Condition Lookup

Deviated Nasal Septum

Sub-category: Structural and Congenital Issues

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; difficulty breathing through the nose; frequent sinus infections; headaches; snoring; sleep apnea

Root Cause:
The nasal septum, the cartilage and bone structure that divides the nostrils, is shifted or crooked, leading to blockage or restricted airflow.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through a physical examination, nasal endoscopy, or imaging studies (such as a CT scan).

Treatment:
Mild cases may be managed with decongestants or nasal corticosteroid sprays. Severe cases might require surgery (septoplasty) to straighten the septum.

Medications:
Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone , Mometasone ) to reduce inflammation and improve airflow. Decongestants (e.g., Pseudoephedrine ) may be used for short-term relief. These are classified as corticosteroids and sympathomimetics, respectively.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects an estimated 80% of the population to some degree, though many individuals do not experience significant symptoms.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Congenital factors, trauma or injury to the nose, family history of nasal issues.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often manageable with non-invasive treatments, but surgery may be necessary for persistent or severe symptoms. Prognosis is generally good with surgery.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinus infections, nasal obstruction, sleep disturbances, and frequent nosebleeds.

Nasal Valve Collapse

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Structural and Congenital Issues

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; difficulty breathing through the nose; flaring of the nostrils; reduced airflow; nasal obstruction during physical activity

Root Cause:
Weakening or collapse of the nasal valve area, which is the narrowest part of the nasal passage, causing difficulty with airflow.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through a physical exam, nasal endoscopy, and sometimes dynamic tests to assess airflow during breathing.

Treatment:
Treatment options include nasal dilators, surgery (such as nasal valve reconstruction), and the use of cartilage grafts.

Medications:
Nasal steroids (e.g., Fluticasone , Mometasone ) to reduce inflammation and help manage congestion. These are corticosteroids that provide relief from swelling and obstruction.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 10-15% of patients with nasal obstruction report nasal valve collapse, often in combination with other conditions like a deviated septum.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous nasal trauma, genetic predisposition, chronic use of nasal decongestants, or a history of prior nasal surgery.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, such as surgery or the use of devices, symptoms can be greatly improved.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent breathing difficulties, sinus issues, and poor sleep quality.

Choanal Atresia

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Structural and Congenital Issues

Symptoms:
difficulty breathing through the nose; nasal obstruction; stridor (noisy breathing); cyanosis (bluish skin due to lack of oxygen); feeding difficulties in infants

Root Cause:
Choanal atresia is a congenital condition where the back of the nasal passage is blocked or narrowed by abnormal tissue, preventing normal airflow from the nose to the throat.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed via nasal endoscopy, CT scans, or MRI. In infants, a clinical diagnosis is often made if the baby is unable to breathe through the nose.

Treatment:
Surgical intervention is required to create or widen the nasal passage. In some cases, a stent may be placed to keep the airway open.

Medications:
Post-surgical care may involve antibiotics (e.g., Amoxicillin , Cephalexin ) to prevent infection, and nasal saline sprays for lubrication. Antibiotics are typically classified as penicillins and cephalosporins.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 5,000 to 8,000 live births, and it is more common in females.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Choanal atresia is often seen in association with other congenital anomalies, such as CHARGE syndrome (a genetic disorder).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early diagnosis and surgical intervention, the prognosis is generally good.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory distress, failure to thrive in infants, frequent sinus infections, and possible long-term airway issues.

Concha Bullosa

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Structural and Congenital Issues

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; difficulty breathing through the nose; headaches; sinus pressure; sinus infections

Root Cause:
A concha bullosa is a pneumatized (air-filled) middle turbinate, a structure inside the nose, that can enlarge and cause obstruction in the nasal passages, leading to chronic sinus issues.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through nasal endoscopy or CT scan imaging, which reveals air-filled spaces within the middle turbinate.

Treatment:
Treatment may involve nasal corticosteroids to reduce inflammation or surgical removal of the concha bullosa if it causes significant symptoms.

Medications:
Nasal steroids like Fluticasone or Mometasone may be used to reduce swelling. These corticosteroids help to alleviate symptoms by reducing the size of the turbinate.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Concha bullosa is found in up to 50% of individuals undergoing imaging for sinus issues, though not all experience symptoms.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Sinus infections, structural abnormalities in the nasal cavity, and chronic allergic rhinitis.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis is good with treatment, especially if surgery is performed to remove the enlarged turbinate.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinusitis, nasal obstruction, headaches, and impaired airflow.

Nasal Vestibulitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
redness and swelling at the entrance of the nostrils; pain or tenderness in the nasal vestibule; crusting or bleeding from the nasal vestibule; itching or irritation; nasal discharge or pus

Root Cause:
Infection or inflammation of the nasal vestibule, often caused by bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus). This condition can occur from nasal trauma, excessive nose picking, or poor hygiene.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination of the nasal vestibule; in some cases, bacterial cultures may be taken if infection is suspected.

Treatment:
Treatment often involves topical antibiotics (such as mupirocin) or systemic antibiotics for more severe infections. Good hygiene and moisturizing agents may also help.

Medications:
Topical antibiotics like mupirocin (Bactroban ) are commonly prescribed, which are classified as antibacterial agents. Oral antibiotics such as dicloxacillin or cephalexin may be prescribed for more severe cases and are classified as penicillins and cephalosporins, respectively.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Nasal vestibulitis is relatively uncommon but can occur in people with nasal trauma or frequent nose picking. It is more common in individuals with compromised immune systems.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of nasal trauma, chronic nose picking, use of nasal cannulas or other devices that irritate the nasal vestibule, nasal surgery, and compromised immune systems.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper treatment, nasal vestibulitis generally resolves without complications. The prognosis is good if treated promptly.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If left untreated, the infection may spread to surrounding structures or lead to cellulitis. Rarely, it can progress to more serious conditions like abscess formation or nasal septal perforation.

Allergic Rhinitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
sneezing; nasal congestion; runny nose; itchy eyes, nose, or throat; watery eyes; postnasal drip

Root Cause:
An allergic reaction to airborne substances (allergens) such as pollen, dust mites, mold, or pet dander, leading to inflammation in the nasal passages.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on patient history and symptoms. Allergy testing (skin prick tests or blood tests for IgE antibodies) can confirm specific allergens.

Treatment:
First-line treatments include antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, and decongestants. Avoidance of known allergens is also critical. In some cases, immunotherapy (allergy shots) may be recommended.

Medications:
Antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine , loratadine ) are classified as H1 receptor antagonists and are used to alleviate symptoms like sneezing and itching. Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone , mometasone ) are anti-inflammatory agents used to reduce nasal inflammation and congestion. Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine , oxymetazoline ) are vasoconstrictors used for short-term relief of nasal congestion.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects around 10-30% of the global population, with a higher prevalence in urban areas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of allergies, exposure to allergens, environmental factors such as pollution or damp conditions, and having other allergic conditions like asthma.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with proper management, although symptoms can persist or worsen over time if left untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Poorly controlled allergic rhinitis can lead to sinusitis, ear infections, or worsening of asthma symptoms. Chronic rhinitis may also cause sleep disturbances or fatigue.

Non-Allergic Rhinitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; runny nose; postnasal drip; sneezing; itchy nose or throat (less common than in allergic rhinitis)

Root Cause:
Chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa without an allergic component. Triggers may include irritants such as smoke, strong odors, weather changes, medications, or infections.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is clinical and based on ruling out other causes like allergies or infections. There are no specific tests for non-allergic rhinitis, but it may involve nasal endoscopy or imaging to exclude other conditions.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with nasal corticosteroids, antihistamines (in cases of mild symptoms), and avoiding known irritants. Saline nasal sprays and antihistamine nasal sprays may also be used.

Medications:
Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone , budesonide ) and antihistamine nasal sprays (e.g., azelastine ) are used to reduce inflammation and nasal congestion. Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ) may be used for short-term relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10-20% of the population, often in adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke, strong odors, or chemicals. Other contributing factors may include hormonal changes, medications, or previous viral infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally manageable with treatment, though symptoms can be chronic or recurrent.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If untreated, it may lead to sinusitis or interfere with sleep and daily activities. It may also contribute to the development of nasal polyps.

Vasomotor Rhinitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; runny nose; sneezing; postnasal drip; symptoms triggered by environmental factors like weather changes or odors

Root Cause:
Abnormal regulation of blood flow in the nasal vessels, often triggered by non-allergic factors such as temperature changes, strong smells, or irritants.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical diagnosis based on history and symptoms, with exclusion of allergic causes. A nasal endoscopy or imaging may be used to rule out other conditions.

Treatment:
Treatment involves nasal decongestants, nasal corticosteroids, and avoiding known triggers. Anticholinergic nasal sprays may be used to reduce symptoms.

Medications:
Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone , mometasone ) are used to reduce inflammation. Anticholinergic nasal sprays (e.g., ipratropium bromide ) can help control rhinorrhea (runny nose). Decongestants may provide temporary relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 10-15% of adults, particularly in those with a history of allergies or chronic nasal congestion.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke, pollution, or sudden temperature changes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms may be chronic, but they are manageable with medications and lifestyle changes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can lead to nasal obstruction, chronic sinusitis, or the development of nasal polyps.

Bacterial Sinusitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
facial pain or pressure; nasal congestion; green or yellow nasal discharge; reduced sense of smell; fever; tooth pain; headache; fatigue

Root Cause:
Inflammation and infection of the sinuses caused by bacterial pathogens (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae). The infection usually follows a viral upper respiratory infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical history and symptoms. A nasal endoscopy or CT scan may be performed for recurrent or severe cases to confirm the diagnosis and rule out complications.

Treatment:
Treatment typically includes a 10-14 day course of antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin, doxycycline). Decongestants, nasal corticosteroids, and saline irrigation may help alleviate symptoms.

Medications:
Antibiotics like amoxicillin (penicillin class) and doxycycline (tetracycline class) are used to treat the bacterial infection. Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone , budesonide ) help reduce inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 10% of adults annually, with an increased incidence during the colder months.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prior upper respiratory infections, allergies, nasal polyps, asthma, smoking, and anatomical nasal obstructions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, bacterial sinusitis often resolves within a few weeks. Chronic or recurrent cases may require longer treatment or surgery.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If untreated, it may lead to abscesses, meningitis, or chronic sinus problems.

Viral Sinusitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; clear nasal discharge; sneezing; headache; mild facial pain or pressure; cough; sore throat

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the sinuses due to a viral infection, often following a cold or upper respiratory viral infection (e.g., rhinovirus, influenza).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically clinical, with a history of a viral upper respiratory infection. Nasal cultures are generally not required unless there is a concern for bacterial superinfection.

Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment includes decongestants, nasal saline irrigation, and pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen). Antibiotics are not used unless bacterial infection is suspected.

Medications:
Symptomatic relief can be achieved with decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ) and pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen ). Nasal saline irrigation may also be used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Viral sinusitis is common, with most individuals experiencing it at least once in their lifetime, especially during cold and flu season.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Upper respiratory viral infections, smoking, allergies, and anatomical nasal blockages.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally resolves on its own within 7-10 days; however, symptoms can linger. Complications are rare unless bacterial sinusitis develops.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can lead to bacterial superinfection, chronic sinusitis, or ear infections.

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener’s Granulomatosis)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Autoimmune and Systemic Conditions

Symptoms:
chronic sinusitis; nasal ulcerations; nasal discharge (often bloody); facial pain; fatigue; weight loss; cough; hemoptysis (coughing up blood); joint pain

Root Cause:
An autoimmune condition that causes inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis) and granulomas in the respiratory tract, kidneys, and other organs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, laboratory tests (e.g., c-ANCA), and biopsy of affected tissues showing granulomatous inflammation and vasculitis.

Treatment:
Treatment involves immunosuppressive drugs such as corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) and cytotoxic agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide). Maintenance therapy may include methotrexate or rituximab.

Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) are used as anti-inflammatory agents, while cytotoxic agents like cyclophosphamide (alkylating agents) suppress the immune response. Methotrexate (antimetabolite) and rituximab (monoclonal antibody) may be used for maintenance therapy.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
A rare condition, affecting approximately 3-4 people per million annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, environmental triggers (e.g., infections), and smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, the prognosis has improved, but long-term management is required to prevent relapses and complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Kidney failure, hearing loss, pulmonary hemorrhage, and the development of other systemic organ failures.

Nasal Polyps

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; loss of sense of smell; runny nose; postnasal drip; facial pain or pressure; snoring; breathing difficulty through the nose

Root Cause:
Nasal polyps are benign growths that develop in the nasal and sinus linings due to chronic inflammation. They are often associated with conditions like chronic sinusitis, asthma, or allergic rhinitis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is often made through physical examination, nasal endoscopy, or imaging (e.g., CT scan) to identify the size and location of the polyps.

Treatment:
Treatment includes nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone) to reduce inflammation and shrink polyps. In severe cases, oral corticosteroids, surgery (polypectomy), or biologic agents (e.g., dupilumab) may be used.

Medications:
Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone , mometasone ) are anti-inflammatory drugs used as first-line treatment. Oral corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) may be prescribed in severe cases to reduce inflammation. Biologic agents like dupilumab (a monoclonal antibody) can be used for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Nasal polyps affect approximately 4% of the population, with a higher prevalence in individuals with asthma, allergies, or chronic sinusitis.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, aspirin sensitivity (Samter's triad), and a family history of nasal polyps.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, nasal polyps can be controlled, but they may recur after treatment or surgery.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If untreated, nasal polyps can cause chronic sinus infections, sleep apnea, and loss of sense of smell. Severe polyps may lead to nasal obstruction and difficulty breathing.

Nasal fractures

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Trauma and Injury

Symptoms:
pain and swelling over the nose; bruising around the eyes; difficulty breathing through the nose; deformity or misalignment of the nose; nosebleeds (epistaxis); tenderness when touching the nose

Root Cause:
Trauma or injury to the nose, resulting in broken nasal bones.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, assessment of symptoms, and X-rays or CT scans for complex fractures.

Treatment:
Non-surgical treatment (for minor fractures) may include rest, ice application, and pain relief. Surgical intervention (closed reduction or open surgery) may be required for more severe fractures or when breathing problems persist.

Medications:
Analgesics like acetaminophen or ibuprofen are commonly prescribed to relieve pain. In cases of infection, antibiotics such as amoxicillin or cephalexin may be prescribed. Painkillers like opioids (e.g., hydrocodone ) may be prescribed for severe pain, but their use is typically short-term.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Nasal fractures are one of the most common types of facial fractures, especially in adolescents and young adults. The prevalence is higher in males due to activities such as sports and fights.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-risk activities (e.g., contact sports, physical altercations), male gender, prior nasal injury, and insufficient protective equipment during sports.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most nasal fractures heal with proper treatment, but some may result in persistent deformity or breathing difficulties if not treated properly.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic nasal congestion, permanent deformity, septal perforation, or a nasal obstruction requiring long-term surgical management.

Septal hematoma

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Trauma and Injury

Symptoms:
pain in the nose; nasal obstruction or difficulty breathing through the nose; swelling or a bulging area on the nasal septum; nosebleeds

Root Cause:
Blood accumulation between the cartilage and mucosa of the nasal septum, typically due to trauma.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination reveals swelling or a fluctuant mass on the septum, confirmed with nasal endoscopy or a CT scan.

Treatment:
Incision and drainage to evacuate the blood. The septum is often packed with gauze or a nasal splint to prevent re-accumulation of blood.

Medications:
Analgesics like acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be prescribed for pain. If there's a risk of infection, antibiotics such as amoxicillin-clavulanate or ceftriaxone may be prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Septal hematomas occur in 5–10% of nasal trauma cases, often in younger individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Trauma to the nose, including sports injuries, physical fights, and car accidents.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early treatment, the prognosis is generally good. However, if untreated, it can lead to complications like a saddle nose deformity or septal abscess.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent deformity (e.g., saddle nose), infection, abscess, or septal perforation if not treated properly.

Epistaxis (Nosebleeds)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Symptoms:
active bleeding from the nostrils; blood may be visible in the nose or dripping from the nostrils; pain or discomfort in the nasal passages; lightheadedness or dizziness if bleeding is excessive

Root Cause:
Damage to the blood vessels in the nasal mucosa, often due to dryness, trauma, or an underlying medical condition.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination of the nasal passages, assessment of bleeding site (anterior or posterior), and sometimes a nasal endoscopy.

Treatment:
Local pressure application, nasal packing, cauterization (chemical or electrical), and in severe cases, surgical intervention.

Medications:
Nasal decongestants like oxymetazoline can be used to constrict blood vessels and stop minor bleeding. If bleeding is due to an underlying infection, antibiotics like amoxicillin may be given. In cases of blood vessel abnormalities, topical estrogens or antifibrinolytics may be prescribed to control bleeding.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 60% of individuals experience at least one nosebleed in their lifetime. The highest prevalence is seen in children aged 2-10 and older adults over 50.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Dry air, trauma to the nose, certain medications (e.g., anticoagulants), underlying vascular conditions, and frequent nose picking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically good with treatment; however, recurrent or severe nosebleeds may indicate a more serious underlying condition.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Excessive blood loss in severe cases, recurrent epistaxis, and possible need for surgical intervention in chronic cases.

Benign nasal tumors (e.g., papilloma)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Tumors and Growths

Symptoms:
nasal obstruction; chronic nasal discharge; epistaxis (nosebleeds); reduced sense of smell (anosmia)

Root Cause:
Benign growths in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses caused by abnormal epithelial cell proliferation, often due to HPV infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination. Nasal endoscopy. Imaging studies (CT scan or MRI). Biopsy for histopathological examination.

Treatment:
Surgical removal (endoscopic or open surgery). Regular follow-up to monitor for recurrence.

Medications:
There are no specific medications for benign nasal tumors, but if the papilloma is associated with infection or inflammation, nasal steroids or decongestants may be prescribed. Type of Medication - Steroids (e.g., fluticasone nasal spray) for inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with papillomas making up a small percentage of nasal tumors.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
HPV infection (especially types 6 and 11). Chronic irritation or inflammation. Smoking.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable if completely removed; recurrence is possible, though usually less aggressive than malignant tumors.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Local recurrence. In rare cases, progression to malignancy (especially if not treated).

Malignant nasal tumors (e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Tumors and Growths

Symptoms:
persistent nasal obstruction; nasal bleeding (epistaxis); pain or swelling around the nose or sinuses; loss of smell (anosmia); facial numbness or tingling (if the tumor spreads)

Root Cause:
Malignant growths originating from the epithelial cells of the nasal passages or sinuses. Squamous cell carcinoma arises from the squamous epithelial cells, and adenocarcinoma arises from glandular tissue.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination. Nasal endoscopy. Imaging studies (CT scan, MRI). Biopsy for histopathological diagnosis.

Treatment:
Surgical resection. Radiation therapy. Chemotherapy (in advanced stages).

Medications:
Chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin or carboplatin may be used in advanced stages. Type of Medication - Chemotherapy agents, radiation therapy.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Less common than benign nasal tumors; squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant nasal tumor.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking. Chronic nasal irritation. Occupational exposures (e.g., chemicals, dust). Human papillomavirus (HPV).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poorer prognosis compared to benign tumors; depends on the stage of diagnosis and treatment response. Early-stage tumors have a better prognosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Local spread to nearby structures (orbital, cranial). Metastasis to distant organs (in advanced cases). Functional impairment (e.g., loss of smell, facial deformity after surgery).

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Tumors and Growths

Symptoms:
nasal obstruction; bloody nasal discharge; ear fullness or hearing loss (due to eustachian tube involvement); sore throat or difficulty swallowing; swelling in the neck (due to lymph node involvement)

Root Cause:
Malignant growth originating from the nasopharyngeal epithelium, often associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination. Nasal endoscopy. Imaging studies (CT, MRI, PET scan). Biopsy. EBV serology (to detect viral load).

Treatment:
Radiation therapy (primary treatment). Chemotherapy (especially for advanced cases). Surgery (rarely, in localized disease).

Medications:
Chemotherapy agents like cisplatin , fluorouracil , or paclitaxel . Type of Medication - Chemotherapy.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively rare in Western countries but more common in Southeast Asia and North Africa.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Family history of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Environmental factors (e.g., consumption of preserved foods like salted fish).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis varies depending on the stage of diagnosis. Early-stage disease has a good prognosis with radiation therapy, but late-stage disease has a poorer prognosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Local spread to surrounding structures. Distant metastasis (e.g., liver, bone). Treatment-related side effects (e.g., dry mouth, hearing loss from radiation).

Esthesioneuroblastoma (olfactory neuroblastoma)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Tumors and Growths

Symptoms:
nasal obstruction; epistaxis (nosebleeds); loss of smell (anosmia); headaches; swelling or numbness around the face (if the tumor invades surrounding structures)

Root Cause:
A rare malignant tumor arising from the olfactory nerve, which is responsible for the sense of smell.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination. Nasal endoscopy. Imaging studies (CT, MRI). Biopsy (histopathology for diagnosis).

Treatment:
Surgical excision (often difficult due to proximity to vital structures). Radiation therapy (post-surgical or for inoperable tumors). Chemotherapy (in advanced cases).

Medications:
Chemotherapy drugs like cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , and cisplatin may be used in advanced cases. Type of Medication - Chemotherapy.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare, with a peak incidence in children and young adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
No well-established risk factors, though some genetic syndromes (e.g., Li-Fraumeni syndrome) may increase risk.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis is highly variable. Early detection and treatment improve outcomes, but recurrence is common.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Local invasion (orbit, cranial nerves). Distant metastasis (e.g., lungs, bones). Functional impairment (e.g., loss of smell, facial deformity post-surgery).

Hyposmia/anosmia (reduced or lost sense of smell)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Functional and Sensory Disorders

Symptoms:
reduced ability to detect odors; complete loss of smell; reduced taste perception; difficulty detecting dangerous odors like smoke or gas

Root Cause:
Damage or obstruction in the olfactory system, caused by inflammation, nasal polyps, viral infections, trauma, or neurodegenerative diseases.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Detailed medical history, physical examination of the nose, smell identification tests (e.g., UPSIT), imaging studies like CT or MRI, and sometimes blood tests to identify underlying conditions.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include nasal corticosteroids, antihistamines, surgery (for obstructions like polyps), or olfactory training.

Medications:
Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone , mometasone ) to reduce inflammation, antihistamines (e.g., loratadine , cetirizine ) for allergy-related causes, and decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ) to alleviate nasal congestion.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 20% of the population, with a higher prevalence in older adults and individuals with chronic nasal conditions or neurological disorders.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, smoking, chronic sinusitis, viral infections, head trauma, exposure to toxic chemicals, and neurological disorders like Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies based on the cause; temporary loss of smell due to infections or inflammation may recover with treatment, but loss due to neurodegenerative diseases or severe trauma may be permanent.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Reduced quality of life, difficulty detecting harmful odors, risk of malnutrition (due to diminished taste), and depression or anxiety related to sensory loss.

Parosmia (distorted sense of smell)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Functional and Sensory Disorders

Symptoms:
distorted perception of odors; normally pleasant smells perceived as unpleasant; difficulty identifying familiar odors; heightened sensitivity to certain smells

Root Cause:
Disruption in the regeneration or functioning of olfactory receptor neurons, often following viral infections, head trauma, or toxin exposure.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Medical history, smell testing, nasal endoscopy to check for structural issues, and imaging studies like MRI or CT to rule out central nervous system causes.

Treatment:
Olfactory training, management of underlying conditions (e.g., sinusitis or polyps), and sometimes nasal corticosteroids or antihistamines to reduce inflammation.

Medications:
Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone , mometasone ) for inflammation, and omega-3 fatty acid supplements to support nerve repair (not universally prescribed but sometimes recommended).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Exact prevalence unknown, but often reported in individuals recovering from viral upper respiratory infections (e.g., COVID-19) or with chronic nasal conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Viral infections, head trauma, chronic rhinosinusitis, exposure to environmental toxins, and aging.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often improves over time, especially with olfactory training, though recovery may take weeks to months. In some cases, distortion may persist.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Difficulty enjoying food and beverages, emotional distress, and reduced quality of life.

Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Allergic and Inflammatory Disorders

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; chronic sinus pressure; facial pain; thick nasal discharge; decreased sense of smell; recurring sinus infections

Root Cause:
An allergic reaction to fungal elements in the nasal and sinus cavities, leading to inflammation, mucus production, and the formation of fungal debris and polyps.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Nasal endoscopy, imaging studies like CT or MRI showing sinus opacification and fungal debris, and fungal cultures or IgE testing for allergic response.

Treatment:
Endoscopic sinus surgery to remove fungal debris and improve drainage, followed by long-term management with nasal corticosteroids and antihistamines.

Medications:
Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone , budesonide ), oral corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) for severe inflammation, and antifungal agents (e.g., itraconazole ) for persistent fungal presence.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in warm, humid climates; prevalence estimated at 5-10% of patients undergoing sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Asthma, allergic rhinitis, exposure to mold, history of chronic sinusitis, and immunocompromised states.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with proper treatment, though recurrence is common and may require repeat surgery or ongoing medical therapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinusitis, orbital cellulitis, intracranial complications (e.g., abscess), and reduced quality of life due to persistent symptoms.

Empty Nose Syndrome

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Structural and Functional Disorders

Symptoms:
nasal dryness; difficulty breathing despite an open airway; sense of suffocation; nasal crusting; reduced sense of smell; chronic fatigue; depression or anxiety

Root Cause:
Damage to the nasal mucosa or turbinate tissue, often due to excessive surgical removal during turbinate reduction or nasal surgery.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history (including prior nasal surgery), nasal endoscopy, and patient-reported symptoms that do not correlate with objective airflow measurements.

Treatment:
Saline nasal irrigation, humidification, topical moisturizers, and sometimes surgical interventions (e.g., turbinate implants or reconstruction) to restore nasal function.

Medications:
Topical saline sprays or gels to maintain moisture, and sometimes topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation (e.g., fluticasone ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, occurring in a small percentage of patients undergoing nasal surgeries, particularly aggressive turbinate reductions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of turbinate surgery, excessive tissue removal during nasal procedures, and pre-existing nasal dryness.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Challenging to treat, with variable outcomes depending on severity; some patients achieve symptom relief with conservative management or surgery.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic discomfort, insomnia, psychological distress, and reduced quality of life.

Tuberculosis of the Nasal Cavity

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Rare Nasal Infections

Symptoms:
nasal obstruction; nasal discharge; crusting; ulceration in the nasal cavity; epistaxis (nosebleeds); pain or tenderness in the nasal area

Root Cause:
Caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, often secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis or disseminated disease.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves nasal biopsy with histopathological examination, acid-fast bacilli staining, and culture. PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and chest X-ray may aid diagnosis.

Treatment:
Treatment involves a standard multi-drug regimen for tuberculosis (e.g., isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide) for 6-9 months or longer, depending on the severity.

Medications:
Anti-tuberculosis drugs, including isoniazid (antibiotic), rifampin (antibiotic), ethambutol (antimycobacterial agent), and pyrazinamide (antimycobacterial agent). These medications work to eliminate the infection by targeting the bacteria.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare; nasal tuberculosis accounts for less than 1% of all cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Immunocompromised state (e.g., HIV/AIDS), close contact with an active TB case, poor socioeconomic conditions, malnutrition, and untreated pulmonary tuberculosis.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable with early diagnosis and proper treatment. Delayed treatment may lead to complications or deformity of nasal structures.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Nasal septal perforation, secondary bacterial infections, spread to adjacent structures, and systemic dissemination.

Syphilis of the Nasal Cavity

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Rare Nasal Infections

Symptoms:
nasal obstruction; crusting; foul-smelling nasal discharge; nasal pain; ulceration in the nasal cavity; facial swelling or deformity in advanced cases

Root Cause:
Caused by infection with Treponema pallidum, typically secondary to systemic syphilis in its tertiary stage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed via serologic testing (e.g., VDRL, RPR, or FTA-ABS), biopsy with silver staining to identify spirochetes, and clinical correlation with syphilis history.

Treatment:
Treatment involves intramuscular penicillin G benzathine, typically in a 3-dose weekly schedule for late-stage syphilis. Alternative antibiotics are used in penicillin-allergic individuals.

Medications:
Penicillin G benzathine (antibiotic) is the drug of choice. Alternative antibiotics include doxycycline (antibiotic, tetracycline class) or ceftriaxone (antibiotic, cephalosporin class) in penicillin-allergic cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in modern times due to early detection and treatment of syphilis, though cases may be seen in areas with limited healthcare access.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Untreated primary or secondary syphilis, immunosuppression, high-risk sexual behavior, and lack of access to healthcare.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with timely antibiotic treatment; untreated cases can lead to severe nasal destruction or systemic complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Saddle-nose deformity, destruction of nasal cartilage, secondary infections, and systemic spread to vital organs.

Leishmaniasis Involving the Nose

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Rare Nasal Infections

Symptoms:
nasal obstruction; epistaxis (nosebleeds); nasal discharge; crusting; ulceration in the nasal cavity; nasal deformity or perforation in advanced cases

Root Cause:
Caused by Leishmania species, transmitted via sandfly bites. Nasal involvement is common in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed via microscopic examination of tissue biopsies, culture for Leishmania species, PCR, and serological tests like rK39 for visceral involvement.

Treatment:
Treated with antimonial compounds, liposomal amphotericin B, or miltefosine. Severe cases may require reconstructive surgery for nasal deformities.

Medications:
Sodium stibogluconate or meglumine antimoniate (antimonial drugs), liposomal amphotericin B (antifungal), and miltefosine (antiprotozoal drug).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic in tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in South America, the Middle East, and parts of Africa and Asia.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living in or traveling to endemic areas, exposure to sandflies, and a weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early diagnosis and treatment; delayed treatment may result in nasal destruction and disfigurement.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Nasal septal perforation, saddle-nose deformity, secondary infections, and systemic spread in immunocompromised patients.

Nasal Diphtheria

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Rare Nasal Infections

Symptoms:
low-grade fever; nasal obstruction; unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge (often blood-tinged); foul smell; grayish pseudomembrane in the nasal cavity

Root Cause:
Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a toxin-producing bacterium that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed by culture of nasal swabs, detection of C. diphtheriae, and confirmation of toxin production via Elek test or PCR.

Treatment:
Immediate administration of diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics, usually erythromycin or penicillin, to eradicate the infection. Isolation of the patient is critical to prevent transmission.

Medications:
Diphtheria antitoxin (neutralizes toxin), erythromycin (antibiotic, macrolide class), and penicillin G (antibiotic, beta-lactam class).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in areas with widespread vaccination but may occur in regions with low immunization rates or poor healthcare infrastructure.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of diphtheria vaccination, travel to endemic areas, close contact with infected individuals, and poor hygiene.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with early treatment, though complications may arise if toxin-mediated effects are severe.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Nasal septal perforation, systemic effects of the toxin (e.g., myocarditis, neuropathy), and airway obstruction in severe cases.

Inverted Papilloma

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Rare Tumors

Symptoms:
unilateral nasal obstruction; nasal discharge; epistaxis (nosebleeds); facial pain or pressure; anosmia (loss of smell)

Root Cause:
Benign but locally aggressive tumor arising from the mucosa of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses; associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, nasal endoscopy, imaging (CT or MRI), and biopsy for histopathological confirmation.

Treatment:
Surgical excision is the primary treatment, often via endoscopic sinus surgery. Regular follow-up is crucial to monitor for recurrence.

Medications:
While no medications treat the tumor directly, adjunctive therapy may include topical or systemic corticosteroids to manage associated inflammation and antibiotics for secondary infections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively rare, accounting for approximately 0.5–4% of all nasal tumors.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
HPV infection (especially types 6 and 11), male sex, middle age, exposure to occupational irritants (e.g., wood dust, leather dust).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable after complete surgical removal, though recurrence rates range from 10–20%; malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma occurs in 5–15% of cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrence, malignant transformation, sinus obstruction, and potential involvement of adjacent structures (e.g., orbit, skull base).

Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma (SNUC)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Rare Tumors

Symptoms:
nasal obstruction; epistaxis; facial swelling; proptosis (bulging eye); headaches; visual disturbances

Root Cause:
Aggressive and poorly differentiated carcinoma originating in the sinonasal tract, likely arising from pluripotent cells; exact cause is unknown but may involve genetic mutations or environmental factors.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Nasal endoscopy, imaging (CT/MRI), and biopsy with immunohistochemistry to confirm histological subtype.

Treatment:
Multimodal therapy including surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Medications:
Chemotherapy agents such as cisplatin (platinum-based chemotherapeutic), etoposide (topoisomerase inhibitor), or targeted therapies like EGFR inhibitors may be used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare, less than 1% of all head and neck cancers.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Tobacco use, industrial/occupational exposure (e.g., wood dust, nickel), and potential viral factors (e.g., Epstein-Barr Virus).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor due to the aggressive nature of the tumor; 5-year survival rate is typically less than 30%, though outcomes improve with early detection and aggressive treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rapid local invasion (orbit, skull base, brain), distant metastases, and recurrence after treatment.

Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma (JNA)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Rare Tumors

Symptoms:
recurrent and severe epistaxis; nasal obstruction; facial swelling; proptosis; headaches; hearing loss (if eustachian tube is obstructed)

Root Cause:
Benign but highly vascular tumor originating from the posterior nasal cavity, primarily affecting adolescent males; hormonal influence may play a role.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Nasal endoscopy, imaging (CT or MRI with contrast), and angiography to map blood supply. Biopsy is typically avoided due to the risk of severe bleeding.

Treatment:
Preoperative embolization of feeding blood vessels followed by surgical resection.

Medications:
No direct medical treatments; adjunctive therapy may involve iron supplements or blood transfusions for anemia caused by recurrent bleeding. Hormonal therapies such as antiandrogens (e.g., flutamide ) are under investigation for tumor reduction.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, occurring in approximately 1 in 150,000 individuals, almost exclusively in adolescent males.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Male sex, adolescence, and genetic predisposition (though specific genetic markers are unclear).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent after complete surgical resection; recurrence rates vary but are generally low with adequate surgical intervention.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe epistaxis, anemia, local invasion of critical structures (orbit, skull base), and difficulty in complete resection due to vascularity.

Sarcoidosis affecting the nasal cavity

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; nasal crusting; epistaxis (nosebleeds); anosmia (loss of smell); nasal obstruction; nasal pain; nasal discharge

Root Cause:
An inflammatory granulomatous disease of unknown cause that leads to the formation of granulomas in the nasal mucosa, often associated with systemic sarcoidosis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Biopsy of nasal tissue showing non-caseating granulomas, clinical history, imaging studies (CT/MRI of the sinuses), and blood tests (e.g., elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme levels, calcium levels).

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation with corticosteroids (topical or systemic), immunosuppressive agents, and supportive measures like nasal irrigation. Surgery may be required for severe obstruction.

Medications:
Systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) are the primary treatment. Immunosuppressive agents, such as methotrexate or azathioprine , may be used for steroid-sparing purposes. Nasal corticosteroid sprays (e.g., fluticasone or budesonide ) can help reduce local inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sarcoidosis affects 10-20 per 100,000 individuals in the general population, with nasal involvement being less common (estimated in 1-10% of sarcoidosis cases).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
African-American ethnicity, female gender, family history of sarcoidosis, environmental exposures (e.g., mold, dust, or agricultural chemicals).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis depends on the extent of systemic involvement. Nasal symptoms often respond to treatment, but recurrence is possible. Chronic or severe cases may lead to nasal deformity or persistent obstruction.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic nasal obstruction, saddle-nose deformity due to granulomatous destruction, secondary infections, or progression to systemic organ involvement (lungs, heart, or eyes).

Lupus pernio (associated with systemic sarcoidosis)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases

Symptoms:
violaceous or erythematous plaques on the nose and face; facial swelling; nasal congestion; nasal crusting; disfigurement in severe cases

Root Cause:
A chronic form of cutaneous sarcoidosis manifesting as granulomatous inflammation affecting the nasal and facial tissues, often linked to systemic sarcoidosis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical appearance, skin or nasal biopsy revealing non-caseating granulomas, imaging for systemic involvement, and blood tests (e.g., ACE levels, calcium).

Treatment:
Systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) are the first-line treatment. Immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., methotrexate, azathioprine) or biologic agents like infliximab may be used for refractory cases.

Medications:
Prednisone (systemic corticosteroid), methotrexate (immunosuppressant), azathioprine (immunosuppressant), infliximab (TNF-alpha inhibitor). Topical corticosteroids (e.g., clobetasol ) or intralesional corticosteroid injections may also be used for localized lesions.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare manifestation of sarcoidosis, more common in African-American women and individuals of Northern European descent.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Systemic sarcoidosis, family history of sarcoidosis, chronic inflammation, environmental exposures.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic and often resistant to treatment, with a risk of disfigurement. Systemic complications from sarcoidosis can worsen the prognosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Facial disfigurement, chronic nasal obstruction, psychological impact, and systemic organ involvement.

Relapsing polychondritis (affects nasal cartilage)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases

Symptoms:
nasal tenderness; nasal redness; saddle-nose deformity; nasal obstruction; crusting; difficulty breathing through the nose

Root Cause:
An autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent inflammation and degeneration of cartilage, including the nasal septum, leading to structural damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical findings of recurrent cartilage inflammation, imaging studies (e.g., CT or MRI of the nasal cartilage), and biopsy of affected cartilage confirming inflammation and degeneration.

Treatment:
Systemic corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) to reduce inflammation, immunosuppressive agents (e.g., methotrexate or cyclophosphamide), and reconstructive surgery for severe deformities.

Medications:
Prednisone (systemic corticosteroid), methotrexate (immunosuppressant), cyclophosphamide (immunosuppressant), NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen ) for pain and inflammation. Biologic agents (e.g., rituximab ) may be considered in refractory cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare, estimated at 3.5 cases per million people per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unknown, though it may have genetic or autoimmune predispositions. Triggers such as infections or environmental exposures may play a role.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early treatment can improve quality of life, but relapses and progression are common. Severe cases can lead to respiratory complications or systemic organ involvement.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Saddle-nose deformity, chronic nasal obstruction, respiratory tract collapse, and systemic complications affecting joints, heart, or eyes.

Nasal irritation due to toxic fume exposure

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Environmental/Occupational Disorders

Symptoms:
burning sensation in the nose; nasal dryness; sneezing; nasal congestion; runny nose; nosebleeds; reduced sense of smell

Root Cause:
Direct irritation of the nasal mucosa caused by exposure to airborne irritants, such as industrial chemicals, solvents, or other toxic fumes. These substances may damage the protective mucous barrier or cause inflammation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Patient history of exposure to known irritants. Nasal examination using rhinoscopy to identify inflammation, dryness, or crusting. Environmental or occupational assessment to confirm the presence of irritants. Allergy testing (to rule out co-existing allergic rhinitis). Nasal smear or biopsy in severe cases to examine for inflammation or damage.

Treatment:
Immediate removal from the source of exposure. Use of nasal saline sprays or irrigation to cleanse and soothe nasal passages. Humidification of the air in living or working spaces. Topical nasal corticosteroids for inflammation (if prescribed by a physician). Avoidance of smoking or secondary irritants to prevent exacerbation.

Medications:
Saline nasal sprays (non-medicated) to maintain nasal moisture. Corticosteroids such as fluticasone or mometasone , to reduce inflammation. Antihistamines like loratadine , if allergic rhinitis coexists. Decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline ) may provide temporary relief but should not be used long-term. Lubricating ointments for nasal crusting.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in industrial workers or individuals exposed to high levels of airborne toxins or irritants. Prevalence depends on occupational exposure and environmental regulations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Working in industries with chemical exposure (e.g., manufacturing, cleaning, or painting). Prolonged exposure to polluted environments. Poor workplace ventilation. Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Pre-existing respiratory or nasal conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good prognosis with early removal from exposure and proper care. Chronic exposure may lead to long-term complications such as persistent rhinitis or nasal atrophy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic rhinitis or sinusitis. Development of occupational asthma or hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Nasal polyps or structural damage with prolonged exposure. Increased vulnerability to infections due to damaged mucosa.

Nasal dryness or crusting from low humidity or workplace conditions

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Environmental/Occupational Disorders

Symptoms:
dryness in the nasal passages; nasal crusting; difficulty breathing through the nose; irritation in the nostrils; nosebleeds; itchy nose; reduced sense of smell

Root Cause:
Dehydration or disruption of the nasal mucosal lining, typically caused by exposure to low humidity, dry air, or harsh workplace conditions (e.g., air-conditioned environments or dusty, poorly ventilated spaces). The lack of moisture leads to crusting and discomfort.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation with patient history of environmental exposure or workplace conditions. Nasal examination to assess dryness, crusting, and mucosal damage. Humidity measurement in the workplace or home. Ruling out other causes such as allergies or infections.

Treatment:
Increased hydration through oral fluids and use of humidifiers in living or working areas. Use of saline nasal sprays or gels to moisturize and remove crusting. Avoidance of dry air or protective measures like wearing a mask in extremely dry environments. Application of nasal lubricants or ointments. Adjusting workplace conditions (e.g., improving ventilation, adding humidity).

Medications:
Saline nasal sprays or gels to moisturize and clean the nasal passages. Topical corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone ) for inflammation, if needed. Antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine ) if the condition is exacerbated by allergies. Nasal lubricants or ointments (such as petroleum jelly) for persistent dryness or crusting.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in individuals living or working in environments with controlled air (e.g., air conditioning or heating systems) or those exposed to low-humidity conditions in certain workplaces.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Working in air-conditioned, heated, or poorly ventilated environments. Exposure to dry, dusty, or polluted air. Living in areas with low humidity (e.g., desert climates). Smoking or exposure to smoke. Existing nasal or respiratory conditions, such as rhinitis.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally, a good prognosis with proper humidity control and use of moisturizers. However, prolonged dryness may lead to complications like nasal bleeding or infections.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic nasal irritation. Increased risk of nasal infections. Nasal bleeding due to damage to the mucosal lining. Formation of nasal polyps or structural damage in extreme cases of ongoing dryness.

Allergies to specific workplace allergens (occupational rhinitis)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Environmental/Occupational Disorders

Symptoms:
sneezing; nasal congestion; runny nose; itchy nose; post-nasal drip; coughing; eye irritation

Root Cause:
An immune system response to specific allergens encountered in the workplace, such as dust, chemicals, mold, animal dander, or pollen. This leads to inflammation of the nasal passages (rhinitis).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Patient history of exposure to specific allergens in the workplace. Skin or blood tests to identify specific allergens causing the response. Nasal examination to check for signs of inflammation or discharge. Ruling out other causes, such as infections or non-allergic rhinitis.

Treatment:
Avoidance or reduction of exposure to the triggering allergens. Use of antihistamines (oral or nasal), such as loratadine or cetirizine. Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone) to reduce inflammation. Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine) for temporary relief of nasal congestion. Immunotherapy (allergy shots) in some cases. Use of protective gear (e.g., masks, ventilators) in the workplace.

Medications:
Antihistamines, such as cetirizine or loratadine , to reduce symptoms like sneezing, itching, and nasal discharge. Intranasal corticosteroids, like fluticasone or budesonide , to reduce nasal inflammation. Decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine , for temporary relief of nasal congestion. Leukotriene inhibitors (e.g., montelukast ) may be prescribed if other treatments are insufficient. Immunotherapy (allergy shots) for long-term desensitization to specific allergens.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occupational rhinitis affects a significant number of workers, especially in industries with high allergen exposure, such as farming, healthcare, construction, and food processing.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Working in environments with high levels of allergens (e.g., animal dander, chemicals, mold, dust). Family history of allergies or asthma. Having other allergic conditions, such as asthma or atopic dermatitis. Age (symptoms often develop in young adulthood).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper management and avoidance of triggers, most individuals can manage symptoms effectively. If untreated, symptoms may worsen or develop into chronic rhinitis or asthma.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic rhinitis if exposure continues without treatment. Development of asthma or other allergic respiratory conditions. Nasal polyps may form in severe or long-standing cases. Impaired quality of life due to persistent symptoms.