Condition Lookup
Speciality:
Mental Health and Psychology
Number of Conditions: 94
Depression
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
persistent sadness; loss of interest in activities; fatigue; sleep disturbances; changes in appetite or weight; difficulty concentrating; feelings of worthlessness; suicidal thoughts
Root Cause:
Imbalance in brain neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine), genetic predisposition, and environmental triggers (e.g., trauma, stress).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation using criteria from the DSM-5, standardized depression scales, and assessment of duration/severity of symptoms.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy), lifestyle modifications, medications, and in severe cases, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
Medications:
Antidepressants such as SSRIs (e.g., sertraline , fluoxetine ), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine , duloxetine ), tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline ), or atypical antidepressants (e.g., bupropion ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects over 280 million people worldwide; more common in women than men.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, stressful life events, chronic illness, substance use disorders, and hormonal changes (e.g., postpartum depression).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies; with proper treatment, many individuals experience significant improvement. Recurrence is common without long-term management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of suicide, substance abuse, poor physical health, and impaired relationships or job performance.
Anxiety Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
excessive worry; restlessness; fatigue; difficulty concentrating; irritability; muscle tension; sleep disturbances
Root Cause:
Overactivation of the brain's fear and stress response systems, often influenced by genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation through interviews and questionnaires like the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7).
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), lifestyle modifications (e.g., mindfulness, exercise), and medications.
Medications:
Antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (e.g., sertraline , escitalopram ) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., venlafaxine ). Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam , clonazepam ) may be used short-term for severe symptoms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 18.1% of adults in the U.S. are affected annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, childhood adversity, chronic stress, comorbid mental health conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, most individuals experience significant symptom improvement; untreated, symptoms may persist and worsen over time.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of depression, substance use disorders, and chronic physical health problems such as cardiovascular disease.
Insomnia
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
difficulty falling asleep; difficulty staying asleep; waking up too early; non-restorative sleep; daytime fatigue; irritability; difficulty concentrating
Root Cause:
Hyperarousal of the central nervous system due to stress, anxiety, depression, or disrupted circadian rhythm.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation through patient history, sleep diaries, and questionnaires like the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI); sometimes polysomnography if a sleep disorder is suspected.
Treatment:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), relaxation techniques, sleep hygiene improvements, and, when necessary, medication.
Medications:
Medications prescribed may include sedative-hypnotics (e.g., zolpidem , eszopiclone ), melatonin receptor agonists (e.g., ramelteon ), or orexin receptor antagonists (e.g., suvorexant ). Antidepressants such as trazodone may also be used in cases involving comorbid depression or anxiety.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 10–30% of adults globally, with chronic insomnia affecting around 10%.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic stress, mental health disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression), poor sleep hygiene, irregular work schedules, and medical conditions such as chronic pain or gastrointestinal disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly treatable with behavioral interventions and/or medication; however, chronic insomnia can persist if underlying causes are not addressed.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of mental health disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety), cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and reduced quality of life.
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Neurological Disorders
Sub-category: Sleep Disorders
Symptoms:
uncomfortable sensations in the legs; urge to move the legs; worsening symptoms during rest or at night; temporary relief with movement
Root Cause:
Dysregulation of dopamine pathways in the brain; may also be related to iron deficiency or other underlying medical conditions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on the four cardinal diagnostic criteria; may include blood tests to assess iron levels or other contributing factors.
Treatment:
Lifestyle modifications, treatment of underlying conditions (e.g., iron supplementation for deficiency), and pharmacotherapy.
Medications:
Dopamine agonists (e.g., pramipexole , ropinirole ) and alpha-2-delta calcium channel ligands (e.g., gabapentin , pregabalin ) are commonly used. Iron supplements are prescribed if deficiency is present.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 5%-10% of the general population, with higher rates in older adults and women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, pregnancy, iron deficiency, and certain medical conditions (e.g., kidney disease).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms are manageable with treatment, but chronic cases may require ongoing care.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sleep disturbances, daytime fatigue, and reduced quality of life.
Narcolepsy
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Sleep Disorders
Symptoms:
excessive daytime sleepiness; sudden muscle weakness (cataplexy); sleep paralysis; hallucinations during sleep onset or upon waking; disrupted nighttime sleep
Root Cause:
Dysfunction in the brain's regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, often due to hypocretin deficiency in narcolepsy type 1.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Polysomnography followed by a Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) and cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin levels if needed.
Treatment:
Behavioral modifications like scheduled naps, stimulant medications, and antidepressants for cataplexy.
Medications:
Modafinil or armodafinil (wakefulness-promoting agents), sodium oxybate (improves nighttime sleep and reduces cataplexy), and antidepressants like venlafaxine or fluoxetine for cataplexy.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 0.02–0.05% of the population worldwide.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, autoimmune triggers, and sometimes preceding infections or head trauma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with treatment but lifelong; symptoms often persist and require ongoing care.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Impaired social and occupational functioning, increased risk of accidents, and potential for depression or anxiety.
Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Sub-category: Neurological Symptoms
Symptoms:
motor or sensory deficits (e.g., paralysis, blindness, mutism); inconsistency in symptoms with known neurological disorders; psychological distress linked to symptoms
Root Cause:
Stress or trauma manifests as physical symptoms without a detectable neurological or medical cause.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, neurological exams, ruling out organic causes through imaging and laboratory tests; diagnosis based on DSM-5 criteria.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (CBT), stress management techniques, and physical therapy for functional rehabilitation.
Medications:
Antidepressants, such as SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine , sertraline ), may help alleviate associated anxiety or depression.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2–5 people per 100,000 annually; higher prevalence in females and younger individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of trauma, chronic stress, or comorbid psychiatric conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms can resolve spontaneously, but relapses are common without addressing underlying stressors.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic disability, social withdrawal, and comorbid mental health disorders.
Delirium
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Emergency
Sub-category: Cognitive Disorders
Symptoms:
confusion; disorientation; hallucinations; restlessness; fluctuating levels of consciousness; impaired attention
Root Cause:
Acute disturbance in brain function, often caused by an underlying medical condition, medication, or substance withdrawal.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, including history, physical examination, and laboratory tests to identify contributing factors. Use of diagnostic tools like the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM).
Treatment:
Treating the underlying cause (e.g., infection, electrolyte imbalance); supportive care to ensure safety and minimize distress.
Medications:
Antipsychotics like haloperidol or quetiapine for severe agitation; benzodiazepines for delirium caused by alcohol withdrawal.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in hospitalized patients, especially older adults; occurs in up to 50% of elderly individuals post-surgery.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, pre-existing cognitive impairment, severe illness, substance abuse, or multiple medications.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Reversible with prompt treatment of the underlying cause; delayed treatment may result in prolonged symptoms or complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Long-term cognitive decline, increased risk of institutionalization, and higher mortality rates in severe cases.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Child
Symptoms:
difficulty with social interaction; restricted or repetitive behaviors; delayed speech or language skills; sensory sensitivities; lack of eye contact; difficulty understanding social cues
Root Cause:
A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on developmental history, clinical observation, and DSM-5 criteria. Tools like ADOS-2 (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule) may be used.
Treatment:
Behavioral therapies like Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA), speech therapy, occupational therapy, and social skills training. No cure exists, but therapies can improve functioning.
Medications:
Risperidone and aripiprazole (antipsychotics) may be prescribed to manage irritability and aggression. SSRIs like fluoxetine may help with repetitive behaviors or coexisting anxiety.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1 in 44 children in the U.S., with a higher prevalence in boys.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic mutations, family history of ASD, older parental age, and prenatal exposure to certain toxins.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies widely; some individuals achieve independence, while others may require lifelong support. Early intervention improves outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Social isolation, co-occurring mental health conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression), and difficulty finding employment or maintaining relationships.
Schizophrenia
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
hallucinations; delusions; disorganized speech; lack of motivation; social withdrawal; cognitive impairments
Root Cause:
Thought to result from a combination of genetic predisposition, neurochemical imbalances (dopamine dysfunction), and environmental triggers.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on DSM-5 criteria, including at least two core symptoms for six months; exclusion of other causes.
Treatment:
Antipsychotic medications, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and social skills training.
Medications:
Second-generation antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole , clozapine , quetiapine ) are preferred due to fewer side effects compared to first-generation drugs.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1% of the global population, with onset typically in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, prenatal exposure to infections or malnutrition, urban living, and substance abuse.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic, with periodic exacerbations; early treatment and adherence improve outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Suicide, homelessness, unemployment, and social isolation.
Bipolar Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Sub-category: Mood Disorders
Symptoms:
manic episodes; depressive episodes; mood swings; irritability; elevated self-esteem; decreased need for sleep; racing thoughts; difficulty concentrating
Root Cause:
Dysregulation of brain neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine, serotonin) and structural differences in mood regulation areas of the brain.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interviews, mood assessments, and DSM-5 criteria evaluation.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, psychoeducation) and mood-stabilizing medications.
Medications:
Mood stabilizers like lithium , anticonvulsants like valproate or lamotrigine , atypical antipsychotics like quetiapine or olanzapine , and antidepressants (with caution).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 2.8% of U.S. adults annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, stressful life events, substance abuse, early childhood trauma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatment can help manage symptoms effectively; untreated, episodes can become more severe and frequent.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of suicide, substance use disorders, and social/occupational impairments.
Alcohol-Related Psychosis
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
hallucinations; delusions; paranoia; confusion; disorganized thoughts
Root Cause:
Chronic or excessive alcohol use disrupts neurotransmitter balance, leading to psychotic symptoms often exacerbated during withdrawal or intoxication.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation including history of alcohol use, mental health assessment, and ruling out other causes of psychosis. Blood alcohol level and liver function tests may assist diagnosis.
Treatment:
Detoxification, cessation of alcohol use, psychotherapy, and medication for symptom management.
Medications:
Antipsychotic medications (e.g., haloperidol or risperidone ) may be prescribed for acute psychotic episodes. Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam or diazepam ) are often used during withdrawal to prevent seizures. Medications like naltrexone or acamprosate may be used for long-term management of alcohol dependence.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 3-10% of individuals with severe alcohol use disorder.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic alcohol abuse, history of mental illness, family history of addiction, acute withdrawal, or concurrent use of other substances.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms may resolve with sustained abstinence from alcohol, but recurrent psychosis or relapse is possible without long-term management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cognitive decline, social and occupational impairment, risk of injury or self-harm, and progression to chronic psychosis if untreated.
Alcoholism
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
compulsive alcohol use; inability to control drinking; cravings; withdrawal symptoms; neglect of responsibilities; tolerance development
Root Cause:
Persistent changes in brain reward and stress systems due to excessive alcohol consumption leading to physical and psychological dependence.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Screening tools such as AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) and DSM-5 criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder.
Treatment:
Behavioral therapies (e.g., CBT, motivational enhancement therapy), support groups (e.g., AA), and medications to reduce cravings or withdrawal symptoms.
Medications:
Naltrexone (opioid antagonist to reduce cravings), acamprosate (modulates neurotransmitter balance), and disulfiram (creates aversion to alcohol).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 5% of the global adult population; higher prevalence in males.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of addiction, social or cultural acceptance of drinking, early age of alcohol use, and co-existing mental health disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatable with sustained effort; outcomes improve with long-term support and relapse prevention strategies.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Liver disease, cardiovascular issues, neurological impairments, mental health disorders, and interpersonal problems.
Amphetamine-Related Psychiatric Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
paranoia; hallucinations; delusions; anxiety; agitation; insomnia
Root Cause:
Overstimulation of dopamine pathways caused by excessive amphetamine use leading to psychiatric and neurological effects.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Psychiatric evaluation, history of amphetamine use, and exclusion of primary psychiatric conditions.
Treatment:
Discontinuation of amphetamines, behavioral therapies, and medications for symptom control.
Medications:
Antipsychotics (e.g., olanzapine or quetiapine ) to manage psychotic symptoms and benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam ) for acute agitation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Around 10-15% of amphetamine users may experience psychotic symptoms.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic amphetamine use, high doses, sleep deprivation, genetic predisposition to mental illness.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms may resolve with cessation of use; however, prolonged use increases the risk of persistent psychosis.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cognitive impairment, cardiovascular issues, chronic psychosis, and social dysfunction.
Cannabis-Related Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
impaired memory; anxiety; paranoia; depersonalization; withdrawal symptoms like irritability and insomnia
Root Cause:
Dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system due to prolonged or excessive cannabis use, affecting cognitive and emotional processes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interviews, DSM-5 criteria for Cannabis Use Disorder, and history of use.
Treatment:
Behavioral therapies, psychoeducation, and supportive care during withdrawal.
Medications:
Limited pharmacological treatments; symptomatic medications (e.g., antidepressants or anxiolytics) may be used for comorbid conditions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 10% of cannabis users develop a dependency.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Early onset of use, high-potency cannabis, family history of mental illness, and concurrent substance use.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with treatment, but prolonged use may lead to persistent cognitive and psychiatric symptoms.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Psychosis, cognitive decline, increased risk of mood disorders, and social impairment.
Cocaine-Related Psychiatric Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
euphoria; paranoia; hallucinations; agitation; anxiety; impaired judgment
Root Cause:
Cocaine-induced dysregulation of dopamine pathways and oxidative stress leading to neuropsychiatric symptoms.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Evaluation of substance use history, mental status examination, and ruling out primary psychiatric disorders.
Treatment:
Stopping cocaine use, behavioral therapies, and medications for withdrawal and psychiatric symptoms.
Medications:
No FDA-approved medications specifically for cocaine addiction, but antidepressants (e.g., bupropion ) or mood stabilizers (e.g., valproate) may be used symptomatically.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
About 5-10% of cocaine users experience significant psychiatric symptoms.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-dose use, intravenous or crack cocaine, concurrent substance use, and genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms often improve with sustained abstinence and supportive care, but long-term use increases the risk of chronic issues.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cardiovascular events, chronic psychosis, depression, and social or occupational decline.
Hallucinogen Use
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
distorted sensory perceptions; hallucinations; paranoia; mood swings; disorganized thinking; elevated heart rate; anxiety or panic attacks
Root Cause:
Hallucinogens affect the brain’s serotonin system, leading to altered perceptions, moods, and cognition. Chronic use can cause dependency and psychological disturbances.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on patient history, symptom presentation, and standardized diagnostic criteria (DSM-5).
Treatment:
Behavioral therapy, counseling, and supportive care to address psychological and social factors.
Medications:
While there are no FDA-approved medications specifically for hallucinogen use, benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam ) may be used short-term for acute agitation or anxiety, and antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol ) for severe psychosis.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1.1 million individuals in the U.S. reported using hallucinogens in the past month (as of recent surveys).
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Youth, peer pressure, history of mental illness, genetic predisposition, recreational drug culture.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; acute episodes may resolve, but long-term use increases the risk of persistent psychological disturbances.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent psychosis, Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD), social or occupational dysfunction.
Inhalant-Related Psychiatric Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
euphoria; dizziness; slurred speech; lethargy; nausea; impaired coordination; mood changes; confusion; cognitive deficits
Root Cause:
Inhalants disrupt brain function by affecting neurotransmitter systems and causing hypoxia, leading to cognitive and behavioral impairments.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history of inhalant use, behavioral assessment, and signs of exposure such as chemical odors or physical indicators (e.g., burns, rashes around the nose or mouth).
Treatment:
Psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and addressing co-occurring psychiatric disorders.
Medications:
No specific medications approved; supportive care may include anti-anxiety medications like SSRIs (e.g., sertraline ) for comorbid anxiety.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Inhalant use is most common among adolescents, with 2.7% of high school students reporting use within the past year.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Adolescence, access to volatile substances, low socioeconomic status, peer influence, underlying mental health disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early intervention can lead to recovery; prolonged use can cause irreversible neurological and cognitive damage.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Brain damage, organ failure, hypoxic injuries, and sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS).
Injection Drug Use
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
track marks on skin; infections at injection sites; fatigue; withdrawal symptoms; mood swings; compulsive drug-seeking behavior
Root Cause:
Direct delivery of drugs into the bloodstream creates a high risk of addiction, infections, and systemic complications due to unsterile techniques and repeated exposure.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Patient interview, physical examination, laboratory tests (e.g., toxicology screens, infection markers).
Treatment:
Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT) (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine), harm reduction strategies, and therapy (CBT, contingency management).
Medications:
Methadone (opioid agonist), buprenorphine (partial opioid agonist), and naltrexone (opioid antagonist) are often prescribed to manage addiction. Antibiotics may be used for treating injection site infections.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Injection drug use contributes to 10% of new HIV infections worldwide and is prevalent in individuals with substance use disorders.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of substance abuse, homelessness, mental health disorders, poverty, access to injectable substances.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic use often requires long-term management; complications can significantly impair quality of life.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, sepsis, endocarditis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and overdose.
Nicotine Addiction
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
cravings for nicotine; irritability; anxiety; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; increased appetite
Root Cause:
Nicotine activates dopamine release in the brain, leading to dependence and reinforcement of smoking or vaping behaviors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Behavioral and clinical assessment, including patient-reported symptoms and standardized questionnaires (e.g., Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence).
Treatment:
Behavioral counseling, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and medications to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
Medications:
Bupropion (antidepressant) and varenicline (nicotine receptor partial agonist) are commonly used. Nicotine gum, patches, and lozenges are NRT options.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Around 12.5% of adults in the U.S. smoke cigarettes, with declining prevalence due to public health measures.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, early exposure, peer pressure, co-occurring psychiatric conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Success rates for quitting are higher with combined therapy approaches; however, relapse is common without sustained support.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and stroke.
Opioid Abuse
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
euphoria; drowsiness; confusion; slowed breathing; constipation; withdrawal symptoms when not using
Root Cause:
Opioids bind to mu-opioid receptors in the brain, creating intense euphoria and leading to tolerance, dependence, and addiction.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Detailed history, physical examination, and toxicology testing for opioids.
Treatment:
MAT (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine), naloxone for overdose reversal, and psychotherapy (CBT, group therapy).
Medications:
Methadone (full opioid agonist), buprenorphine (partial agonist), naltrexone (antagonist), and naloxone (emergency overdose reversal agent).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Opioid use disorder affects approximately 2 million people in the U.S., with increasing rates linked to synthetic opioids like fentanyl.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic pain conditions, overprescription of opioids, prior substance abuse, socioeconomic stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Recovery is possible with sustained treatment, though relapse rates are high without comprehensive care.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Overdose, respiratory depression, infectious diseases, legal and social consequences.
Phencyclidine (PCP)-Related Psychiatric Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
aggression; delusions; hallucinations; disorganized behavior; catatonia; numbness; ataxia; impaired judgment; anxiety; memory loss
Root Cause:
PCP alters neurotransmitter function, particularly glutamate and dopamine, leading to dissociative and psychotic symptoms.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation of symptoms, toxicology screening (urine/blood tests for PCP metabolites), and assessment of mental status.
Treatment:
Supportive care in acute cases, benzodiazepines for agitation, antipsychotics for severe psychotic symptoms, psychotherapy for long-term recovery, and substance use counseling.
Medications:
Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam , diazepam ) for sedation and agitation; antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol , olanzapine ) for psychosis. Benzodiazepines are sedatives; antipsychotics are dopamine receptor antagonists.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Usage of PCP has declined but remains an issue among some populations, particularly in urban areas. Exact prevalence varies by region.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of substance abuse, peer influence, availability of PCP, and underlying mental health disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Recovery depends on the duration and intensity of use. Acute symptoms may resolve with treatment, but chronic use can result in long-term cognitive and psychiatric issues.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic psychosis, memory impairment, cognitive deficits, and increased risk of injury or death due to impaired judgment.
Sedative, Hypnotic, Anxiolytic Use Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
drowsiness; confusion; impaired memory; slurred speech; poor coordination; depression; irritability; withdrawal symptoms (e.g., tremors, anxiety, seizures)
Root Cause:
Misuse of medications like benzodiazepines or barbiturates leads to dependence and disruptions in GABAergic pathways.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, self-reported use, prescription monitoring programs, and urine or blood tests for specific substances.
Treatment:
Gradual tapering of the substance under medical supervision, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and support groups like Narcotics Anonymous.
Medications:
For withdrawal management, long-acting benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam ) may be used to taper dependence; anticonvulsants (e.g., gabapentin ) for seizure prevention. Long-acting benzodiazepines act as sedatives; anticonvulsants stabilize neural activity.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1% of the population is affected by sedative misuse. Prevalence is higher in populations with access to these medications.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic stress, insomnia, anxiety disorders, access to sedatives, and family history of substance use.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, many recover fully; without treatment, risk of overdose, severe withdrawal, and relapse is high.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory depression, overdose, seizures during withdrawal, and persistent cognitive impairment.
Stimulant Use Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
increased energy; euphoria; hyperactivity; irritability; paranoia; weight loss; insomnia; anxiety; tachycardia; psychosis
Root Cause:
Excessive activation of the central nervous system due to stimulant use, leading to dopamine dysregulation and dependency.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical assessment, patient self-report, toxicology screening for amphetamines, cocaine, or similar substances.
Treatment:
Behavioral therapies, contingency management, motivational interviewing, and rehabilitation programs.
Medications:
Limited FDA-approved options; off-label use of medications like modafinil or bupropion for withdrawal management. Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting agent; bupropion is a dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Stimulant misuse is increasing globally, with varying rates by country and age group. Commonly misused among young adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Peer pressure, academic or occupational stress, genetic predisposition, and accessibility of stimulants.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With comprehensive treatment, individuals can achieve recovery, though relapse rates are high without sustained support.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cardiovascular issues, stroke, chronic psychosis, cognitive deficits, and social/occupational dysfunction.
Substance Use Disorders in Pregnancy and Postpartum
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
substance cravings; withdrawal symptoms; poor self-care; neonatal complications (e.g., neonatal abstinence syndrome); maternal mood swings; anxiety; depression
Root Cause:
Physiological and psychological dependence on substances during pregnancy or postpartum, exacerbated by hormonal and environmental stressors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Screening during prenatal visits, self-reported use, toxicology screening of maternal and/or neonatal samples, and clinical evaluation.
Treatment:
Medication-assisted treatment (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine for opioid use), counseling, support groups, and integrated care involving obstetrics and mental health services.
Medications:
Methadone (opioid agonist), buprenorphine (partial opioid agonist), and naltrexone (opioid antagonist) can be used. Methadone and buprenorphine are for withdrawal management; naltrexone prevents relapse.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Substance use during pregnancy varies by region and substance type, affecting 5–10% of pregnancies in some populations.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of substance abuse, lack of access to prenatal care, socioeconomic stress, mental health conditions, and domestic violence.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate care, outcomes for both mother and child can improve, though risks for relapse and neonatal complications persist without continued support.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Neonatal abstinence syndrome, preterm birth, low birth weight, placental abruption, and maternal mental health disorders postpartum.
Substance-Induced Mood Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Addiction
Symptoms:
depressed mood; irritability; euphoria; mania; anxiety; sleep disturbances; fatigue; difficulty concentrating
Root Cause:
Mood disturbances caused by substance use or withdrawal, altering brain chemistry and neurotransmitter systems (e.g., serotonin, dopamine).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Temporal relationship between substance use and mood changes, clinical history, and ruling out primary mood disorders.
Treatment:
Discontinuation of the offending substance, symptomatic treatment for mood symptoms, psychotherapy, and supportive care.
Medications:
Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs like sertraline for depressive symptoms), mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium or valproate for manic symptoms), and benzodiazepines (short-term for severe agitation or anxiety). Antidepressants regulate serotonin; mood stabilizers balance mood; benzodiazepines act as sedatives.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Prevalence varies depending on the substance; mood disorders are common in 30–50% of individuals with substance use disorders.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic substance use, genetic predisposition to mood disorders, co-occurring mental health conditions, and withdrawal episodes.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Mood symptoms generally resolve with sustained abstinence and treatment, but recurrence is likely with relapse.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Suicidal ideation, worsening of substance use, social and occupational dysfunction, and increased risk of developing a primary mood disorder.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
intense fear of criticism; avoidance of social interactions; feelings of inadequacy; hypersensitivity to rejection; reluctance to try new activities
Root Cause:
Persistent low self-esteem and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, often rooted in early life experiences.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical assessment based on DSM-5 criteria, including patterns of avoidance and feelings of inadequacy.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, schema therapy) and social skills training.
Medications:
Antidepressants like SSRIs (e.g., sertraline , fluoxetine ) may help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 2.4% of the general population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Childhood emotional neglect, parental criticism, genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatment can improve functioning and reduce symptoms; without treatment, symptoms may persist into adulthood.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Social isolation, depression, anxiety disorders.
Avoidant-Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Sub-category: Eating Disorders
Symptoms:
limited interest in food; avoidance of foods based on texture or appearance; nutritional deficiencies; weight loss; dependence on nutritional supplements
Root Cause:
Fear of aversive consequences of eating (e.g., choking, vomiting) or lack of interest in food.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation and ruling out other medical causes of restrictive eating.
Treatment:
Behavioral therapy, nutritional counseling, and gradual exposure to diverse foods.
Medications:
No FDA-approved medications; some cases may benefit from appetite stimulants like cyproheptadine or medications targeting anxiety.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect 3.2% of the population, more common in children but can persist into adulthood.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Sensory processing issues, anxiety disorders, history of feeding difficulties.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early intervention, outcomes improve significantly; untreated, nutritional deficiencies and health complications may develop.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Growth delays, nutritional deficiencies, social isolation.
Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Sub-category: Eating Disorders
Symptoms:
frequent episodes of eating large amounts of food in a short time; loss of control during episodes; eating when not physically hungry; eating until uncomfortably full; feelings of guilt or distress after eating
Root Cause:
Dysregulated reward and appetite systems in the brain, often influenced by emotional distress, trauma, or genetics.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interviews based on DSM-5 criteria and patient history; self-report measures like the Binge Eating Scale (BES).
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), structured meal plans, and support groups.
Medications:
Lisdexamfetamine (a stimulant approved for BED), SSRIs like fluoxetine or sertraline , and topiramate (an anticonvulsant).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1.9% of the global population, with higher prevalence among females.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, dieting history, emotional trauma, low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Many individuals improve with treatment; without intervention, BED can lead to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular issues.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, gastrointestinal issues, and depression.
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Sub-category: Personality Disorders
Symptoms:
unstable relationships; intense fear of abandonment; emotional instability; impulsive behaviors; self-harming behaviors; chronic feelings of emptiness; difficulty controlling anger
Root Cause:
Emotional dysregulation due to environmental and genetic factors, often linked to early trauma or neglect.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on DSM-5 criteria, often supplemented by structured interviews like the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines.
Treatment:
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and mindfulness-based approaches.
Medications:
No specific FDA-approved medications; symptom-targeted treatment may include SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine ), mood stabilizers (e.g., lamotrigine ), or antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1.6% of the general population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of BPD, childhood trauma, emotional neglect.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With intensive treatment, symptoms can improve significantly; untreated, chronic emotional and interpersonal difficulties may persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of self-harm, suicide, substance abuse, and unstable relationships.
Bulimia Nervosa
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Sub-category: Eating Disorders
Symptoms:
binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or laxative use; preoccupation with body weight; fear of weight gain; swollen salivary glands; tooth enamel erosion; dehydration
Root Cause:
Dysregulated eating behaviors driven by psychological distress, body dissatisfaction, and societal pressures.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interviews and DSM-5 criteria assessment, including binge-purge cycles and self-perception of body weight.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders), nutritional counseling, and medical monitoring.
Medications:
Fluoxetine (an SSRI) is FDA-approved for bulimia; other SSRIs may be used off-label.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 1% of young women, with higher prevalence in females than males.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Dieting, body dissatisfaction, genetic predisposition, history of trauma or abuse.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, many recover; without intervention, long-term complications can develop.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Electrolyte imbalances, gastrointestinal issues, cardiac arrhythmias, esophageal tears.
Delayed Ejaculation
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
inability to reach orgasm despite adequate sexual stimulation; prolonged sexual activity without ejaculation; reduced sexual satisfaction; emotional distress related to sexual performance
Root Cause:
Dysregulation in the neurochemical pathways involved in orgasm, often influenced by psychological factors (e.g., anxiety, depression) or physical causes (e.g., nerve damage, medication side effects).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interview and sexual history, ruling out medical conditions or medication effects, psychological evaluation, and sometimes blood tests to assess hormone levels.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy), couples counseling, addressing underlying psychological or relationship issues, adjustments to medications causing side effects, and lifestyle changes.
Medications:
Bupropion (a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor) may be prescribed to enhance arousal and orgasm. In cases related to low testosterone , testosterone replacement therapy might be considered.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1-5% of men; less commonly reported than other sexual dysfunctions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Anxiety, depression, relationship conflicts, use of certain antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs), chronic health conditions (e.g., diabetes, multiple sclerosis).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often treatable with a combination of psychotherapy and addressing physical causes; prognosis depends on the underlying etiology.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Strain on intimate relationships, reduced self-esteem, and frustration leading to potential avoidance of sexual activity.
Dysthymic Disorder (Persistent Depressive Disorder)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
chronic low mood; fatigue; poor self-esteem; difficulty concentrating; sleep disturbances; feelings of hopelessness; reduced appetite or overeating
Root Cause:
Chronic dysregulation in serotonin and other neurotransmitters, often combined with genetic predisposition and environmental stressors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on DSM-5 criteria requiring low mood for at least two years in adults, with additional depressive symptoms.
Treatment:
Combination of psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy), antidepressant medications, and lifestyle interventions.
Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine , sertraline ), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine ), or atypical antidepressants like bupropion are commonly prescribed.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1.5-2% of the population; more common in women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of depression, chronic stress, trauma, personality disorders, and comorbid mental health conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, symptoms can improve, but the disorder often requires long-term management. Without treatment, it may lead to major depressive episodes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Impaired relationships, occupational difficulties, increased risk of major depressive disorder and substance abuse.
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
inability to achieve orgasm during sexual activity; reduced sexual satisfaction; distress related to difficulty in achieving orgasm
Root Cause:
Complex interplay of psychological factors (e.g., anxiety, trauma, relationship conflicts) and physiological factors (e.g., hormonal changes, nerve damage).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history focusing on sexual behavior, psychological assessment, and ruling out medical conditions through physical examination and lab tests if necessary.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, sensate focus therapy), education about sexual function, and, if applicable, treatment of medical conditions or medication side effects.
Medications:
Topical estrogen or systemic hormone therapy may help if the condition is related to menopause. Bupropion is sometimes used off-label for sexual dysfunction.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10-15% of women; prevalence increases with age and certain health conditions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Anxiety, depression, relationship issues, hormonal imbalances, certain medications (e.g., SSRIs), and past sexual trauma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatable with appropriate therapy and lifestyle changes; prognosis depends on underlying factors.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Relationship dissatisfaction, reduced self-esteem, and emotional distress.
Gender Dysphoria
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
distress due to incongruence between experienced gender and assigned sex at birth; desire to transition to a different gender; discomfort with one's body; social withdrawal; depression or anxiety
Root Cause:
A mismatch between gender identity and assigned sex at birth, with potential contributions from biological, psychological, and social factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation using DSM-5 criteria, assessing persistent distress and functional impairment related to gender incongruence.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., gender-affirming therapy), social transition support, hormonal treatments (e.g., testosterone or estrogen therapy), and gender-affirming surgery if desired.
Medications:
Hormonal therapies such as estrogen (for feminization) or testosterone (for masculinization) are prescribed as part of gender-affirming care.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect 0.5-1.0% of the population; prevalence varies globally.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic and hormonal influences, social stigma, and lack of acceptance or support.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Improved quality of life with appropriate gender-affirming care; untreated dysphoria is associated with higher rates of depression and suicidality.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Mental health challenges, social rejection, discrimination, and limited access to healthcare.
Hoarding Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Geriatric
Symptoms:
persistent difficulty discarding possessions; cluttered living spaces; distress or impairment in functioning; difficulty organizing items; procrastination
Root Cause:
Dysfunction in decision-making and emotional attachment to possessions, potentially linked to abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortex and insula.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interviews and criteria from the DSM-5, sometimes supplemented by hoarding scales.
Treatment:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy focused on decision-making and organizational skills, home visits to manage clutter, and support groups.
Medications:
SSRIs like Paroxetine or Sertraline may help reduce associated anxiety or depression.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2-6% of the population, with higher rates in older adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, stressful life events, social isolation, and comorbid mental health conditions (e.g., OCD, anxiety).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition, but significant improvements can occur with therapy and sustained support.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Fire hazards, falls, social isolation, eviction, and health issues due to unsanitary conditions.
Huntington Disease Dementia
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Sub-category: Neurocognitive Disorders
Symptoms:
memory loss; difficulty planning or organizing; mood swings; impulsive behavior; movement abnormalities (chorea); depression
Root Cause:
Progressive neurodegeneration caused by a mutation in the HTT gene leading to abnormal accumulation of huntingtin protein.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Genetic testing for the HTT mutation, neuroimaging (e.g., MRI or CT scans), and cognitive assessments.
Treatment:
Supportive care including psychotherapy, occupational therapy, and medications for symptom management. No cure exists.
Medications:
Antipsychotics (e.g., olanzapine ), antidepressants (e.g., sertraline ), and tetrabenazine (for chorea).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 5-10 per 100,000 individuals; inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of Huntington’s disease.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive and fatal; life expectancy is 10-30 years after symptom onset.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe cognitive and motor impairments, aspiration pneumonia, and complete dependence on caregivers.
Menopause and Mood Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
irritability; depression; anxiety; mood swings; fatigue; difficulty concentrating
Root Cause:
Hormonal changes during menopause, particularly fluctuations and declines in estrogen and progesterone levels, influence brain function and mood regulation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation of symptoms, medical history, and ruling out other conditions; sometimes confirmed through hormonal testing.
Treatment:
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy), lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, stress management).
Medications:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sertraline or fluoxetine are often prescribed for mood symptoms. Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen or a combination of estrogen and progesterone can also help stabilize mood. Benzodiazepines may be used cautiously for acute anxiety.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 20%-25% of menopausal individuals experience clinically significant mood symptoms.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of depression or anxiety, stressful life events, lack of social support, and sleep disturbances.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Mood symptoms often improve with effective treatment, and the severity typically decreases over time as hormonal fluctuations stabilize post-menopause.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic depression, anxiety disorders, reduced quality of life, and potential relationship or work-related difficulties.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Personality Disorders
Symptoms:
grandiosity; lack of empathy; need for excessive admiration; sense of entitlement; exploitation of others
Root Cause:
Dysfunctional self-esteem regulation and maladaptive coping mechanisms; potentially influenced by genetics, upbringing, and environmental factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Comprehensive psychological assessment using DSM-5 criteria and structured interviews.
Treatment:
Long-term psychotherapy (e.g., psychodynamic therapy or cognitive-behavioral therapy).
Medications:
Medications are not specifically for the personality disorder but may address co-occurring conditions, such as SSRIs for depression or mood stabilizers for impulsivity.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1%–6% of the general population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Childhood adversity, over-praising or excessive criticism during childhood, and genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Difficult to treat due to limited insight and resistance to therapy, but gradual improvement is possible with consistent treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Difficulty maintaining relationships, work challenges, and comorbid mental health issues like depression or substance abuse.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Anxiety Disorders
Symptoms:
recurrent intrusive thoughts; compulsive behaviors; fear of contamination; excessive doubt and checking; time-consuming rituals
Root Cause:
Dysregulation of serotonin pathways and hyperactivity in brain circuits involved in error detection and response.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation using DSM-5 criteria; often involves structured interviews and standardized assessments like the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale.
Treatment:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with exposure and response prevention (ERP) and pharmacotherapy.
Medications:
SSRIs such as fluoxetine , sertraline , or fluvoxamine are first-line treatments. Clomipramine , a tricyclic antidepressant, may also be used.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1%-2% of the population worldwide.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, stressful life events, or co-occurring mental health conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms can significantly improve with treatment, but full remission is rare; ongoing management is often needed.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Social and occupational impairment, depression, and heightened risk of other anxiety disorders.
Panic Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Anxiety Disorders
Symptoms:
sudden and intense episodes of fear; racing heart; shortness of breath; dizziness; sweating; fear of losing control or dying
Root Cause:
Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system, heightened sensitivity to bodily sensations, and cognitive misinterpretations of threat.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on DSM-5 criteria, including recurrent panic attacks and fear of future attacks or their consequences.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and pharmacotherapy.
Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., sertraline , paroxetine ) or SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine ) are first-line treatments. Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam , clonazepam ) may be used for short-term relief but are not recommended for long-term management.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2%-3% of the population annually, more common in women than men.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, chronic stress, history of trauma, and co-existing anxiety disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; many achieve significant symptom reduction, but some may experience recurrence or require ongoing therapy.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Agoraphobia, avoidance behaviors, depression, and substance use disorders.
Paraphilic Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Sexual Disorders
Symptoms:
intense and persistent sexual urges or behaviors involving atypical objects, activities, or situations; distress or impairment in functioning; possible harm to others
Root Cause:
Dysregulation of sexual arousal pathways, often influenced by early life experiences, conditioning, or biological factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, including history-taking and use of DSM-5 criteria for specific paraphilias.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy), behavior modification, and pharmacotherapy in some cases.
Medications:
Anti-androgens (e.g., medroxyprogesterone acetate) or SSRIs may reduce sexual drive and obsessive thoughts.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Difficult to estimate; varies widely depending on the specific paraphilia.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Childhood trauma, exposure to sexually explicit materials at a young age, or other co-occurring psychiatric conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies by individual and treatment adherence; some may achieve control over behaviors, while others require long-term management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Legal issues, relationship problems, and social isolation.
Personality Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Personality Disorders
Symptoms:
inflexible and maladaptive patterns of thinking; difficulty in relationships; emotional dysregulation; impulsivity; poor self-image
Root Cause:
Combination of genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors influencing personality development.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Comprehensive psychological assessment using DSM-5 criteria and structured interviews.
Treatment:
Long-term psychotherapy, including dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) or schema therapy, and sometimes medications for symptom management.
Medications:
SSRIs or mood stabilizers may help with co-occurring depression, anxiety, or mood swings. Antipsychotics (e.g., risperidone ) may be used for severe emotional dysregulation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10%-15% of the general population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Childhood abuse or neglect, unstable family environment, and genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Improvement is possible with consistent therapy, though some symptoms may persist over time.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Interpersonal conflicts, self-harm, suicidal behavior, and difficulty maintaining employment or relationships.
Phobic Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Anxiety Disorders
Sub-category: Specific or Social Phobia
Symptoms:
intense fear of a specific object or situation; avoidance behavior; panic-like symptoms when exposed to the phobic stimulus
Root Cause:
Dysfunctional fear processing in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, often influenced by genetics and learning.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation using DSM-5 criteria, including persistent fear that is out of proportion to the actual threat.
Treatment:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), particularly exposure therapy.
Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., escitalopram , sertraline ) or benzodiazepines for short-term relief in specific situations. Beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol ) may be used for performance-related anxiety.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 7%-10% of the population annually, depending on the specific phobia.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, traumatic experiences, and temperamental predispositions (e.g., behavioral inhibition).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with therapy, especially with early intervention. Untreated, it can lead to significant impairment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Social isolation, depression, and difficulty maintaining daily activities or relationships.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Symptoms:
intrusive thoughts; flashbacks; avoidance of trauma-related stimuli; hyperarousal; negative changes in cognition and mood; sleep disturbances
Root Cause:
Dysregulation of the stress response system, including hyperactivity in the amygdala, reduced prefrontal cortex regulation, and altered functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation using DSM-5 criteria, including exposure to a traumatic event and presence of specific symptom clusters for at least one month.
Treatment:
Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and pharmacotherapy.
Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., sertraline , paroxetine ) are FDA-approved for PTSD. Prazosin may be used to treat nightmares, and benzodiazepines are generally avoided due to dependency risks.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 3.5% of the U.S. population annually, with higher rates among veterans and trauma survivors.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to severe or prolonged trauma, prior mental health issues, lack of social support, and genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, many individuals experience symptom reduction, though some may have chronic symptoms requiring long-term care.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Depression, substance use disorders, relationship difficulties, and an increased risk of physical health issues such as heart disease.
Premature Ejaculation
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Sexual Disorders
Symptoms:
ejaculation occurring sooner than desired; distress in sexual relationships; lack of control over ejaculation
Root Cause:
Multifactorial causes, including heightened penile sensitivity, psychological factors like anxiety, and neurotransmitter dysregulation.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history and patient self-reports; assessment of the duration of ejaculation and associated distress.
Treatment:
Behavioral therapy, couple’s counseling, and pharmacotherapy.
Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., dapoxetine, sertraline ) delay ejaculation by altering serotonin levels. Topical anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine-prilocaine cream) reduce sensitivity.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated 20%-30% of men experience this condition at some point in their lives.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Anxiety, stress, sexual inexperience, and certain medical conditions (e.g., prostatitis).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; many achieve improved control and satisfaction.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Relationship problems, reduced self-esteem, and avoidance of sexual activity.
Schizoaffective Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
hallucinations; delusions; depressed mood; manic episodes; disorganized thinking; impaired social and occupational functioning
Root Cause:
Combination of mood disorder (bipolar or depressive) and psychotic disorder (similar to schizophrenia); possibly due to genetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on DSM-5 criteria, patient history, and ruling out other medical or psychiatric conditions.
Treatment:
Combination of antipsychotic medications, mood stabilizers, and psychotherapy. Hospitalization may be necessary during acute episodes.
Medications:
Antipsychotics (e.g., risperidone , olanzapine , paliperidone ), mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium , valproate), and antidepressants (if depressive symptoms dominate).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect 0.3% of the general population; more common in females.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, substance abuse, early life trauma, and stress.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies; better than schizophrenia alone but worse than mood disorders alone. Symptoms often managed with consistent treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Suicide risk, social and occupational dysfunction, substance abuse, and long-term disability.
Schizophreniform Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
hallucinations; delusions; disorganized speech; catatonic behavior; negative symptoms (e.g., flat affect, social withdrawal)
Root Cause:
Similar to schizophrenia but with shorter duration and potentially different prognosis; may involve genetic, neurochemical, and environmental factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
DSM-5 criteria require symptoms lasting more than one month but less than six months, with no other medical or psychiatric explanations.
Treatment:
Antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy, and support to address functional impairments.
Medications:
Second-generation antipsychotics (e.g., risperidone , olanzapine , ziprasidone ) are commonly prescribed.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, affecting approximately 0.2% of the population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of psychosis, significant life stressors, or substance use.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Approximately one-third recover completely; others may progress to schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to schizophrenia, social dysfunction, and difficulty in daily functioning.
Screening Tests for Depression
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
persistent sadness; loss of interest in activities; fatigue; difficulty concentrating; changes in appetite or sleep; feelings of worthlessness
Root Cause:
Screening tools like the PHQ-9 or Beck Depression Inventory identify depressive symptoms associated with mood disorders.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Use of standardized questionnaires and clinical interviews by mental health professionals.
Treatment:
Referral for psychotherapy, antidepressant medications, or both based on the severity of symptoms.
Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., sertraline , fluoxetine ), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine , duloxetine ), or atypical antidepressants (e.g., bupropion ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders, affecting 5–10% of adults annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, chronic illness, stress, and substance abuse.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early identification improves outcomes; untreated depression can worsen or become chronic.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Suicide, impaired relationships, decreased productivity, and exacerbation of medical conditions.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
depressed mood; fatigue; loss of interest in activities; hypersomnia; increased appetite; weight gain
Root Cause:
Thought to be related to reduced sunlight exposure, leading to disturbances in circadian rhythms, melatonin production, and serotonin levels.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern, often assessed through clinical interviews and symptom tracking.
Treatment:
Light therapy (10,000 lux light boxes), psychotherapy, and medications.
Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., sertraline , fluoxetine ), bupropion (approved for SAD prevention).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 1–2% of the population in temperate climates; prevalence is higher in regions with less sunlight.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living in higher latitudes, family history of depression or SAD, female gender, and younger age.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms typically improve with seasonal changes or treatment; chronic cases may require ongoing management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to severe depression, social withdrawal, and impaired functioning.
Shared Psychotic Disorder (Folie à Deux)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
shared delusions between closely related individuals; social withdrawal; impaired reality testing
Root Cause:
Occurs when a dominant person with psychosis influences another individual to adopt delusional beliefs, often due to close emotional or physical proximity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical assessment of delusional content, relationship dynamics, and exclusion of other mental health conditions.
Treatment:
Separation of individuals, antipsychotic medications, and psychotherapy for both parties.
Medications:
Antipsychotics like risperidone , olanzapine , or aripiprazole for the primary individual with psychosis.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare; exact prevalence is unknown.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close emotional dependency, isolated living arrangements, and lack of external social connections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Resolution often occurs after separation and treatment; the secondary individual typically recovers faster.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistence of delusions, relationship strain, and potential for harm.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Adult
Symptoms:
confusion; memory impairment; ataxia; ophthalmoplegia; nystagmus; hallucinations
Root Cause:
Caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, often due to chronic alcohol use, malnutrition, or malabsorption.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, history of alcohol use or malnutrition, and response to thiamine supplementation. MRI may show characteristic brain changes.
Treatment:
Immediate thiamine replacement via intravenous or intramuscular administration, followed by oral supplementation. Alcohol cessation and nutritional support are critical.
Medications:
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is the primary treatment; no specific psychiatric medications are typically required unless comorbid conditions exist.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect 1–2% of the general population; prevalence is higher in those with alcohol dependence.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic alcoholism, malnutrition, gastrointestinal surgeries, and prolonged vomiting.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early treatment can prevent progression; untreated cases lead to permanent cognitive deficits or death.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent memory deficits (Korsakoff psychosis), confusion, coma, and death if untreated.
Anorexia Nervosa
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Child
Symptoms:
intense fear of gaining weight; distorted body image; severe calorie restriction; extreme weight loss; amenorrhea (in females); fatigue; dizziness; dry skin; brittle hair and nails
Root Cause:
A psychological disorder marked by an obsessive desire to lose weight, leading to malnutrition and distorted perceptions of body image.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis includes a physical exam, psychological evaluation, and assessment based on DSM-5 criteria for eating disorders. BMI and weight history are often reviewed.
Treatment:
Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach, including psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy), nutritional counseling, family-based therapy, and medical monitoring.
Medications:
Antidepressants like fluoxetine (SSRI class) may be prescribed to address underlying anxiety and depression. Atypical antipsychotics like olanzapine may help with weight gain and cognitive distortions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Anorexia nervosa affects approximately 0.3–1% of adolescents and young adults, with a higher prevalence in females.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of eating disorders, perfectionism, societal pressures, coexisting mental health conditions (anxiety, depression).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis improves with early intervention, though recovery is challenging and relapses are common. Long-term recovery rates range from 50-70%.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe malnutrition, cardiac issues, electrolyte imbalances, osteoporosis, infertility, and increased risk of suicide.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Child
Symptoms:
inattention; hyperactivity; impulsivity; difficulty staying focused; poor time management; interrupting others; restlessness
Root Cause:
A neurodevelopmental disorder involving deficiencies in executive functioning and regulation of attention and impulse control.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical criteria from DSM-5, patient history, behavioral questionnaires, and input from teachers and parents. No specific diagnostic test is available.
Treatment:
A combination of behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, and pharmacological treatment. School-based accommodations may also be helpful.
Medications:
Stimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin ) and amphetamines (Adderall ) are first-line treatments. Non-stimulants like atomoxetine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) or guanfacine (alpha-2 agonist) are alternatives.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 5–7% of children worldwide.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, prenatal exposure to alcohol or tobacco, low birth weight, and environmental factors like lead exposure.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, most individuals improve, though symptoms may persist into adulthood in about 60–70% of cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Academic difficulties, strained relationships, increased risk of substance abuse, and low self-esteem.
Avoidant-Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Child
Symptoms:
avoiding food based on sensory characteristics; limited range of foods eaten; failure to meet nutritional needs; weight loss or failure to gain weight; nutritional deficiencies
Root Cause:
An eating disorder where individuals restrict food intake due to sensory aversions, fear of negative consequences (e.g., choking), or lack of interest in food, without concerns about body weight or shape.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical assessment using DSM-5 criteria, including dietary history and evaluation of growth patterns and nutritional intake.
Treatment:
Behavioral therapy (e.g., exposure therapy), nutritional counseling, and sometimes family-based therapy.
Medications:
No FDA-approved medications for ARFID, but anxiety-reducing medications like sertraline (SSRI) may help with associated anxiety.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect up to 3% of the population, more common in children and adolescents.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Sensory sensitivity, history of anxiety disorders, gastrointestinal conditions, and previous traumatic experiences related to eating.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, many individuals improve, but ongoing support may be required for long-term management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Malnutrition, growth delays, anemia, and reliance on enteral feeding in severe cases.
Pediatric Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Child
Symptoms:
difficulty focusing; excessive activity; impulsive behaviors; academic underperformance; difficulty following instructions
Root Cause:
A neurodevelopmental disorder impacting a child’s ability to regulate attention, activity levels, and impulses due to brain structure and chemical differences.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Behavioral assessments based on DSM-5 criteria, questionnaires for parents and teachers, and evaluation by a pediatrician or psychologist.
Treatment:
Behavioral therapy, parent training, educational accommodations, and medication.
Medications:
Stimulants like methylphenidate (Ritalin ) and amphetamine (Adderall ) are first-line treatments. Non-stimulants such as atomoxetine and guanfacine may also be prescribed.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 5–10% of children worldwide, with symptoms appearing by age 12.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, prenatal substance exposure, low birth weight, and environmental factors.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, many children learn to manage symptoms and improve functioning. Symptoms may persist into adulthood in some cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Academic struggles, low self-esteem, social challenges, and increased risk of substance abuse.
Pediatric Intellectual Disability
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Child
Symptoms:
delayed developmental milestones; difficulty learning and problem-solving; challenges with communication; impaired social and adaptive functioning
Root Cause:
Reduced intellectual functioning and adaptive skills caused by genetic, prenatal, or environmental factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Cognitive and developmental testing, clinical observation, and adaptive behavior assessments. Diagnosis often occurs before age 18.
Treatment:
Early intervention programs, special education services, speech and occupational therapy, and family support.
Medications:
No direct medications for intellectual disability, but comorbid conditions like ADHD or anxiety may be treated with stimulants or SSRIs.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 1-3% of the global population, with varying degrees of severity.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic conditions (e.g., Down syndrome), prenatal exposure to toxins, infections, or birth complications.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on severity and access to support services. Early interventions can significantly improve outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Social isolation, dependence on caregivers, and increased risk of mental health conditions.
Pediatric Social Phobia and Selective Mutism
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Child
Symptoms:
intense fear of social situations; avoidance of speaking in specific settings; difficulty interacting with peers; physical symptoms of anxiety (e.g., trembling, sweating)
Root Cause:
Excessive fear or anxiety about social interactions and speaking, often stemming from underlying social anxiety disorder.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Behavioral observations and clinical interviews using DSM-5 criteria for social anxiety and selective mutism.
Treatment:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy, gradual exposure therapy, and school accommodations.
Medications:
SSRIs like fluoxetine or sertraline may be prescribed to reduce anxiety.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Social phobia affects about 1–3% of children, and selective mutism affects approximately 0.1–0.7%.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, temperament (shyness), overprotective parenting, or traumatic social experiences.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Many children improve with therapy, but untreated cases may persist into adulthood.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Academic difficulties, impaired social development, and increased risk of depression.
Pediatric Tourette Syndrome
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Child
Symptoms:
involuntary tics; motor tics (e.g., blinking, head jerking); vocal tics (e.g., throat clearing, shouting); increased tic severity during stress
Root Cause:
A neurological disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary tics, possibly linked to dopamine regulation in the brain.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical history, observation of tics for at least one year, and ruling out other conditions.
Treatment:
Behavioral therapy (CBIT), psychoeducation, and medication for severe cases.
Medications:
Antipsychotics like risperidone and alpha-adrenergic agonists like clonidine or guanfacine may help manage tics.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 0.3–0.8% of children, more common in boys.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, prenatal complications, and early childhood infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms often improve during adolescence, but some cases persist into adulthood.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Social stigma, learning difficulties, and coexisting conditions like ADHD or OCD.
Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Child
Symptoms:
intense fear of social situations; fear of being judged; avoidance of social interactions; physical symptoms of anxiety (e.g., sweating, shaking)
Root Cause:
Excessive fear of social scrutiny or embarrassment, impacting daily functioning.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interviews and DSM-5 criteria. Severity is assessed through scales like the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN).
Treatment:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure therapy, and psychoeducation.
Medications:
SSRIs like sertraline or fluoxetine are commonly prescribed. Beta-blockers like propranolol may help with performance anxiety.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 7% of children and adolescents.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, childhood bullying, overprotective parenting, or traumatic social experiences.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Many improve with therapy and support, but untreated cases may persist into adulthood.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Avoidance of school or work, difficulty forming relationships, and depression.
Acute Stress Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Emergency
Symptoms:
intrusive memories; dissociation; avoidance of reminders; sleep disturbances; irritability; difficulty concentrating; hypervigilance
Root Cause:
An intense response to a traumatic event, involving excessive activation of the stress response system.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on DSM-5 criteria, including exposure to a traumatic event, presence of specific symptoms, and duration between 3 days and 1 month. Psychological assessments and clinical interviews are often used.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy, especially cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), is the primary treatment. Techniques such as trauma-focused CBT may be used to address symptoms.
Medications:
Medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including sertraline or paroxetine , may be prescribed to manage acute anxiety or depression. Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam ) can be used short-term for severe anxiety but with caution due to the risk of dependency.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in about 13-21% of individuals exposed to trauma, depending on the nature of the event.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of prior trauma, lack of social support, pre-existing mental health disorders, and severity of the traumatic event.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good prognosis with early intervention; most cases resolve within a few weeks. If untreated, may progress to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic PTSD, anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse, and impaired daily functioning.
Adjustment Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Stress-related Disorders
Sub-category: Emotional Disorders
Symptoms:
emotional distress; irritability; anxiety; depression; behavioral changes; difficulty functioning socially or at work
Root Cause:
A maladaptive response to an identifiable stressor, leading to disproportionate emotional or behavioral symptoms.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on DSM-5 criteria, which includes identifying the stressor and symptoms appearing within 3 months of its onset.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (individual or group), with an emphasis on stress management and coping strategies. Family therapy may also be beneficial.
Medications:
Antidepressants like SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine or escitalopram ) for depressive symptoms; anxiolytics like buspirone or short-term benzodiazepines for anxiety.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies widely; estimated at 5-20% in outpatient mental health settings.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of social support, multiple stressors, history of mental health conditions, personality traits like neuroticism.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms typically resolve within 6 months after the stressor is removed or managed; good prognosis with proper treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, or substance use disorders if untreated.
Aggression
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Behavioral Disorders
Symptoms:
verbal hostility; physical violence; irritability; impulsivity; difficulty controlling anger; threatening behavior
Root Cause:
Dysregulation of emotional and cognitive control mechanisms, often influenced by biological, psychological, or social factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Through observation of behavior, psychological evaluation, and ruling out medical conditions (e.g., neurological disorders).
Treatment:
Anger management therapy, CBT, or dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) to address triggers and coping mechanisms. Family therapy may also help.
Medications:
Mood stabilizers like lithium or valproate for impulsivity; antipsychotics like risperidone for severe aggression; SSRIs for underlying depression or anxiety.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Difficult to estimate due to its variability, but significant among individuals with psychiatric conditions like intermittent explosive disorder or personality disorders.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of trauma, substance abuse, underlying psychiatric disorders, genetic predisposition, and environmental stressors.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, individuals can learn to manage aggressive impulses effectively. Without treatment, aggression can lead to legal issues, social isolation, or injury.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Interpersonal conflicts, legal problems, injury to self or others, and worsening of comorbid psychiatric conditions.
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychotic Disorders
Sub-category: Acute Disorders
Symptoms:
hallucinations; delusions; disorganized speech; disorganized behavior
Root Cause:
A sudden onset of psychotic symptoms, often triggered by severe stress, without evidence of underlying chronic psychotic disorders.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on DSM-5 criteria, requiring one or more psychotic symptoms lasting between 1 day and 1 month, with a return to baseline functioning.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy for stress management; supportive therapy during and after the episode. Hospitalization may be required for safety.
Medications:
Antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol , risperidone ) for symptom control; benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam ) for agitation or insomnia.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated prevalence of 0.1-0.2% in the general population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Severe psychological stress, lack of social support, history of trauma, genetic predisposition to psychotic disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with timely treatment; most individuals recover completely. Recurrence is uncommon unless there is an underlying condition.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Development of a chronic psychotic disorder (e.g., schizophrenia) in some cases, or significant distress during episodes.
Delirium, Dementia, and Amnesia in Emergency Medicine
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Emergency
Symptoms:
confusion; disorientation; memory impairment; inattention; altered mental status; hallucinations; agitation; withdrawal
Root Cause:
Acute brain dysfunction often caused by underlying medical issues, such as infections, metabolic imbalances, head trauma, intoxication, or withdrawal.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical assessment including patient history, mental status exams (e.g., CAM for delirium), physical exams, imaging studies (CT or MRI), and lab tests to identify underlying causes.
Treatment:
Identify and treat the underlying cause (e.g., infections, dehydration, hypoxia), supportive care, and symptomatic treatment (e.g., antipsychotics for agitation).
Medications:
Medications include antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol or olanzapine ), benzodiazepines for withdrawal-related causes, and cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia management.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Delirium affects 10-30% of hospitalized patients, particularly in the elderly. Dementia affects 5-8% of individuals over 60 globally.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, pre-existing cognitive impairment, substance use, infections, polypharmacy, hospitalization, or major surgery.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies; delirium is often reversible if the cause is treated, but dementia typically progresses chronically. Amnesia prognosis depends on etiology (e.g., head trauma, substance-related causes).
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Falls, prolonged hospitalization, worsening of underlying conditions, or progression to chronic cognitive impairment.
Delusional Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychiatric Disorders
Sub-category: Psychotic Disorders
Symptoms:
persistent delusions; lack of insight; normal functioning except in delusional areas; irritability; paranoia
Root Cause:
Dysregulation in dopamine pathways and possible environmental stressors or genetic predispositions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed clinically based on the presence of one or more persistent delusions lasting at least one month, without significant hallucinations, disorganized thinking, or impaired functioning outside the scope of the delusion, as per DSM-5 criteria.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medications.
Medications:
Antipsychotics such as risperidone , aripiprazole , or olanzapine . These medications regulate dopamine activity in the brain.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, affecting approximately 0.2% of the population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of psychotic disorders, social isolation, or cultural/environmental factors.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis is variable; some patients maintain normal functioning, while others may have chronic symptoms.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Social isolation, impaired occupational functioning, or potential harm related to delusions.
Depression and Suicide
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychiatric Disorders
Sub-category: Mood Disorders
Symptoms:
persistent sadness; anhedonia (loss of interest); fatigue; changes in appetite or sleep; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; difficulty concentrating; suicidal ideation
Root Cause:
Imbalances in neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine), genetic predisposition, and environmental factors (e.g., trauma, stress).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on DSM-5 criteria, using tools like the PHQ-9 or Beck Depression Inventory for assessment. Suicide risk is assessed via interviews or standardized scales (e.g., Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale).
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy), medications, lifestyle modifications, and crisis intervention for suicide risk.
Medications:
Antidepressants such as SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine , sertraline ), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine ), and atypical antidepressants like bupropion . In severe cases, ketamine or esketamine may be used for rapid symptom relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Major depressive disorder affects approximately 5% of the global population, with suicide being the second leading cause of death in individuals aged 15–29 years.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, history of trauma or abuse, chronic illness, substance abuse, lack of social support, or significant life stressors.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, prognosis is generally favorable; however, recurrent episodes are common. Early intervention improves outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Suicide, self-harm, substance abuse, relationship issues, or occupational impairment.
Emergent Management of Bulimia Nervosa
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Emergency
Sub-category: Eating Disorders
Symptoms:
binge eating; compensatory behaviors (e.g., purging, excessive exercise); electrolyte imbalances; dental erosion; gastrointestinal issues; dehydration; irregular heartbeat
Root Cause:
Psychological and biological factors leading to cycles of bingeing and compensatory behaviors, often linked to body image issues.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical assessment per DSM-5 criteria, including recurrent binge-eating episodes and inappropriate compensatory behaviors, occurring at least once a week for three months. Physical exam and lab tests to assess for complications.
Treatment:
Stabilize acute complications (e.g., electrolyte imbalances, dehydration). Long-term treatment includes psychotherapy (CBT or DBT), nutritional rehabilitation, and medications.
Medications:
Fluoxetine (SSRI) is FDA-approved for bulimia. Medications address underlying depression, anxiety, and impulsivity.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1–2% of women and 0.5% of men worldwide.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Adolescence, perfectionism, cultural pressure to be thin, history of trauma or dieting, and co-existing mental health disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Full recovery is possible with comprehensive treatment, but relapses are common without ongoing support.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Electrolyte disturbances, cardiac arrhythmias, esophageal rupture, or chronic gastrointestinal issues.
Emergent Treatment of Schizophrenia
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Emergency
Sub-category: Psychotic Disorders
Symptoms:
delusions; hallucinations; disorganized speech; catatonia; agitation; withdrawal; impaired reality testing
Root Cause:
Dysregulation of dopamine and glutamate neurotransmitter systems, often with a genetic predisposition and environmental stressors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical assessment of psychotic symptoms persisting for six months or longer, ruling out medical or substance-induced causes. Imaging and labs may be used to rule out organic causes.
Treatment:
Acute stabilization in a safe environment, antipsychotic medication, and addressing underlying medical conditions.
Medications:
Second-generation antipsychotics (e.g., risperidone , olanzapine , aripiprazole ) or first-generation antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol ) are commonly used. Adjunct benzodiazepines may be used for agitation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, prenatal exposure to infections or malnutrition, substance abuse (e.g., cannabis use), and urban living.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies; with treatment, symptoms can be managed, but many patients experience chronic relapses and functional impairment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Homelessness, substance abuse, suicide risk, or comorbid conditions like depression or anxiety.
Ganser Syndrome
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychiatric Disorders
Sub-category: Dissociative Disorders
Symptoms:
approximate answers; confusion; amnesia; hallucinations; dissociation
Root Cause:
Rare dissociative disorder often linked to extreme stress, trauma, or underlying psychiatric illness.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation and exclusion of organic causes. It is often identified by characteristic symptoms like nonsensical or approximate answers.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., trauma-focused therapy) and supportive care. Treat any underlying psychiatric or medical condition.
Medications:
No specific medications; treatment focuses on managing symptoms with antidepressants or antipsychotics as needed.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare, with most cases reported in individuals under extreme stress or in forensic settings.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Severe stress, trauma, personality disorders, or legal pressure.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms often resolve with appropriate psychological support and stress relief.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Misdiagnosis, prolonged distress, or functional impairment.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Toxicity
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Emergency
Sub-category: Medication Toxicity
Symptoms:
agitation; confusion; tremors; hyperreflexia; tachycardia; sweating; nausea; diarrhea; seizures; hyperthermia
Root Cause:
Excessive serotonin activity in the central nervous system due to overdose or interaction with other serotonergic drugs.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical diagnosis based on history of SSRI use and presentation of symptoms consistent with serotonin syndrome. Rule out other causes like infection or withdrawal.
Treatment:
Discontinuation of the SSRI, supportive care (hydration, cooling measures for hyperthermia), benzodiazepines for agitation, and administration of cyproheptadine (a serotonin antagonist) in severe cases.
Medications:
Cyproheptadine (antihistamine with serotonin antagonist properties), benzodiazepines for sedation, and IV fluids for stabilization.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Incidence is relatively rare but can occur in up to 15% of SSRI overdoses.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Polypharmacy involving serotonergic drugs, overdose, or genetic susceptibility to altered serotonin metabolism.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good if treated promptly; untreated severe cases can lead to life-threatening complications like seizures or organ failure.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Seizures, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, and cardiovascular collapse in severe cases.
Suicide
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Emergency
Sub-category: Crisis Intervention
Symptoms:
suicidal ideation; withdrawal from social connections; mood instability; giving away possessions; self-harm behaviors
Root Cause:
A complex interplay of mental illness (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, psychosis), environmental stressors, and personal risk factors like hopelessness.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation of suicidal ideation, intent, and planning, often using risk assessment tools (e.g., Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale).
Treatment:
Immediate safety measures (e.g., hospitalization if high risk), psychotherapy (e.g., DBT or CBT), medications for underlying mental health conditions, and support systems.
Medications:
Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs like sertraline or fluoxetine ), mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium ), or antipsychotics (e.g., olanzapine ) depending on underlying conditions.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Globally, suicide accounts for over 700,000 deaths annually, making it a significant public health concern.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Mental illness, substance abuse, history of trauma, social isolation, chronic pain, or significant life stressors.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Dependent on timely intervention and support; individuals with ongoing treatment and a strong support system have improved outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Death, severe physical injury from failed attempts, chronic mental health deterioration, or relational disruption.
Alzheimer Disease
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Geriatric
Symptoms:
memory loss; difficulty in planning and problem-solving; confusion about time and place; difficulty completing familiar tasks; changes in mood and personality; misplacing things; withdrawal from social activities
Root Cause:
Accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain, leading to neurodegeneration and loss of synaptic connections.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, cognitive and memory tests (e.g., MMSE), imaging studies (MRI, CT), biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid, and PET scans.
Treatment:
Symptomatic treatments focus on managing cognitive symptoms and supporting daily functioning. Non-drug therapies include cognitive rehabilitation and caregiver support.
Medications:
Donepezil (cholinesterase inhibitor), Rivastigmine (cholinesterase inhibitor), Memantine (NMDA receptor antagonist), Aducanumab (amyloid beta-directed antibody).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 6 million people in the U.S.; the prevalence increases with age, particularly after 65.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, family history, genetic mutations (e.g., APOE-e4), cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and head trauma.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive and incurable; average life expectancy post-diagnosis is 4-8 years, although some may live up to 20 years.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Infections (e.g., pneumonia), malnutrition, falls, wandering, and caregiver burden.
Alzheimer Disease in Down Syndrome
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Geriatric
Symptoms:
early-onset memory loss; difficulty in daily functioning; behavioral changes; confusion; seizures in later stages
Root Cause:
Overexpression of amyloid precursor protein due to the extra copy of chromosome 21, leading to accelerated accumulation of amyloid plaques.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Cognitive evaluations tailored for intellectual disability, neuroimaging (MRI, PET scans), and medical history.
Treatment:
Same as Alzheimer Disease; additional focus on managing the unique needs of individuals with Down Syndrome.
Medications:
Donepezil and Memantine are commonly prescribed but may require dosage adjustments.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 50% of individuals with Down Syndrome by age 60.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition due to trisomy 21, increasing age.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally worse than typical Alzheimer's due to earlier onset and associated health conditions.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Faster disease progression, epilepsy, and earlier functional decline.
Geriatric Sleep Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Geriatric
Symptoms:
difficulty falling asleep; frequent nighttime awakenings; daytime fatigue; irritability; memory problems; increased risk of depression
Root Cause:
Age-related changes in sleep architecture, chronic health conditions, medications, or psychological factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Sleep history, polysomnography (sleep study), actigraphy, and evaluation for underlying medical or psychological conditions.
Treatment:
Behavioral interventions like cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), sleep hygiene education, and treatment of underlying conditions.
Medications:
Short-term use of sedative-hypnotics (e.g., Zolpidem , Eszopiclone ), melatonin agonists (e.g., Ramelteon ), or low-dose antidepressants (e.g., Trazodone ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 30-50% of older adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, comorbid conditions (e.g., arthritis, diabetes), psychological stress, medications, and inactivity.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; improving sleep hygiene and addressing underlying causes can significantly improve outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of falls, cognitive decline, depression, and cardiovascular issues.
Vascular Dementia
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Geriatric
Symptoms:
memory loss; confusion; difficulty concentrating; mood changes; slowed thinking; difficulty with planning and organization
Root Cause:
Reduced blood flow to the brain due to stroke, small vessel disease, or other vascular conditions leading to brain damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Neuropsychological testing, brain imaging (MRI, CT), medical history, and assessment of vascular risk factors.
Treatment:
Managing vascular risk factors (e.g., blood pressure, cholesterol), cognitive rehabilitation, and supportive therapies.
Medications:
Antihypertensives (e.g., ACE inhibitors), antiplatelet drugs (e.g., Aspirin ), and sometimes cholinesterase inhibitors or Memantine for cognitive symptoms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Second most common type of dementia, accounting for 10-20% of dementia cases.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, atrial fibrillation, and history of stroke or heart disease.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive condition; life expectancy varies based on severity and comorbid conditions.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent strokes, increased disability, and caregiver burden.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
excessive preoccupation with perceived physical flaws; frequent mirror checking; camouflaging body parts; social withdrawal; feelings of shame or embarrassment; repetitive behaviors (e.g., grooming, seeking reassurance)
Root Cause:
Dysfunction in brain regions related to body image perception (e.g., frontal-striatal circuits) and maladaptive thinking patterns leading to distorted self-image.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interviews assessing distress and functional impairment due to body image concerns (using tools like the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire or DSM-5 criteria).
Treatment:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) focusing on body image distortion and compulsive behaviors; exposure therapy.
Medications:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as fluoxetine or sertraline , can help reduce obsessive thoughts and anxiety.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1.7–2.4% of the population, with similar prevalence in males and females.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of obsessive-compulsive disorder or anxiety, childhood trauma, cultural emphasis on physical appearance.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With early intervention, symptoms can be significantly reduced, though relapse is common without ongoing therapy or medication.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Social isolation, depression, suicidal ideation, unnecessary cosmetic surgeries, or treatments.
Brachioradial Pruritus
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Neurological-Related
Sub-category: Sensory Disorders
Symptoms:
intense itching on the outer forearm; worsening with sun exposure or heat; burning or tingling sensations in the affected area
Root Cause:
Compression or irritation of cervical nerve roots (e.g., C5-C6), often linked to degenerative spinal changes or sun exposure.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, MRI or CT scans of the cervical spine to identify nerve compression, and ruling out dermatological causes.
Treatment:
Avoidance of sun exposure, physical therapy, topical capsaicin or cooling agents, and nerve modulation techniques.
Medications:
Gabapentin or pregabalin (anticonvulsants used for nerve pain); topical anesthetics like lidocaine .
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare condition; precise prevalence unknown but more common in middle-aged adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of spinal arthritis, herniated discs, or prolonged sun exposure.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be chronic but manageable with lifestyle changes and appropriate treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent itching may lead to skin excoriations or secondary infections.
Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder (BRSD)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Sleep-Related Disorders
Sub-category: Respiratory Disorders
Symptoms:
loud snoring; gasping or choking during sleep; daytime fatigue; morning headaches; difficulty concentrating
Root Cause:
Obstruction of upper airways (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea) or reduced respiratory drive (e.g., central sleep apnea).
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Sleep studies (polysomnography), evaluating oxygen levels, breathing patterns, and sleep stages.
Treatment:
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machines, lifestyle changes (weight loss), and positional therapy.
Medications:
Modafinil or armodafinil (stimulants to reduce daytime fatigue); acetazolamide for central sleep apnea.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 3–7% of adult males and 2–5% of adult females; prevalence increases with age and obesity.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, large neck circumference, male gender, alcohol consumption, and family history of sleep disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatable, though untreated cases increase the risk of cardiovascular complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and cognitive impairments.
Conversion Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
weakness or paralysis; abnormal movements (tremors, gait abnormalities); speech issues (slurred or loss of speech); non-epileptic seizures; loss of sensation; vision problems (double vision, blindness); difficulty swallowing; pain with no physical cause
Root Cause:
Psychological distress manifests as physical symptoms without an organic medical cause. It is thought to be the result of trauma, stress, or unconscious conflict.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, ruling out neurological or medical conditions through imaging (MRI, CT scans) and laboratory tests, and consideration of psychological factors.
Treatment:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychoeducation, physical therapy, and stress management techniques.
Medications:
Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs like fluoxetine or sertraline ) to address associated depression or anxiety, anxiolytics for severe anxiety, and in some cases, off-label use of antipsychotics for associated psychiatric symptoms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively rare, with an estimated prevalence of 2-5 per 100,000 individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of trauma or abuse, high levels of stress, comorbid psychiatric disorders (anxiety, depression), and low socioeconomic status.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies by case; symptoms may resolve with appropriate treatment, but recurrence is possible. Early intervention improves outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic disability, emotional distress, impaired social and occupational functioning, and risk of unnecessary medical interventions.
Delusions of Parasitosis
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
persistent belief of being infested with parasites; itching or crawling sensations on the skin; skin damage from scratching or picking; carrying 'evidence' of infestation (e.g., debris, skin flakes)
Root Cause:
A psychiatric disorder where the individual has a false, fixed belief of being infested, often stemming from underlying psychosis, severe anxiety, or depression.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Detailed history and examination, psychiatric evaluation, ruling out medical causes of skin sensations, and sometimes dermatological consultation.
Treatment:
Antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy (CBT). Building therapeutic rapport is crucial.
Medications:
Second-generation antipsychotics such as risperidone or olanzapine are often used. These are dopamine receptor antagonists effective for psychotic symptoms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, though exact prevalence is not well-documented. More common in older adults and individuals with other psychiatric conditions.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Loneliness, substance abuse, prior skin conditions, and family history of psychosis.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms often improve with treatment, though adherence to therapy may be challenging. Without treatment, the condition can become chronic.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Social isolation, secondary skin infections, scarring, and risk of harm from self-treatments.
Dermatitis Artefacta
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
self-inflicted skin lesions (cuts, burns, abrasions); unusual patterns of injury; lesions that do not match known dermatological conditions; frequent doctor visits for skin issues
Root Cause:
Intentional self-infliction of skin damage to gain attention or as an expression of psychological distress, often associated with factitious disorders.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination reveals inconsistent patterns of lesions; history of frequent medical visits and psychological evaluation confirming intentional self-harm.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy, particularly CBT, to address underlying psychological issues. Supportive dermatological care for wound healing.
Medications:
Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs) for underlying depression or anxiety, and anxiolytics if stress-related factors are prominent.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; more common in women and individuals with a history of psychiatric disorders.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of trauma, abuse, or neglect, comorbid psychiatric disorders, and need for attention or care.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatment adherence is challenging, and relapses are common. Long-term psychotherapy is often needed for sustained improvement.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic skin infections, scarring, emotional distress, and impaired interpersonal relationships.
Dissociative Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
memory loss (amnesia); feelings of detachment from self (depersonalization); sense of unreality about surroundings (derealization); identity confusion or fragmentation (e.g., dissociative identity disorder)
Root Cause:
Disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception due to psychological trauma or stress.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Psychiatric evaluation, ruling out medical causes (e.g., epilepsy, head injury), and clinical observation of symptoms.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (trauma-focused therapy, CBT, or EMDR for trauma), and sometimes family therapy or group therapy.
Medications:
Antidepressants (e.g., sertraline , fluoxetine ) for comorbid depression or anxiety; antipsychotics for severe dissociation symptoms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated 1-2% of the population; more common in individuals with a history of trauma or abuse.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Childhood trauma, PTSD, severe stress, or genetic predisposition.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Long-term therapy can lead to significant improvements, but recovery is gradual. Severe cases may require prolonged treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Impaired functioning in personal and professional life, substance abuse, and chronic psychiatric comorbidities.
Excoriation Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
compulsive skin picking; visible skin lesions; frequent attempts to stop picking; distress or impairment in daily functioning
Root Cause:
Compulsive behavior linked to anxiety, stress, or obsessive-compulsive tendencies.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed clinically based on recurrent skin picking causing lesions, repeated attempts to stop, and significant distress or impairment, as outlined in the DSM-5 criteria.
Treatment:
CBT, habit reversal training, and mindfulness-based therapies.
Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine , sertraline ) to manage underlying anxiety or OCD-like symptoms. Occasionally, antipsychotics or glutamatergic agents are used.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1-5% of the population, more common in females.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Anxiety, OCD, family history of similar conditions, and dermatological issues.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With consistent treatment, symptoms can be managed effectively. However, relapses are common during periods of stress.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Scarring, infections, emotional distress, and reduced quality of life.
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another (Munchausen by Proxy)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
caregiver fabricates or induces illness in a dependent (child, elder); frequent hospitalizations; discrepancies between reported symptoms and clinical findings
Root Cause:
Psychological need to gain attention or sympathy by causing harm to another person under their care.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Investigation of medical history inconsistencies, observation of caregiver-dependent interactions, and psychiatric evaluation.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy for the caregiver; protective measures to safeguard the victim.
Medications:
No direct medications; focus is on therapy. Antidepressants or antipsychotics may be prescribed for underlying psychiatric conditions in the caregiver.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare but serious; exact prevalence is difficult to determine due to underreporting.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of trauma or abuse, psychiatric disorders, and desire for attention.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Challenging due to denial of the problem by the perpetrator. Victim outcomes improve with early intervention.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe harm or death of the victim, legal consequences, and long-term psychological effects on all parties involved.
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen's Syndrome)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
deliberately fabricating or exaggerating symptoms; frequent hospital visits; eagerness for medical procedures; inconsistent medical history; self-inflicted injuries or manipulation of diagnostic tests (e.g., contaminating samples)
Root Cause:
A psychological need to assume the "sick role" for attention, sympathy, or internal emotional relief without external incentives.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Identification of inconsistencies in medical history, observation of self-inflicted symptoms, and psychiatric evaluation.
Treatment:
Psychotherapy (CBT and psychodynamic therapy), building a therapeutic relationship, and addressing comorbid psychiatric conditions.
Medications:
Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs) or antipsychotics for comorbid psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, or psychosis.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare; exact prevalence unknown, though it occurs more commonly in women and individuals with healthcare knowledge.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Childhood trauma, neglect, personality disorders (e.g., borderline personality disorder), and history of prolonged illness or medical experiences.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Challenging due to the denial of the problem and reluctance to engage in therapy. Long-term outcomes depend on treatment adherence.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Unnecessary medical interventions, infections, scarring, and significant healthcare costs.
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
preoccupation with having a serious illness despite minimal or no symptoms; frequent self-checks for signs of illness; excessive health-related internet searches; frequent doctor visits or avoiding doctors altogether; anxiety disproportionate to the actual health condition
Root Cause:
Excessive fear or belief of having a serious illness, often rooted in heightened anxiety and misinterpretation of normal bodily sensations.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on DSM-5 criteria, ruling out medical conditions through thorough evaluation, and observation of excessive health-related behaviors.
Treatment:
CBT to address cognitive distortions, mindfulness-based therapies, and psychoeducation.
Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine , sertraline ) or SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine ) for underlying anxiety. Anxiolytics may be used short-term.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated prevalence of 1-10% in the general population, with equal distribution between genders.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of anxiety or hypochondria, history of significant illness, high stress, and exposure to serious illnesses in close others.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper treatment, symptoms can improve significantly, though relapses may occur during periods of high stress.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Impaired daily functioning, unnecessary medical procedures, and chronic anxiety or depression.
Malingering
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
exaggerated or fabricated physical or psychological symptoms; avoidance of responsibilities; inconsistencies in reported symptoms; symptoms worsen under observation; evasive behavior when questioned about symptoms
Root Cause:
Intentional fabrication of symptoms for external gain, such as avoiding work, military service, or legal consequences.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical assessment with careful history-taking, observation of inconsistencies in reported symptoms, psychological tests, and collaboration with multidisciplinary teams.
Treatment:
Addressing underlying motivations through psychotherapy; no specific medical treatment since it is a behavioral issue.
Medications:
Not applicable.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare but can be seen in various contexts such as litigation or disability claims.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Situational stressors, access to medical knowledge, and potential for external rewards.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; depends on identification and resolution of underlying motivations.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Misuse of medical resources, strained relationships with healthcare providers, and potential worsening of actual medical conditions if present.
Notalgia Paresthetica
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Neurological Disorders
Symptoms:
itching or burning sensation in the mid-back; tingling or numbness; hyperpigmentation due to chronic scratching
Root Cause:
Nerve entrapment or irritation of the dorsal rami of spinal nerves, often linked to degenerative spinal changes.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, physical examination, and sometimes imaging studies like MRI to rule out spinal pathology.
Treatment:
Topical treatments (e.g., capsaicin, corticosteroids), physical therapy, and addressing underlying spinal issues if present.
Medications:
Topical capsaicin (nerve desensitization), gabapentin or pregabalin (neuropathic pain), and sometimes local anesthetics like lidocaine .
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Unknown but believed to be underdiagnosed.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age-related spinal changes, poor posture, and repetitive strain on the upper back.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms can be controlled with treatment, but chronic cases may persist without addressing the underlying cause.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic discomfort, skin changes, and reduced quality of life due to persistent symptoms.
Postconcussive Syndrome
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Symptoms:
headaches; dizziness; memory problems; concentration difficulties; mood swings; fatigue; sleep disturbances
Root Cause:
Persistent neurological and psychological effects following a concussion, involving complex interactions between physical brain injury and psychological factors.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on symptom history and exclusion of other conditions; neuropsychological testing if cognitive issues are prominent.
Treatment:
Multidisciplinary approach including cognitive therapy, physical therapy, and symptomatic treatment for headaches, sleep disturbances, and mood symptoms.
Medications:
Analgesics for headaches, antidepressants (SSRIs or SNRIs) for mood symptoms, and sedative-hypnotics for sleep issues if required.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in approximately 10–20% of individuals following a concussion.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of prior concussions, pre-existing mental health conditions, and high levels of stress or anxiety.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases resolve within weeks to months, but a minority may experience prolonged symptoms.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, depression, anxiety, and reduced functional capacity in work or daily activities.
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
severe mood swings; irritability; depression; anxiety; difficulty concentrating; sleep disturbances; fatigue; physical symptoms like bloating and breast tenderness
Root Cause:
An abnormal response to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, potentially linked to serotonin sensitivity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on a detailed history of symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and disappearing with menstruation, confirmed by daily symptom tracking for at least two cycles.
Treatment:
Lifestyle changes, psychotherapy (such as CBT), and medication.
Medications:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, such as fluoxetine or sertraline ) are commonly prescribed to alleviate mood symptoms. Hormonal therapies like oral contraceptives (specifically those containing drospirenone ) can help regulate hormonal fluctuations.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 3-8% of menstruating women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of depression or anxiety, family history of mood disorders, and high stress levels.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, symptoms can be effectively managed, improving quality of life.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of major depressive disorder, interpersonal conflicts, and reduced occupational or social functioning.
Primary Hypersomnia
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Sleep-Wake Disorders
Symptoms:
excessive daytime sleepiness; prolonged nighttime sleep; difficulty waking up; foggy or irritable mood after waking; low energy; cognitive impairment
Root Cause:
Dysregulation in the brain’s sleep-wake cycle, potentially involving GABA system overactivity or other neurological dysfunctions.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Sleep studies (polysomnography and Multiple Sleep Latency Test), clinical evaluation, and exclusion of other causes like sleep apnea or narcolepsy.
Treatment:
Behavioral therapy, maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, and medication.
Medications:
Stimulants like modafinil or armodafinil are prescribed to promote wakefulness. Sodium oxybate may also be used for severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects less than 1% of the general population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, head trauma, and prior viral infections.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms are chronic but manageable with treatment.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Impaired work or school performance, social difficulties, and increased risk of accidents due to sleepiness.
Sleepwalking
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Sleep-Wake Disorders
Sub-category: Parasomnias
Symptoms:
walking or performing other complex behaviors while asleep; confusion upon awakening; difficulty recalling the event
Root Cause:
Partial arousal from non-REM sleep leading to mixed sleep and wake states.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on a clinical history, eyewitness accounts, and sometimes polysomnography.
Treatment:
Safety measures, stress management, and in severe cases, medication or psychotherapy.
Medications:
Benzodiazepines (e.g., clonazepam ) or low-dose antidepressants (e.g., trazodone ) may be prescribed to reduce episodes.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 4% of adults and up to 17% of children.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Sleep deprivation, stress, alcohol use, and family history of sleepwalking.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Usually resolves in childhood; adults may need ongoing management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Injury during episodes, disturbed sleep for household members, and social embarrassment.
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Psychosomatic
Symptoms:
excessive worry about physical symptoms; chronic pain; fatigue; shortness of breath; gastrointestinal complaints
Root Cause:
Maladaptive thought processes and emotional responses to bodily sensations.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interviews, ruling out medical conditions, and identifying disproportionate anxiety about symptoms.
Treatment:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and medication for comorbid conditions.
Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine ) or SNRIs (e.g., duloxetine ) to manage associated anxiety or depression.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 5-7% of the general population.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Childhood trauma, chronic illness, or a family history of similar disorders.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic but can improve with psychotherapy and consistent care.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Frequent medical visits, unnecessary procedures, and functional impairment.
Tardive Dystonia
Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology
Category: Neurological Movement Disorders
Symptoms:
sustained or intermittent muscle contractions; abnormal postures; tremors; spasms
Root Cause:
Long-term use of dopamine receptor-blocking agents (antipsychotics) leading to altered basal ganglia function.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical history and examination, focusing on medication use and ruling out other causes of dystonia.
Treatment:
Discontinuing or switching offending medications, use of muscle relaxants, or botulinum toxin injections.
Medications:
Anticholinergics (e.g., trihexyphenidyl ), GABA agonists (e.g., clonazepam ), or VMAT2 inhibitors (e.g., tetrabenazine ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 1-4% of individuals on long-term antipsychotics.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged antipsychotic use, older age, and female gender.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms may persist even after discontinuation of the causative medication; treatment focuses on symptom management.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent motor impairment, social stigma, and reduced quality of life.