-dose corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents like cyclophosphamide or rituximab. Maintenance therapy with methotrexate or azathioprine may follow.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (prednisone ) are used for initial treatment, often in combination with immunosuppressants like cyclophosphamide or rituximab . Maintenance therapy may involve methotrexate or azathioprine .
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated incidence of 3 per million people per year.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (typically diagnosed in adults aged 40-60), male gender, positive ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) in blood tests.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early treatment, remission is possible, but the disease can cause irreversible damage, particularly to the kidneys and lungs.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Kidney failure, lung damage, hearing loss, and systemic organ damage.
Behçet’s Disease
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Symptoms:
recurrent oral and genital ulcers; skin lesions (e.g., erythema nodosum); eye inflammation (uveitis); arthritis; neurological symptoms; gastrointestinal involvement
Root Cause:
A chronic autoimmune disorder causing blood vessel inflammation (vasculitis) that affects multiple systems, including the skin, eyes, joints, and digestive system.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is clinical, with a combination of recurrent oral and genital ulcers, eye involvement, and a positive pathergy test (skin hypersensitivity). Other tests may include blood tests and imaging.
Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents like colchicine, azathioprine, and biologics like infliximab or adalimumab.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (prednisone ) are used to control flare-ups, along with colchicine for skin lesions and joint pain. Immunosuppressive drugs like azathioprine may be used, and biologics such as infliximab or adalimumab may help control severe disease.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common in Asia and the Middle East, with a prevalence of 20-70 per 100,000 in those regions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic factors, particularly HLA-B51 allele, and environmental triggers like infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic disease with periods of flare-ups and remissions. The disease can be severe and cause long-term damage, particularly to the eyes and joints.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Vision loss, stroke, gastrointestinal problems, and joint deformities.
Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Connective Tissue Disorders
Symptoms:
joint hypermobility (excessive flexibility in joints); joint pain and instability; frequent sprains or dislocations; muscle fatigue; soft tissue injuries
Root Cause:
A genetic disorder of connective tissue that results in overly flexible joints, with an associated risk of joint pain and instability. The problem lies in the collagen or other components of connective tissue that affect joint stability.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on the Beighton score (a scale to measure joint hypermobility). Genetic testing in some cases to identify mutations in connective tissue genes.
Treatment:
Physical therapy to strengthen muscles around hypermobile joints. Bracing or splints to stabilize joints. Pain management strategies, including medications and lifestyle changes. Occupational therapy for assistance with daily activities.
Medications:
NSAIDs for pain and inflammation. Muscle relaxants for joint-related muscle spasms. Topical analgesics for localized joint pain relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects around 5% of the general population, with women being more commonly affected.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of hypermobility. Being female (more common in women). Certain connective tissue disorders (e.g., Ehlers-Danlos syndrome).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition that may worsen with age if left untreated. Symptoms can be managed with early intervention and physical therapy.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent joint dislocations or injuries. Chronic.
Paget’s Disease
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Metabolic Bone and Joint Disorders
Symptoms:
bone pain; joint pain and stiffness; deformities in the affected bones (e.g., bowing of the legs, enlarged skull); hearing loss (if the skull is affected)
Root Cause:
Abnormal bone remodeling, where the normal bone resorption process is accelerated, followed by disorganized new bone formation. This leads to weakened bones and structural deformities.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests showing elevated alkaline phosphatase levels. X-rays or bone scans to detect changes in bone structure. Biopsy in rare cases for confirmation.
Treatment:
Bisphosphonates (oral or intravenous) to inhibit bone resorption. Pain relievers (e.g., NSAIDs) for bone pain. Surgery may be necessary for severe deformities or fractures.
Medications:
Bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate , zoledronic acid) - Reduce bone turnover and help prevent bone pain and fractures. Calcitonin - May be used as a second-line therapy to inhibit bone resorption. NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen , naproxen ) - To manage bone pain and inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 1-3% of people over the age of 55, with a higher prevalence in individuals of European descent.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (more common in older adults), family history, being of European descent.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be controlled with medication, but symptoms may recur over time. Long-term monitoring is essential for managing complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Fractures, arthritis in the affected joints, nerve compression, hearing loss, and in rare cases, osteosarcoma (bone cancer).
Osteomalacia (adults) / Rickets (children)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Metabolic Bone and Joint Disorders
Symptoms:
bone pain and tenderness; muscle weakness; fractures; deformities (e.g., bowed legs in children with rickets)
Root Cause:
Defective mineralization of bone due to a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, leading to soft, weak bones.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (low calcium, low phosphate, elevated alkaline phosphatase). X-rays to detect bone deformities or signs of bone softening. Bone biopsy in rare cases for confirmation.
Treatment:
Vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Treatment of underlying causes (e.g., phosphate supplements if a deficiency is found). Weight-bearing exercises to strengthen bones and prevent deformities.
Medications:
Vitamin D (e.g., cholecalciferol , ergocalciferol ) - Helps in calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Calcium supplements - To restore normal calcium levels. Phosphate supplements - In cases of phosphate deficiency.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Osteomalacia is rare in developed countries but more common in areas with limited sunlight or poor nutrition. Rickets is seen more frequently in children with poor dietary intake or limited sunlight exposure.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Insufficient sunlight exposure, poor diet (especially lack of vitamin D, calcium), certain medical conditions (e.g., kidney disease), and age (elderly people are at higher risk due to decreased ability to synthesize vitamin D).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Reversible with appropriate supplementation, though bone deformities may persist if not treated early in children.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bone fractures, deformities (especially in children), muscle weakness, and in severe cases, permanent skeletal changes.
Sarcoidosis (with musculoskeletal involvement)
Specialty: Orthopedics and Rheumatology
Category: Rheumatologic Conditions
Sub-category: Other Rheumatologic Disorders
Symptoms:
muscle pain; joint pain; swelling of the joints; fatigue; difficulty moving affected limbs; muscle weakness
Root Cause:
Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease that results in the formation of granulomas (clusters of immune cells) in various organs, including the muscles and joints.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation, imaging (e.g., X-rays, MRI), and biopsy of affected tissue showing granulomas. Blood tests for elevated serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) may also be helpful.
Treatment:
Treatment typically involves corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) to reduce inflammation. Immunosuppressive agents may be prescribed in severe cases, and physical therapy is important for maintaining joint function and strength.
Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ), immunosuppressants (e.g., methotrexate , azathioprine , hydroxychloroquine ) — these are used to suppress inflammation and control granuloma formation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sarcoidosis affects approximately 1-40 per 100,000 people in the general population, with a higher prevalence in African American women and in certain geographical regions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of sarcoidosis, exposure to environmental factors (e.g., dust, chemicals), age (typically 20-40 years old), ethnicity (higher prevalence in African Americans and Scandinavians).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover with treatment, but some may experience chronic or recurrent symptoms, leading to long-term disability. In severe cases, organ damage can occur.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic joint damage, pulmonary fibrosis, heart and eye involvement, and nerve damage.