Comprehensive Symptom Navigator

Chickenpox

Specialty: Pediatrics

Symptoms:
itchy rash with fluid-filled blisters; fever; fatigue; loss of appetite; headache

Root Cause:
Infection with Varicella-zoster virus (VZV).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical diagnosis based on rash appearance; PCR testing or serologic testing in atypical cases.

Treatment:
Symptomatic relief (e.g., antihistamines, acetaminophen); antiviral therapy (e.g., acyclovir) in high-risk cases.

Medications:
Acyclovir (antiviral medication) may be prescribed for severe cases or immunocompromised patients. Antihistamines or calamine lotion may be used to manage itching.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Before widespread vaccination, almost universal in children; now much less common in vaccinated populations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of vaccination, exposure to infected individuals, immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically resolves without complications in healthy children; serious complications can occur in high-risk groups.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial skin infections, pneumonia, encephalitis, or reactivation as shingles later in life.

Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Hematologic and Oncologic Disorders

Sub-category: Oncologic Conditions

Symptoms:
abdominal mass or swelling; abdominal pain; blood in the urine (hematuria); fever; nausea; loss of appetite; high blood pressure

Root Cause:
Malignant tumor originating from embryonal kidney cells, typically affecting one kidney but occasionally bilateral.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Imaging studies (ultrasound, CT, MRI), biopsy or surgical removal of the tumor for histopathological examination, and blood/urine tests.

Treatment:
Surgery (nephrectomy), chemotherapy, and in some cases, radiation therapy.

Medications:
Chemotherapy agents include actinomycin D (antitumor antibiotic), vincristine (microtubule inhibitor), and doxorubicin (anthracycline).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in approximately 1 in 10,000 children, most commonly diagnosed in children aged 3 to 4 years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic syndromes (e.g., WAGR syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Denys-Drash syndrome), family history of Wilms' tumor, and certain congenital abnormalities.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable in most cases; 5-year survival rates exceed 90% with prompt and appropriate treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications include metastasis (commonly to the lungs), kidney dysfunction, recurrence, and long-term effects of chemotherapy or radiation.

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Viral Infections

Symptoms:
fever; painful sores in the mouth; rash with blisters on the hands, feet, and buttocks; loss of appetite; irritability in infants; sore throat

Root Cause:
Viral infection commonly caused by coxsackievirus A16 or enterovirus 71.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical diagnosis based on characteristic rash and oral ulcers; PCR testing in atypical cases.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration and pain relief.

Medications:
No specific antiviral treatment; symptomatic management with acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever and pain. Topical anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine ) can be used for mouth sores.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in children under 5 years; outbreaks occur worldwide, especially in daycare settings.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, close contact with infected individuals, poor hygiene.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; most children recover fully within 7–10 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare complications include viral meningitis, encephalitis, or dehydration due to difficulty swallowing.

Nephrotic syndrome

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Miscellaneous Conditions

Sub-category: Renal and Urologic Disorders

Symptoms:
swelling (edema) in the face, abdomen, or legs; foamy urine; weight gain; fatigue; loss of appetite

Root Cause:
Damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys leads to excessive protein loss in the urine, causing low blood protein levels and fluid retention.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through urinalysis (showing proteinuria), blood tests (low albumin, elevated cholesterol), and kidney biopsy in some cases.

Treatment:
Includes corticosteroids to reduce protein loss, diuretics to control swelling, dietary changes (low sodium), and sometimes immunosuppressive drugs.

Medications:
Prednisone (corticosteroid) is the first-line treatment. Diuretics (e.g., furosemide ) and ACE inhibitors (e.g., enalapril ) may also be used to manage symptoms.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Incidence of approximately 2–7 per 100,000 children, most common between ages 2–6 years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Male gender, infections, allergies, and genetic predisposition.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases respond well to steroids, though some may experience relapses. Prognosis depends on the underlying cause.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of infections, blood clots, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease in severe or untreated cases.

Wilms’ tumor

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Miscellaneous Conditions

Sub-category: Renal and Urologic Disorders

Symptoms:
abdominal swelling or mass; abdominal pain; fever; blood in the urine (hematuria); nausea or vomiting; loss of appetite; high blood pressure

Root Cause:
A rare kidney cancer arising from embryonic kidney cells, often associated with genetic mutations or syndromes like WAGR syndrome or Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed using imaging (abdominal ultrasound, CT, or MRI), blood tests, urinalysis, and biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment:
Treatment includes surgery to remove the tumor (nephrectomy), followed by chemotherapy and sometimes radiation therapy.

Medications:
Chemotherapy drugs such as vincristine , dactinomycin , and doxorubicin are commonly used in combination.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 10,000 children, typically diagnosed between ages 3–4 years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of Wilms’ tumor, genetic syndromes (e.g., Beckwith-Wiedemann), and congenital anomalies like aniridia.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis is excellent with early diagnosis and treatment; 5-year survival rates exceed 90%.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Potential for metastasis (to lungs or liver), chronic kidney disease post-treatment, and complications from chemotherapy or radiation.

Varicella (Chickenpox)

Specialty: Dermatology

Category: Skin Disorders

Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections

Symptoms:
itchy, blister-like rash; red spots that progress to fluid-filled blisters; fever; fatigue; loss of appetite

Root Cause:
Primary infection with Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation; PCR testing or serology in atypical cases.

Treatment:
Symptomatic care for most cases; antivirals for high-risk individuals.

Medications:
Antivirals (e.g., acyclovir , valacyclovir ) for severe cases. Antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine ) – for itching.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Highly contagious; incidence has decreased significantly with vaccination.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, unvaccinated status, and immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent in children; adults and immunocompromised individuals are at higher risk of complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections; Pneumonia; Encephalitis

Appendicitis

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: General and Miscellaneous GI Conditions

Sub-category: Abdominal Pain and Disorders

Symptoms:
sudden pain in the lower right abdomen; nausea; vomiting; loss of appetite; fever; constipation or diarrhea

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the appendix, often due to obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by fecaliths, lymphoid hyperplasia, or other blockages.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation of symptoms, imaging (ultrasound or CT scan), and blood tests showing elevated white blood cell count and inflammatory markers.

Treatment:
Surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy) is the standard treatment, sometimes preceded by antibiotics in uncomplicated cases.

Medications:
Antibiotics such as ceftriaxone or metronidazole are prescribed preoperatively and postoperatively in some cases to manage or prevent infection.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 7% of the population, most commonly in individuals aged 10-30 years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, high-fat/low-fiber diets, and gastrointestinal infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with timely diagnosis and treatment; recovery is typically quick following surgery.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Perforation of the appendix, peritonitis, abscess formation, and sepsis in untreated or delayed cases.

Uremia

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Renal and Urologic Emergencies

Sub-category: Renal Failure Complications

Symptoms:
nausea; vomiting; loss of appetite; fatigue; confusion; seizures; muscle cramps; itching; fluid retention; shortness of breath; high blood pressure; altered mental status

Root Cause:
Accumulation of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood due to impaired kidney function. This condition arises from chronic or acute renal failure, leading to toxic effects on multiple organ systems.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests showing elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, electrolyte imbalances, and metabolic acidosis; urinalysis may indicate proteinuria or hematuria; imaging (ultrasound or CT) may show kidney abnormalities. Clinical symptoms and history are also critical.

Treatment:
Emergency treatment includes dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) to remove waste products and restore electrolyte balance. Supportive care includes addressing fluid overload and managing complications such as hypertension and metabolic acidosis.

Medications:
Diuretics (e.g., furosemide )

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among individuals with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) or acute kidney injury (AKI); incidence rises in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, advanced age, polycystic kidney disease, and autoimmune disorders affecting the kidneys (e.g., lupus nephritis).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With timely dialysis and treatment, symptoms can be managed effectively; however, the underlying renal disease usually remains progressive without a transplant. Untreated uremia is life-threatening.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cardiac arrhythmias, pericarditis, seizures, encephalopathy, fluid overload, and death if untreated.

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; cough; fever; chills; fatigue; loss of appetite; wheezing; weight loss (in chronic cases)

Root Cause:
Immune-mediated inflammation of the alveoli and small airways caused by repeated exposure to inhaled organic particles (e.g., mold, bird droppings, farming dust) or chemical antigens.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Detailed exposure history, chest imaging (CT scan showing ground-glass opacities or fibrosis in chronic cases), pulmonary function tests, blood tests for specific antibodies, and sometimes lung biopsy.

Treatment:
Avoidance of exposure to causative antigens, use of corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone) to reduce inflammation, and supportive measures like oxygen therapy for severe cases.

Medications:
Corticosteroids such as prednisone are the mainstay of treatment to control inflammation. Immunosuppressive drugs like azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil may be used in chronic or refractory cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Prevalence varies widely depending on exposure risk, with higher rates among farmers, bird breeders, and people working in moldy environments.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Repeated exposure to known antigens (e.g., bird droppings, mold, farming dust), genetic predisposition, and inadequate ventilation in work or home environments.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early diagnosis and avoidance of triggers lead to good outcomes; chronic exposure can cause irreversible lung damage and progressive fibrosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, and reduced quality of life.

Asbestosis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Occupational and Environmental Lung Diseases

Sub-category: Pneumoconiosis

Symptoms:
shortness of breath; persistent dry cough; chest pain or tightness; clubbing of fingers; loss of appetite; unexplained weight loss; fatigue

Root Cause:
Chronic lung inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) caused by prolonged inhalation of asbestos fibers.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed through a history of asbestos exposure, chest X-rays or CT scans showing pleural plaques and interstitial fibrosis, and pulmonary function tests.

Treatment:
Treated with supportive care, including smoking cessation, oxygen therapy, and managing complications like lung cancer or mesothelioma.

Medications:
Corticosteroids and bronchodilators may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and improve breathing. Antifibrotic medications such as pirfenidone or nintedanib may also be considered to slow progression.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, but more common in individuals with occupational asbestos exposure, particularly in construction, shipbuilding, or mining industries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged occupational exposure to asbestos, living near asbestos mines, smoking (which worsens the effects of asbestos exposure).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally progressive, but disease severity depends on exposure level. Symptoms may stabilize with proper care, though lung function may continue to decline.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of lung cancer, mesothelioma, chronic respiratory failure, and pulmonary hypertension.

Silicosis

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Chronic Toxicity and Long-Term Exposures

Sub-category: Occupational and Environmental Exposures

Symptoms:
persistent cough; shortness of breath; chest pain; fatigue; loss of appetite; fever in advanced stages

Root Cause:
Inhalation of silica dust causes inflammation, scarring, and progressive fibrosis of the lungs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Chest X-rays, high-resolution CT scans, pulmonary function tests, and occupational history.

Treatment:
There is no cure; treatment focuses on symptom management, pulmonary rehabilitation, and avoiding further exposure. Advanced cases may require oxygen therapy or lung transplantation.

Medications:
Anti-inflammatory medications like corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) may be used to reduce inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among workers in mining, construction, and sandblasting industries; globally affects millions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupational exposure to silica dust, smoking, and prolonged exposure duration.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive and irreversible; prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis. Chronic and accelerated forms have a better prognosis than acute silicosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and respiratory failure.

Gastritis (Acute and Chronic)

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Stomach Disorders

Sub-category: Inflammatory Disorders

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; loss of appetite; bloating; belching; indigestion; dark stools (if bleeding occurs)

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the stomach lining caused by factors such as Helicobacter pylori infection, excessive alcohol consumption, NSAID use, or autoimmune disorders.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Through patient history, physical examination, endoscopy with biopsy, and testing for H. pylori (urea breath test, stool antigen test, or blood antibody test).

Treatment:
Addressing the underlying cause (e.g., H. pylori eradication, reducing NSAID use), lifestyle modifications, and symptomatic relief.

Medications:
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole or lansoprazole to reduce stomach acid. H2-receptor antagonists such as ranitidine or famotidine to reduce acid production. Antibiotics (if H. pylori is present) like amoxicillin , clarithromycin , and metronidazole for bacterial eradication. Antacids for temporary relief of symptoms.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide; chronic gastritis is prevalent in up to 50% of the global population, with higher rates in developing countries due to H. pylori.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic H. pylori infection, long-term NSAID use, excessive alcohol intake, smoking, stress, autoimmune conditions, older age.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate treatment; acute cases often resolve quickly, while chronic cases require ongoing management to prevent complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Peptic ulcers, gastric bleeding, anemia, increased risk of gastric cancer (especially in chronic cases linked to H. pylori).

Helicobacter pylori Infection

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Stomach Disorders

Sub-category: Bacterial Infections

Symptoms:
upper abdominal pain; nausea; bloating; loss of appetite; frequent burping; unintentional weight loss; dark stools (if ulcers or bleeding occur)

Root Cause:
Infection of the stomach lining with H. pylori bacteria, which disrupts the protective mucosal barrier and induces inflammation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Urea breath test, stool antigen test, blood antibody test, or endoscopy with biopsy for histology, urease testing, or PCR.

Treatment:
Eradication therapy with a combination of antibiotics and acid-suppressing medications.

Medications:
Antibiotics such as amoxicillin , clarithromycin , and metronidazole or levofloxacin (used in combination for eradication therapy). Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole or esomeprazole to reduce stomach acid and enhance antibiotic effectiveness. Bismuth-containing compounds (e.g., bismuth subsalicylate ) in quadruple therapy regimens.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 50% of the global population, with higher prevalence in developing countries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor sanitation, contaminated food or water, close contact with infected individuals, living in crowded or resource-limited settings.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent if treated promptly; eradication significantly reduces the risk of gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, increased risk of gastric cancer.

Gastric Ulcers

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Stomach Disorders

Sub-category: Peptic Ulcer Disease

Symptoms:
burning or gnawing pain in the stomach; bloating; nausea; vomiting; loss of appetite; unexplained weight loss; dark or black stools (indicating bleeding); vomiting blood or coffee-ground-like material

Root Cause:
Gastric ulcers are sores that develop on the stomach lining due to the breakdown of the protective mucosal layer, often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or the prolonged use of NSAIDs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Endoscopy (esophagogastroduodenoscopy), biopsy during endoscopy to check for H. pylori, urea breath test, stool antigen test, and blood tests for anemia.

Treatment:
Eradication of H. pylori infection if present, reduction of stomach acid production, lifestyle modifications (dietary changes, smoking cessation), and avoidance of NSAIDs.

Medications:
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole , pantoprazole , or esomeprazole reduce stomach acid production. H2 receptor blockers such as ranitidine or famotidine are used for acid reduction. Antibiotics like clarithromycin , amoxicillin , and metronidazole for H. pylori eradication. Antacids and cytoprotective agents like sucralfate or bismuth subsalicylate to protect the stomach lining.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Gastric ulcers affect approximately 5-10% of the global population during their lifetime, with higher rates in individuals over 60 years of age.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
H. pylori infection, chronic NSAID use, smoking, alcohol consumption, high-stress levels, and a family history of peptic ulcers.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, most gastric ulcers heal within 6-8 weeks. Eradicating H. pylori significantly reduces the recurrence rate.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bleeding, perforation of the stomach wall, penetration into adjacent organs, gastric outlet obstruction, and increased risk of stomach cancer.

Duodenal Ulcers

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Stomach Disorders

Sub-category: Peptic Ulcer Disease

Symptoms:
burning stomach pain that improves with eating or drinking; bloating; belching; nausea; vomiting; loss of appetite; unexplained weight loss; dark or tarry stools; vomiting blood or material resembling coffee grounds

Root Cause:
Duodenal ulcers are sores in the lining of the first part of the small intestine, commonly caused by H. pylori infection or chronic NSAID use, leading to acid-related damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Endoscopy, urea breath test, stool antigen test, and biopsy for H. pylori detection; blood tests may also identify anemia associated with bleeding ulcers.

Treatment:
Treatment involves acid suppression, eradication of H. pylori, lifestyle changes, and avoiding irritants like NSAIDs.

Medications:
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole or lansoprazole reduce acid secretion. Antibiotics like clarithromycin , amoxicillin , and metronidazole are used to treat H. pylori infection. H2 receptor blockers such as ranitidine or famotidine provide acid reduction. Cytoprotective agents like sucralfate and bismuth subsalicylate enhance mucosal protection.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Duodenal ulcers are more common than gastric ulcers, with a lifetime prevalence of approximately 10-15%, particularly among younger adults and males.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking, high-stress levels, excessive alcohol consumption, and a family history of peptic ulcers.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most duodenal ulcers heal within 4-6 weeks with appropriate treatment. H. pylori eradication substantially reduces recurrence.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bleeding, perforation, penetration into adjacent organs, duodenal obstruction, and rarely an increased risk of cancer in the duodenum.

Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Stomach Disorders

Sub-category: Stomach Cancer

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; unexplained weight loss; nausea; vomiting; loss of appetite; early satiety; blood in stool; fatigue

Root Cause:
Malignant transformation of the gastric mucosal cells, often associated with chronic inflammation, H. pylori infection, genetic predisposition, or dietary carcinogens.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Endoscopy with biopsy, imaging studies (CT scan, MRI, PET), blood tests for tumor markers (e.g., CEA, CA 19-9), and staging procedures.

Treatment:
Surgical resection (gastrectomy), chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy (e.g., HER2 inhibitors for HER2-positive tumors).

Medications:
Treatment may include chemotherapy drugs such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (antimetabolite), cisplatin (platinum-based alkylating agent), and trastuzumab (HER2-targeted monoclonal antibody) for HER2-positive cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
One of the most common types of stomach cancer, with higher rates in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
H. pylori infection, smoking, high salt intake, diet low in fruits and vegetables, chronic gastritis, family history of gastric cancer, genetic syndromes (e.g., Lynch syndrome).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis; early detection improves survival rates significantly, but advanced cases have poorer outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Metastasis to other organs (liver, lungs, peritoneum), gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction, and malnutrition.

Lymphoma of the Stomach

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Stomach Disorders

Sub-category: Stomach Lymphomas

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; bloating; weight loss; nausea; vomiting; fatigue; fever; night sweats; loss of appetite

Root Cause:
Malignant proliferation of lymphoid tissue in the stomach, often linked to chronic H. pylori infection or immune suppression.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Endoscopy with biopsy, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, imaging (CT, PET scan), and bone marrow biopsy for staging.

Treatment:
Eradication of H. pylori with antibiotics if associated, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy (e.g., rituximab), or a combination depending on the lymphoma type.

Medications:
Antibiotics (for H. pylori-associated cases, e.g., amoxicillin and clarithromycin ), rituximab (CD20 monoclonal antibody), and chemotherapy agents like cyclophosphamide , doxorubicin , vincristine , and prednisone (CHOP regimen).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Represents less than 5% of all stomach cancers, with a higher prevalence in individuals with chronic H. pylori infection.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
H. pylori infection, autoimmune disorders, immunosuppression, and family history of lymphoma.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies by type and stage; early-stage cases have a good prognosis, particularly with H. pylori eradication, while advanced cases depend on response to chemotherapy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Gastrointestinal bleeding, obstruction, perforation, and spread to lymph nodes or other organs.

Clostridium difficile Infection

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Large Intestine (Colon) Disorders

Sub-category: Infectious Disorders

Symptoms:
watery diarrhea; abdominal pain or cramping; fever; nausea; loss of appetite; weight loss; fatigue; blood or pus in stool in severe cases

Root Cause:
Overgrowth of Clostridium difficile bacteria in the colon, often after disruption of normal gut flora due to antibiotic use. This leads to toxin production and colonic inflammation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Stool tests for C. difficile toxins (toxin A and B), PCR assays for toxin genes, and enzyme immunoassays; sometimes colonoscopy or imaging studies if complications are suspected.

Treatment:
Discontinuation of the offending antibiotic, initiating specific antibiotic therapy targeting C. difficile, fluid replacement for dehydration, probiotics, and in severe cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

Medications:
Vancomycin (oral) or fidaxomicin are the primary treatments; metronidazole may be used in mild cases. Vancomycin and fidaxomicin are antibiotics specifically targeting C. difficile. Bezlotoxumab , a monoclonal antibody, may be used to reduce recurrence in high-risk patients.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Most common cause of healthcare-associated diarrhea; approximately 500,000 cases annually in the U.S.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Recent antibiotic use, hospitalization, advanced age, weakened immune system, gastrointestinal surgery, or a history of C. difficile infection.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With prompt treatment, most recover fully; however, recurrent infections occur in about 20% of patients. Severe cases can lead to complications, such as toxic megacolon or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrence, dehydration, toxic megacolon, bowel perforation, sepsis, and death in severe cases.

Viral Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E)

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Liver Disorders

Sub-category: Hepatitis

Symptoms:
jaundice; fatigue; abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; loss of appetite; dark urine; pale stools

Root Cause:
Infection of the liver caused by hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, or E), leading to liver inflammation and, in some cases, chronic liver disease.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests to identify viral markers (e.g., HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HAV), liver function tests, imaging studies like ultrasound, and sometimes liver biopsy.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the type of hepatitis. Includes antiviral medications, supportive care (hydration, rest), and, in severe cases, liver transplantation.

Medications:
Hepatitis B - Tenofovir (antiviral, nucleotide analog), Entecavir (antiviral, nucleoside analog). Hepatitis C - Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir (direct-acting antiviral agents). Hepatitis A & E - No specific antiviral treatment; supportive care. Hepatitis D - Pegylated interferon-alpha (antiviral, immune modulator).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects millions globally; Hepatitis B and C are the most common chronic forms, with over 250 million and 70 million people affected worldwide, respectively.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unprotected sex, intravenous drug use, sharing needles, blood transfusions, close contact with infected individuals, and poor sanitation.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Acute hepatitis often resolves with supportive care, but chronic hepatitis (especially B and C) can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, or hepatocellular carcinoma if untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure.

Autoimmune Hepatitis

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Liver Disorders

Sub-category: Hepatitis

Symptoms:
fatigue; jaundice; abdominal discomfort; joint pain; skin rashes; spider angiomas; loss of appetite

Root Cause:
The immune system attacks healthy liver cells, leading to inflammation and progressive liver damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (autoantibodies like ANA, ASMA, LKM-1), liver function tests, imaging studies, and liver biopsy.

Treatment:
Immunosuppressive therapy and monitoring of liver function.

Medications:
Prednisone (corticosteroid to reduce inflammation). Azathioprine (immunosuppressant to maintain remission). Mycophenolate mofetil or tacrolimus (alternative immunosuppressants for refractory cases).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated prevalence of 10–20 per 100,000 people worldwide; more common in females.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, female gender, environmental triggers like infections or certain medications.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early treatment; untreated cases can progress to cirrhosis or liver failure.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cirrhosis, liver failure, and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Alcoholic Cirrhosis

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Liver Disorders

Sub-category: Liver Cirrhosis

Symptoms:
fatigue; jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes); abdominal swelling (ascites); loss of appetite; nausea; easy bruising or bleeding; spider angiomas (small, spider-like blood vessels visible under the skin); confusion or drowsiness (hepatic encephalopathy); dark urine; pale stools

Root Cause:
Chronic alcohol abuse damages liver cells, leading to scarring (fibrosis) and loss of liver function.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves medical history review (alcohol consumption), physical examination, blood tests (liver function tests, INR, bilirubin), imaging studies (ultrasound, CT, or MRI), and possibly a liver biopsy to confirm.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on abstinence from alcohol, nutritional support, managing complications (e.g., ascites, hepatic encephalopathy), and, in severe cases, liver transplantation.

Medications:
Medications include diuretics (e.g., spironolactone or furosemide ) to manage fluid retention, lactulose or rifaximin to treat hepatic encephalopathy, and vitamin supplementation (thiamine , folate, vitamin D) to address deficiencies.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Alcoholic cirrhosis affects approximately 10–15% of heavy drinkers and accounts for around 50% of cirrhosis cases globally.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic heavy alcohol consumption, genetic predisposition, malnutrition, co-existing liver diseases (e.g., hepatitis C).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on alcohol abstinence and severity at diagnosis. Without abstinence, survival is often less than 5 years. Early abstinence improves outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Portal hypertension, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, liver failure, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer).

Cryptogenic Cirrhosis

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Liver Disorders

Sub-category: Liver Cirrhosis

Symptoms:
fatigue; jaundice; abdominal swelling; unexplained weight loss; loss of appetite; easy bruising; spider angiomas; itching (pruritus); dark urine

Root Cause:
Cirrhosis without an identifiable cause, often associated with undiagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance, or autoimmune conditions.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Exclusion of known causes of liver disease (e.g., alcohol, hepatitis viruses, autoimmune markers); imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI); liver biopsy to assess fibrosis and exclude other pathologies.

Treatment:
Addressing underlying factors (e.g., managing metabolic syndrome, weight loss, controlling diabetes), supportive care, and managing complications like ascites and portal hypertension.

Medications:
Diuretics (spironolactone or furosemide ) for ascites, lactulose or rifaximin for hepatic encephalopathy, and vitamin supplementation. No specific medications target cryptogenic cirrhosis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for 5–30% of cirrhosis cases worldwide, often diagnosed in advanced stages.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, genetic predisposition, undiagnosed or untreated fatty liver disease.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; depends on stage at diagnosis and response to treatment. Early management of risk factors improves outcomes. Advanced cases may require liver transplantation.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Portal hypertension, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma.

Cirrhosis from Hepatitis or Fatty Liver Disease

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Liver Disorders

Sub-category: Liver Cirrhosis

Symptoms:
fatigue; jaundice; abdominal swelling; loss of appetite; nausea; easy bruising or bleeding; confusion or drowsiness; dark urine; pale stools

Root Cause:
Chronic inflammation from hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) leads to progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for liver function, viral hepatitis markers, imaging (ultrasound, transient elastography), and sometimes a liver biopsy for fibrosis grading.

Treatment:
Antiviral medications for hepatitis (e.g., entecavir or tenofovir for HBV; direct-acting antivirals for HCV), weight loss and diabetes management for NAFLD, and supportive care for complications.

Medications:
Antivirals (e.g., sofosbuvir , velpatasvir ), diuretics for fluid retention, lactulose or rifaximin for hepatic encephalopathy, and nutritional supplements as needed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Cirrhosis from hepatitis or fatty liver disease is a leading cause of liver-related morbidity worldwide, with NAFLD prevalence rising due to obesity epidemics.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic hepatitis B or C infection, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, heavy alcohol consumption, genetic factors.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the underlying cause and stage at diagnosis. With treatment of the underlying condition (e.g., hepatitis antivirals or weight management), progression can be slowed. Advanced cases may require liver transplantation.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Portal hypertension, variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

Specialty: Oncology

Category: Solid Tumors

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal Cancers

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; jaundice; fatigue; unexplained weight loss; swelling in the abdomen; loss of appetite

Root Cause:
Primary liver cancer arising from hepatocytes, often due to cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis B or C infection, or chronic liver damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Imaging (CT scan, MRI, or ultrasound), AFP blood test, and liver biopsy in some cases.

Treatment:
Curative options include surgical resection or liver transplantation; other treatments include ablation, embolization, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.

Medications:
Sorafenib and lenvatinib are first-line treatments; immunotherapy includes atezolizumab combined with bevacizumab . Regorafenib is used for advanced cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
The most common primary liver cancer; accounts for about 75% of liver cancer cases globally.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Cirrhosis, hepatitis B or C infection, alcohol use, NAFLD, obesity, and diabetes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies widely; 5-year survival rate is about 33% for localized cases but poor for advanced disease.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Liver failure, metastasis, and worsening cirrhosis.

Liver Metastases

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Liver Disorders

Sub-category: Liver Tumors

Symptoms:
jaundice; right upper quadrant pain; unintended weight loss; fatigue; loss of appetite; fever

Root Cause:
Secondary liver tumors arising from the spread of primary cancers, commonly from the colon, rectum, breast, pancreas, or lung.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Imaging studies (CT, MRI, PET scans), liver function tests, biopsy to confirm metastatic origin.

Treatment:
Systemic chemotherapy targeting the primary cancer, localized treatments such as radiofrequency ablation or TACE, surgical resection when feasible.

Medications:
Chemotherapeutic agents like 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin , and irinotecan ; targeted therapies such as bevacizumab or cetuximab , depending on the primary cancer. These are classified as cytotoxic agents and monoclonal antibodies.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Liver metastases are more common than primary liver cancers; about 50% of patients with colorectal cancer develop liver metastases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Primary cancer in organs with venous drainage to the liver, late-stage cancers, lack of primary cancer treatment.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the primary cancer and extent of liver involvement; potentially curative with localized therapies in selected cases, but overall poor prognosis for widespread disease.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Liver failure, biliary obstruction, infection, severe cachexia.

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Disorders

Sub-category: Pancreatic Tumors

Symptoms:
abdominal pain radiating to the back; unexplained weight loss; jaundice; loss of appetite; nausea; vomiting; new-onset diabetes; fatigue

Root Cause:
Malignant tumor originating from the exocrine cells of the pancreas, often associated with mutations in KRAS, p53, or SMAD4 genes. It often causes obstruction of the bile ducts or invasion of nearby tissues.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Imaging studies like CT or MRI scans; endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with biopsy; CA 19-9 tumor marker blood test; fine-needle aspiration biopsy

Treatment:
Array

Medications:
Chemotherapeutic agents such as gemcitabine (antimetabolite), nab-paclitaxel (microtubule inhibitor), or FOLFIRINOX (combination regimen including oxaliplatin , irinotecan , fluorouracil , and leucovorin ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Accounts for approximately 90% of pancreatic cancers; globally, it is the 7th leading cause of cancer-related deaths.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking; chronic pancreatitis; family history of pancreatic cancer; obesity; type 2 diabetes; genetic syndromes such as BRCA mutations or Lynch syndrome

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor prognosis; the 5-year survival rate is approximately 10%, with earlier detection improving outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Obstruction of the bile duct or intestines; diabetes; malnutrition; metastasis to the liver or peritoneum; pain requiring intensive palliative care

Peritonitis (Spontaneous Bacterial or Secondary)

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: General and Miscellaneous GI Conditions

Sub-category: Peritoneal Disorders

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; fever; nausea; vomiting; bloating; loss of appetite; rebound tenderness; altered mental status (in severe cases)

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the peritoneum caused by bacterial infection, either spontaneous (usually due to liver disease and ascites) or secondary to conditions like a perforated appendix or bowel injury.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, imaging (CT scan or ultrasound), and diagnostic paracentesis (analysis of peritoneal fluid for white blood cell count, Gram stain, and culture).

Treatment:
Immediate treatment includes antibiotics to target causative bacteria, supportive care (IV fluids, pain management), and surgery (in secondary peritonitis) to repair the underlying source of infection.

Medications:
Broad-spectrum antibiotics such as cefotaxime or piperacillin-tazobactam (antibacterial). In cases of fungal involvement, antifungals like fluconazole may be used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occurs in 10-30% of patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Secondary peritonitis prevalence depends on underlying conditions like appendicitis or bowel perforation.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic liver disease with ascites, peritoneal dialysis, abdominal surgery, gastrointestinal perforations, trauma, and immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis varies; spontaneous bacterial peritonitis has a 20-40% mortality rate, which improves with prompt treatment. Secondary peritonitis requires surgical intervention and can lead to serious complications without timely management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sepsis, multi-organ failure, abscess formation, and recurrent infections.

Peptic ulcer disease

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Chronic Diseases and Multimorbidity

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; bloating; nausea; vomiting; heartburn; loss of appetite; weight loss

Root Cause:
Ulcers in the stomach lining or the first part of the small intestine caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and protective factors.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on symptoms, endoscopy, and tests for H. pylori infection (blood, breath, or stool tests).

Treatment:
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), antibiotics for H. pylori infection, antacids, and sometimes surgery.

Medications:
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., lansoprazole ), H2 blockers (e.g., ranitidine), antibiotics (e.g., clarithromycin , amoxicillin for H. pylori), and antacids.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 10-15% of people at some point in their lives, more common in those aged 55-70.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
H. pylori infection, long-term NSAID use, alcohol use, smoking, stress, and spicy foods.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, most ulcers heal within a few weeks; recurrence is common if risk factors are not managed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Gastrointestinal bleeding, perforation, gastric cancer.

Hepatitis (Chronic, e.g., Hepatitis C)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Chronic Diseases and Multimorbidity

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; jaundice; abdominal pain; dark urine; loss of appetite; nausea; itchy skin

Root Cause:
Chronic inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), leading to potential liver damage over time.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests to detect HCV antibodies and RNA, liver function tests, and liver biopsy or elastography for assessing liver damage.

Treatment:
Antiviral medications such as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs), and lifestyle changes to manage symptoms.

Medications:
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) such as sofosbuvir , ledipasvir , glecaprevir /pibrentasvir , ribavirin in some cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Hepatitis C affects approximately 1-2% of the global population, with higher prevalence among older adults and those with a history of intravenous drug use.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of intravenous drug use, blood transfusions prior to 1992, needle sharing, unprotected sex, and tattoos or piercings in unsanitary conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate antiviral therapy, the infection can be cured, but chronic infection can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer if untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cirrhosis, liver failure, liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma), and portal hypertension.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Specialty: Nephrology

Category: Chronic and Acute Kidney Diseases

Symptoms:
fatigue; swelling in ankles, feet, or hands; frequent urination, especially at night; nausea; loss of appetite; muscle cramps; itchy skin; shortness of breath

Root Cause:
Gradual loss of kidney function over time due to diabetes, hypertension, or other chronic conditions leading to decreased filtration capacity.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (e.g., creatinine and eGFR), urine tests (e.g., protein or albumin levels), imaging studies (e.g., ultrasound), and kidney biopsy in select cases.

Treatment:
Managing underlying conditions (e.g., diabetes, hypertension), lifestyle changes, dietary modifications, and slowing progression with medications like ACE inhibitors or ARBs.

Medications:
Medications may include ACE inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril ), angiotensin receptor blockers (e.g., losartan ), diuretics, phosphate binders, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents for anemia.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10% of the global population, with higher prevalence in individuals over 60.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, family history of kidney disease, and advanced age.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early detection and treatment can slow progression, but advanced CKD may progress to end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplantation.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anemia, electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular disease, bone disorders, fluid overload, and progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Chronic and Recurrent Infections

Symptoms:
severe diarrhea (watery stools); abdominal cramps; fever; loss of appetite; nausea; dehydration; in some cases, colonic perforation or toxic megacolon

Root Cause:
Overgrowth of Clostridium difficile bacteria in the colon after disruption of normal gut flora, typically caused by antibiotic use. The bacteria produce toxins that cause inflammation and damage to the intestinal lining.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed by stool tests to detect Clostridium difficile toxins (PCR or enzyme immunoassay) or culture. Colonoscopy or imaging may be used in severe cases to assess colonic damage.

Treatment:
First-line treatment involves oral antibiotics such as vancomycin or fidaxomicin. For recurrent cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an option. Discontinuation of the inciting antibiotics and infection control measures are important.

Medications:
The main medications for treating C. difficile infection include oral vancomycin (a glycopeptide antibiotic), fidaxomicin (a macrolide antibiotic), and metronidazole (used for mild cases). In recurrent infections, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is also used as a treatment.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
The incidence of C. difficile infection is higher in healthcare settings, particularly among older adults and those with weakened immune systems. It is one of the leading causes of healthcare-associated infections in the U.S.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, prolonged use of antibiotics (especially broad-spectrum antibiotics), weakened immune system (due to cancer treatments, organ transplants, or chronic diseases), previous C. difficile infection.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
While most cases resolve with antibiotics, recurrent infections are common, particularly in older adults. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a better prognosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe dehydration, colonic perforation, toxic megacolon, and sepsis in extreme cases. Recurrence is common, and patients may experience multiple episodes over time.

Palliative and End-of-Life Care

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Geriatric Syndromes

Symptoms:
pain; shortness of breath; fatigue; nausea; loss of appetite; difficulty sleeping; anxiety; depression; emotional distress

Root Cause:
Progressive, incurable illnesses such as cancer, advanced heart disease, or neurodegenerative conditions. Aimed at alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life rather than curing the underlying disease.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Palliative care specialists assess symptoms, goals of care, and prognosis. This process often involves input from oncologists, cardiologists, or neurologists.

Treatment:
Symptom management through medications (analgesics, antiemetics, etc.), psychological support, spiritual care, and counseling. Hospice care is often used in the final stages of life.

Medications:
Opioids (morphine or fentanyl ) for pain management, antiemetics like ondansetron for nausea, anxiolytics such as lorazepam for anxiety, and corticosteroids for appetite stimulation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in those with advanced age, particularly among those with terminal illnesses.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, terminal illness, declining functional status, and frailty.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Focus is on comfort rather than cure; the prognosis depends on the underlying condition and the effectiveness of symptom management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications often include unmanaged symptoms, family distress, and caregiver burnout. If palliative care is not available, unnecessary suffering may occur.

End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)

Specialty: Nephrology

Category: Chronic and Acute Kidney Diseases

Symptoms:
severe fatigue; fluid retention causing swelling; nausea and vomiting; loss of appetite; persistent itching; shortness of breath; decreased mental sharpness

Root Cause:
Complete or near-complete failure of kidney function, typically resulting from advanced CKD.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
eGFR below 15 mL/min/1.73m², blood tests, and clinical symptoms requiring dialysis or transplantation.

Treatment:
Long-term dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) or kidney transplantation.

Medications:
Immunosuppressants post-transplant (e.g., tacrolimus , mycophenolate mofetil), phosphate binders, and erythropoietin-stimulating agents.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects over 2 million people worldwide on dialysis or living with kidney transplants.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Uncontrolled diabetes and hypertension, prolonged CKD, autoimmune diseases, and family history.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Lifelong dialysis or transplant is required; transplant offers better quality of life and survival.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cardiovascular disease, infections, bone disorders, and complications related to dialysis or immunosuppressive therapy.

Tubulointerstitial Nephritis

Specialty: Nephrology

Category: Tubulointerstitial Diseases

Symptoms:
fatigue; nausea; loss of appetite; fever; rash; joint pain; decreased urine output; blood in urine; edema

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the kidney's tubules and interstitial tissue, often caused by an immune-mediated response to drugs, infections, or systemic diseases.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Urinalysis (presence of white blood cells, red blood cells, or casts), blood tests (elevated creatinine and BUN), imaging (ultrasound or CT for structural abnormalities), kidney biopsy (to confirm inflammation and etiology).

Treatment:
Discontinuing causative agents, managing underlying infections or systemic diseases, corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants in severe cases.

Medications:
Corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) to reduce inflammation; antibiotics or antivirals for infection-related causes; immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., azathioprine or cyclosporine ) in autoimmune-associated cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, accounting for approximately 10-15% of cases of acute kidney injury.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Use of nephrotoxic medications (e.g., NSAIDs, antibiotics like penicillin), infections (e.g., streptococcus, cytomegalovirus), autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus, sarcoidosis).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable with early detection and management; chronic kidney damage can occur if treatment is delayed or if the underlying cause persists.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic kidney disease, permanent scarring of the kidneys, electrolyte imbalances, progression to end-stage renal disease.

Gastric (Stomach) Cancer

Specialty: Oncology

Category: Solid Tumors

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal Cancers

Symptoms:
abdominal pain or discomfort; nausea; vomiting; loss of appetite; unintended weight loss; bloating; heartburn; melena (black, tarry stools); anemia

Root Cause:
Malignant growth in the stomach lining, often linked to Helicobacter pylori infection, chronic gastritis, or genetic predisposition.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Upper endoscopy with biopsy, barium swallow, imaging (CT scan, PET scan), and staging laparoscopy in some cases.

Treatment:
Treatment involves surgery (total or partial gastrectomy), chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.

Medications:
Medications include chemotherapy agents like fluorouracil , oxaliplatin , and capecitabine ; targeted drugs like trastuzumab (HER2-positive tumors) or ramucirumab (anti-VEGFR2); and immunotherapy like nivolumab (anti-PD-1).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 26,000 cases diagnosed annually in the United States; more common in East Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
H. pylori infection, smoking, high salt intake, diets low in fruits and vegetables, family history, and obesity.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on stage; 5-year survival is about 70% for early-stage cancer but less than 30% for advanced disease.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Metastasis, gastrointestinal bleeding, bowel obstruction, or malnutrition following surgery.

Liver Cancer

Specialty: Oncology

Category: Solid Tumors

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal Cancers

Symptoms:
unexplained weight loss; loss of appetite; upper abdominal pain; nausea and vomiting; fatigue; jaundice; swelling in the abdomen; dark-colored urine

Root Cause:
Uncontrolled growth of malignant cells in the liver, often linked to chronic hepatitis B or C infection, cirrhosis, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (AFP levels), imaging (ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI), and liver biopsy.

Treatment:
Treatment includes surgical resection, liver transplantation, ablation therapies (radiofrequency or microwave), embolization, and systemic therapies like targeted therapy or immunotherapy.

Medications:
Sorafenib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and lenvatinib are commonly used targeted therapies; atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) with bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) is an immunotherapy combination for advanced cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Over 40,000 cases diagnosed annually in the United States; higher prevalence in regions with endemic hepatitis B or C.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic hepatitis infection, alcohol use, cirrhosis, obesity, diabetes, and aflatoxin exposure.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on liver function and cancer stage; 5-year survival rate is about 30% overall but better for localized disease.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Liver failure, metastasis, portal hypertension, and ascites.

Pancreatic Cancer

Specialty: Oncology

Category: Solid Tumors

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal Cancers

Symptoms:
jaundice; upper abdominal pain; unintended weight loss; loss of appetite; nausea; dark urine; pale stools; new-onset diabetes

Root Cause:
Malignant tumor in the pancreas, most commonly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, often associated with genetic mutations or chronic inflammation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Imaging (CT scan, MRI, or endoscopic ultrasound), CA 19-9 blood test, and biopsy.

Treatment:
Surgery (Whipple procedure), chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapy.

Medications:
Chemotherapy includes gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel; FOLFIRINOX is used for advanced cases; targeted therapies like olaparib (PARP inhibitor) for BRCA-mutated cancers.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 62,000 cases diagnosed annually in the United States; often diagnosed at advanced stages.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, obesity, genetic predisposition (e.g., BRCA mutations).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Poor; 5-year survival rate is about 10% overall, but higher for early-stage resectable tumors.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Metastasis, bile duct obstruction, diabetes, and malnutrition.

Gallbladder Cancer

Specialty: Oncology

Category: Solid Tumors

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal Cancers

Symptoms:
abdominal pain, especially in the upper right quadrant; jaundice; nausea; vomiting; unintended weight loss; loss of appetite; abdominal swelling; fever

Root Cause:
Malignant tumors originating in the gallbladder, often linked to chronic inflammation, gallstones, or genetic mutations.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Imaging (ultrasound, CT, or MRI), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and biopsy.

Treatment:
Treatment includes surgical resection (cholecystectomy), chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and occasionally targeted therapy.

Medications:
Chemotherapy drugs like gemcitabine and cisplatin are commonly used; targeted therapies are being explored in clinical trials.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; approximately 12,000 cases diagnosed annually in the United States, with higher prevalence in South America and Southeast Asia.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Gallstones, chronic cholecystitis, obesity, older age, female gender, and a history of bile duct abnormalities.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis; 5-year survival is about 65% for localized cancer but less than 10% for advanced stages.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Biliary obstruction, liver metastasis, and malnutrition.

Peritoneal Mesothelioma

Specialty: Oncology

Category: Sarcomas

Sub-category: Rare Cancers

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; swelling in the abdomen; unexplained weight loss; nausea; vomiting; loss of appetite; fatigue; bloating; constipation

Root Cause:
Peritoneal mesothelioma is a rare cancer that affects the peritoneum, the lining of the abdomen. It is most commonly caused by asbestos exposure, which leads to the development of malignant cells that grow and invade the peritoneal lining.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as CT scans, MRIs, or ultrasounds to detect fluid buildup (ascites) and tumors in the abdomen. A biopsy is needed for definitive diagnosis, often performed through laparoscopy or peritoneal biopsy.

Treatment:
Treatment options include surgery (e.g., cytoreductive surgery) to remove as much of the tumor as possible, often followed by heated chemotherapy (HIPEC) to target remaining cancer cells. Chemotherapy (e.g., pemetrexed and cisplatin) is used for advanced cases, and radiation therapy may also be applied.

Medications:
Common chemotherapy drugs used to treat peritoneal mesothelioma include pemetrexed (an antifolate drug) and cisplatin (a platinum-based chemotherapy agent). These are used in combination to help shrink tumors and manage the disease. In some cases, targeted therapies or immunotherapy may be considered.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Peritoneal mesothelioma is extremely rare, accounting for approximately 10-20% of all mesothelioma cases. The overall incidence is low, with an estimated 300-500 new cases diagnosed annually in the United States.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
The primary risk factor is exposure to asbestos, particularly in occupations like construction, shipbuilding, and manufacturing. Other risk factors include genetic mutations and a history of prior radiation exposure.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The prognosis for peritoneal mesothelioma is poor, with a median survival rate of 12-24 months, depending on the stage at diagnosis. Patients who undergo cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC may have improved outcomes, but survival is still limited.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications include bowel obstruction, ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen), malnutrition, and metastasis to other parts of the body, particularly the lungs. The treatment itself can also cause side effects like fatigue, nausea, and immune suppression.

Megaloblastic Anemia

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Red Blood Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; pale or yellowish skin; shortness of breath; weakness; irritability; numbness or tingling in hands and feet; difficulty concentrating; glossitis (swollen, red tongue); loss of appetite

Root Cause:
A defect in DNA synthesis caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate, leading to the production of abnormally large and immature red blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests showing macrocytosis (large red blood cells), hypersegmented neutrophils, low vitamin B12 or folate levels, elevated homocysteine, and possibly elevated methylmalonic acid (specific for B12 deficiency). A bone marrow biopsy may confirm megaloblastic changes.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the underlying deficiency. Supplementation of vitamin B12 (oral or intramuscular injections) or folate, along with dietary modifications to include foods rich in these nutrients.

Medications:
Vitamin B12 supplements (cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin ) — classified as vitamin therapy. Folic acid supplements — also classified as vitamin therapy. Combination therapy with both vitamin B12 and folic acid if the deficiency is unclear.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies by region; more common in areas with dietary deficiencies or high rates of malabsorption disorders (e.g., pernicious anemia). Common among older adults and populations with limited access to fortified foods.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate; alcoholism; pregnancy; pernicious anemia; gastrointestinal surgeries (e.g., gastrectomy); malabsorption conditions (e.g., celiac disease, Crohn's disease); medications interfering with vitamin absorption (e.g., methotrexate, metformin, proton pump inhibitors)

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate supplementation and treatment of the underlying cause, symptoms typically resolve, and prognosis is excellent. Untreated cases can lead to irreversible neurological damage in vitamin B12 deficiency.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
irreversible neurological damage; infertility; cardiovascular risks due to elevated homocysteine levels; increased susceptibility to infections; peripheral neuropathy; cognitive decline or memory issues

Pernicious Anemia

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Red Blood Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; weakness; pale or jaundiced skin; shortness of breath; numbness or tingling in the hands and feet; difficulty walking; memory problems; mood changes; glossitis (sore, red tongue); loss of appetite

Root Cause:
Autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells leads to a lack of intrinsic factor, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption, resulting in impaired red blood cell production.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Complete blood count (CBC), vitamin B12 levels, methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels, intrinsic factor antibody test, and bone marrow biopsy (if needed).

Treatment:
Vitamin B12 supplementation through injections or high-dose oral supplements, along with management of any neurological symptoms or complications.

Medications:
Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin ), typically administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. These medications are classified as vitamins and nutritional supplements.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in individuals over 60 years old; higher prevalence in people of Northern European descent and those with autoimmune conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune conditions (e.g., Hashimoto's thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes), family history, vegetarian or vegan diets (due to low dietary B12), and gastrointestinal surgeries or disorders (e.g., gastric bypass, chronic gastritis).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with timely treatment; symptoms and hematologic abnormalities often resolve with B12 replacement therapy. Delayed treatment may lead to irreversible neurological damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Neurological symptoms (e.g., peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairment), increased risk of gastric cancer, and severe anemia.

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL)

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Stem Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
swollen lymph nodes; unexplained fever; night sweats; weight loss; fatigue; loss of appetite; shortness of breath; chest pain

Root Cause:
Rapid and abnormal growth of large B-cells (a type of white blood cell), leading to tumor formation in lymph nodes and/or extranodal sites.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, blood tests, lymph node biopsy, imaging studies (e.g., PET or CT scans), and molecular testing to identify genetic markers and cell surface proteins.

Treatment:
Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy (if localized), and stem cell transplantation in refractory or relapsed cases.

Medications:
Commonly prescribed medications include R-CHOP regimen (Rituximab – a monoclonal antibody, Cyclophosphamide – an alkylating agent, Doxorubicin – an anthracycline, Vincristine – a vinca alkaloid, and Prednisone – a corticosteroid).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
DLBCL is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, accounting for about 30-40% of cases worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, male sex, family history of lymphoma, weakened immune system, exposure to certain infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus), and previous cancer treatments.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis varies; approximately 60-70% achieve remission with R-CHOP therapy. Advanced stage, high-risk genetic markers, and refractory disease worsen outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Relapse, tumor lysis syndrome, secondary infections, organ dysfunction, and therapy-related secondary cancers.

Uremia (toxins from kidney failure)

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Endogenous Toxins

Sub-category: Metabolic Disorders

Symptoms:
nausea; vomiting; fatigue; loss of appetite; mental confusion; seizures; muscle cramps; itching; breath with a urine-like odor

Root Cause:
Accumulation of uremic toxins and waste products in the bloodstream due to impaired kidney function, leading to systemic toxicity.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests showing elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels; electrolyte imbalances; clinical symptoms; sometimes confirmed with imaging or biopsy of kidneys.

Treatment:
Immediate treatment often involves dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) to remove toxins, along with addressing the underlying cause (e.g., managing kidney disease or acute kidney injury).

Medications:
Medications to manage symptoms and complications include antihypertensive drugs (e.g., ACE inhibitors like lisinopril or ARBs like losartan ), phosphate binders (e.g., sevelamer ), erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (e.g., epoetin alfa) to manage anemia, and diuretics (e.g., furosemide ) to reduce fluid overload.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Affects approximately 15% of the global population with CKD.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension, recurrent urinary tract infections, genetic predisposition, nephrotoxic medications.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatable with dialysis or kidney transplant; prognosis depends on the underlying cause and overall health of the patient. Without treatment, it can be fatal.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart disease, fluid overload, pericarditis, electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hyperkalemia), neuropathy, bone disease.

Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
abdominal pain; nausea; vomiting; bloating; loss of appetite; unintentional weight loss; dark or tarry stools (indicating bleeding)

Root Cause:
Chronic infection caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria, leading to inflammation of the stomach lining and increased risk of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Urea breath test, stool antigen test, blood test for antibodies, endoscopy with biopsy.

Treatment:
Combination of antibiotics to eradicate the bacteria and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid.

Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin , clarithromycin , metronidazole ) to kill the bacteria. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs, e.g., omeprazole , lansoprazole ) to reduce stomach acid and promote healing. Bismuth subsalicylate (part of quadruple therapy) to protect the stomach lining.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 50% of the global population; more common in developing countries due to poor sanitation.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor sanitation, contaminated food and water, close contact with an infected individual, family history of H. pylori infection.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Eradication is successful in most cases with appropriate therapy; untreated infections can lead to complications like ulcers or gastric cancer.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, chronic gastritis, iron-deficiency anemia.

Clostridioides (Clostridium) Difficile Colitis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
watery diarrhea; abdominal pain; fever; nausea; loss of appetite; dehydration; foul-smelling stool

Root Cause:
Infection caused by Clostridioides difficile bacteria, leading to an overgrowth in the colon often triggered by antibiotic use that disrupts normal gut flora.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Stool tests for C. difficile toxins or genetic material (PCR), colonoscopy to identify pseudomembranous colitis, and imaging (e.g., CT scan) in severe cases.

Treatment:
Discontinuation of the inciting antibiotic, initiation of specific antibiotics to target C. difficile, and, in severe cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).

Medications:
Vancomycin (oral, first-line treatment for severe cases, classified as glycopeptide antibiotics), Fidaxomicin (narrow-spectrum antibiotic targeting C. difficile), and Metronidazole (alternative treatment for mild to moderate cases, classified as a nitroimidazole antibiotic).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 500,000 people annually in the U.S.; more common in hospitalized or recently discharged patients.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Recent antibiotic use, advanced age, hospitalization, weakened immune system, gastrointestinal surgery, proton pump inhibitor use.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate treatment; however, recurrence occurs in approximately 20–25% of patients.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe dehydration, toxic megacolon, bowel perforation, sepsis, and death in extreme cases.

Cyclospora Infection (Cyclosporiasis)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Gastrointestinal Tract and Intra-abdominal Infections

Symptoms:
watery diarrhea; loss of appetite; weight loss; cramping; bloating; gas; fatigue; nausea; low-grade fever

Root Cause:
Protozoan parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis infects the small intestine, often transmitted via contaminated food or water.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Stool examination for Cyclospora oocysts, using microscopy with special stains or molecular techniques like PCR.

Treatment:
Antiparasitic therapy, rehydration, and electrolyte replacement.

Medications:
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX, classified as a combination antibiotic) is the primary treatment. No alternative medications are well-established for sulfa-allergic patients.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sporadic outbreaks in the U.S. often linked to imported fresh produce; endemic in tropical and subtropical regions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Consumption of contaminated food or water, international travel, and weakened immune systems.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; without treatment, symptoms may persist for weeks.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe dehydration and malabsorption in prolonged or untreated cases.

Hepatitis B

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Liver Infections

Sub-category: Chronic Viral Hepatitis

Symptoms:
fatigue; loss of appetite; nausea; jaundice; dark urine; joint pain; abdominal pain

Root Cause:
Infection with the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can cause both acute and chronic liver inflammation, leading to liver damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for HBsAg (surface antigen), anti-HBc antibodies, and HBV DNA; liver function tests.

Treatment:
Treated with antiviral medications such as tenofovir or entecavir to suppress viral replication, alongside interferon therapy in select cases, and supportive care, with monitoring for liver function and complications.

Medications:
Nucleos(t)ide analogs (e.g., entecavir , tenofovir ) to inhibit viral replication. Interferon-alpha injections to boost the immune response.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects over 296 million people worldwide; common in Asia and Africa.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unprotected sex, needle-sharing, perinatal transmission, healthcare worker exposure.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Acute cases often resolve; chronic cases may progress to cirrhosis or liver cancer without treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver failure.

Hepatitis C

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Liver Infections

Sub-category: Chronic Viral Hepatitis

Symptoms:
fatigue; nausea; loss of appetite; jaundice; dark urine; joint pain; abdominal pain

Root Cause:
Infection with the Hepatitis C virus (HCV), often leading to chronic liver inflammation and scarring.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA, liver function tests.

Treatment:
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) to cure the infection.

Medications:
DAAs (e.g., sofosbuvir , ledipasvir , velpatasvir ) targeting viral proteins for replication. Ribavirin (in combination in certain cases).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects over 58 million people worldwide; common in intravenous drug users.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Needle-sharing, blood transfusions (before 1992), healthcare exposure, tattoos or piercings with unsterilized equipment.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly curable with DAAs in 8–12 weeks; untreated, it may progress to cirrhosis or liver cancer.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, portal hypertension.

Pinworm (Enterobiasis)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Parasitic Infections

Symptoms:
perianal itching; restlessness; irritability; abdominal pain; loss of appetite

Root Cause:
Caused by Enterobius vermicularis, a small intestinal nematode transmitted through ingestion of eggs.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Visualization of worms or eggs on the perianal area using the "tape test."

Treatment:
Antiparasitic medications and hygiene measures to prevent reinfection.

Medications:
Mebendazole or albendazole (broad-spectrum anti-helminthics), pyrantel pamoate .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide, especially among children in crowded settings.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor hygiene, close contact with infected individuals.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Easily treatable with medications and proper hygiene.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rarely, chronic infections can cause appendicitis or other gastrointestinal issues.

Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections

Symptoms:
fever; painful mouth sores; rash with blisters on hands, feet, and sometimes buttocks; irritability in infants and toddlers; loss of appetite

Root Cause:
Viral infection caused by Coxsackievirus or Enterovirus. It spreads through respiratory droplets, saliva, or contact with infected surfaces.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination of characteristic symptoms; rarely requires laboratory confirmation.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, pain relief, and fever management.

Medications:
No specific antiviral treatment; over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen ) are used for symptom relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in children under five years; outbreaks in daycare centers and schools.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, poor hygiene, and crowded environments.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; symptoms resolve within 7–10 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare but include viral meningitis, encephalitis, or dehydration due to difficulty swallowing.

Chickenpox (Varicella)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Viral Infections

Symptoms:
fever; itchy rash that progresses from macules to papules to vesicles and crusts; fatigue; loss of appetite

Root Cause:
Caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV), leading to a primary systemic infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinically diagnosed based on the characteristic rash; PCR or serology may confirm uncertain cases.

Treatment:
Supportive care (antihistamines, acetaminophen for fever); antiviral medications like acyclovir for severe cases or immunocompromised patients.

Medications:
Acyclovir (antiviral inhibiting viral DNA synthesis), valacyclovir (prodrug of acyclovir ), and famciclovir (antiviral).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide before vaccination; significantly reduced in vaccinated populations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of vaccination, exposure to infected individuals, immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Self-limited in healthy individuals; complications more likely in adults or immunocompromised patients.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections, pneumonia, encephalitis, and, later in life, reactivation as shingles.

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