Condition Lookup

Organophosphate and carbamate insecticide poisoning

Specialty: Toxicology

Symptoms:
nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; salivation; lacrimation (tearing); urination; muscle twitching; confusion; seizures; respiratory distress; bradycardia; miosis (pupil constriction)

Root Cause:
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme, leading to an accumulation of acetylcholine at synapses and overstimulation of the nervous system.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history of exposure, symptoms presentation, blood cholinesterase levels (low levels indicate poisoning).

Treatment:
Decontamination (removal of contaminated clothing, washing skin), administration of atropine (to counteract muscarinic effects) and pralidoxime (to reactivate acetylcholinesterase), supportive care (oxygen, fluids).

Medications:
Atropine (anticholinergic agent), pralidoxime (cholinesterase reactivator), benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam or lorazepam ) for seizures.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in agricultural regions where these insecticides are widely used; estimated to cause hundreds of thousands of poisonings annually worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Occupational exposure (farmers, pesticide applicators), improper storage or handling, intentional ingestion (suicide attempt).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable with prompt treatment; delayed treatment can lead to severe complications or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, prolonged muscle weakness (intermediate syndrome), long-term neurological dysfunction.

Cyanide poisoning

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
headache; confusion; seizures; shortness of breath; cardiac arrhythmias; cherry-red skin coloration (rare); metabolic acidosis; coma

Root Cause:
Inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase in the mitochondria, leading to cellular hypoxia and metabolic failure despite adequate oxygenation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history of exposure, symptoms presentation, blood cyanide levels, and arterial blood gases (showing metabolic acidosis).

Treatment:
Administration of hydroxocobalamin (binds cyanide to form cyanocobalamin), sodium thiosulfate (enhances cyanide detoxification), and supportive care (oxygen therapy).

Medications:
Hydroxocobalamin (cyanide antidote), sodium thiosulfate (sulfur donor for detoxification), amyl nitrite or sodium nitrite (optional, promotes methemoglobin formation).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in industrialized countries but associated with fires, industrial exposure, and intentional poisoning.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoke inhalation from fires, occupational exposure (e.g., mining, metal plating), ingestion of cyanide-containing compounds.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with rapid intervention; delay in treatment can result in death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Neurological damage, cardiopulmonary arrest, lactic acidosis.

Methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
nausea; vomiting; abdominal pain; blurred vision; seizures; altered mental status; metabolic acidosis; renal failure

Root Cause:
Toxic metabolites (formic acid from methanol, oxalate crystals from ethylene glycol) cause metabolic acidosis and organ damage (e.g., optic nerve in methanol poisoning, kidneys in ethylene glycol poisoning).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, elevated anion gap metabolic acidosis, osmolar gap, specific blood levels of methanol or ethylene glycol.

Treatment:
Administration of fomepizole or ethanol (inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase), bicarbonate therapy for acidosis, hemodialysis for severe cases, folinic acid or pyridoxine (cofactors to detoxify metabolites).

Medications:
Fomepizole (alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor), ethanol (alternative alcohol dehydrogenase substrate), bicarbonate (neutralizes acidosis), folinic acid (enhances formic acid detoxification in methanol poisoning).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sporadic cases, commonly associated with accidental ingestion or intentional poisoning.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Ingestion of antifreeze, windshield washer fluid, or contaminated alcohol.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early treatment; delays can lead to permanent blindness or renal damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Blindness (methanol), renal failure (ethylene glycol), metabolic acidosis, multi-organ failure.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
headache; dizziness; nausea; vomiting; confusion; chest pain; shortness of breath; loss of consciousness; seizures; coma

Root Cause:
Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin with greater affinity than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin, which reduces oxygen delivery to tissues and causes cellular hypoxia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, carboxyhemoglobin levels via blood gas analysis, pulse CO-oximetry (if available).

Treatment:
Removal from exposure source, administration of 100% oxygen, hyperbaric oxygen therapy in severe cases.

Medications:
No specific medications; 100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the treatment of choice.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, particularly in poorly ventilated areas with gas heaters, car exhaust, or during fire incidents.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Indoor use of gas appliances, fires, motor vehicle exhaust, faulty heating systems.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with early treatment; delayed treatment can result in neurological sequelae or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hypoxic brain injury, delayed neuropsychiatric syndrome (DNS), arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia.

Hydrofluoric acid toxicity

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
severe pain at the exposure site; redness or whitish discoloration of the skin; swelling; nausea; vomiting; cardiac arrhythmias; hypocalcemia; muscle spasms; weakness

Root Cause:
Hydrofluoric acid penetrates tissues deeply, dissociating into hydrogen and fluoride ions. The fluoride ions bind calcium and magnesium, disrupting cellular function and leading to systemic toxicity.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history of exposure, symptoms presentation, serum calcium, magnesium, and potassium levels, ECG (to detect arrhythmias).

Treatment:
Immediate washing of the skin with water, application of calcium gluconate gel to neutralize fluoride ions, intravenous calcium gluconate for systemic toxicity, supportive care.

Medications:
Calcium gluconate (topical and intravenous), magnesium supplements, pain relievers (e.g., opioids for severe pain).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, typically associated with industrial settings or accidental exposure.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Industrial exposure (e.g., glass etching, rust removal, cleaning agents), inadequate safety measures.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment; severe exposure can result in systemic toxicity or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, cardiac arrhythmias, tissue necrosis, systemic toxicity.

Chlorine gas exposure

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
coughing; shortness of breath; chest tightness; burning sensation in the throat and eyes; wheezing; nausea; vomiting; pulmonary edema

Root Cause:
Chlorine gas reacts with water in the respiratory tract to form hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid, causing irritation and damage to respiratory tissues.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history of exposure, symptoms presentation, chest X-ray or CT scan to assess lung damage.

Treatment:
Removal from exposure, supportive care with oxygen therapy, bronchodilators for wheezing, corticosteroids for severe inflammation.

Medications:
Bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ), corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ), oxygen therapy.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sporadic cases, often associated with industrial accidents or improper mixing of cleaning agents.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Industrial exposure, household accidents, swimming pool maintenance (chlorine release).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early treatment; severe exposure can lead to chronic respiratory issues.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS), chronic bronchitis, pulmonary edema.

Ammonia exposure

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
burning sensation in the nose and throat; coughing; shortness of breath; chest pain; wheezing; eye irritation; skin burns

Root Cause:
Ammonia is a caustic substance that causes chemical burns to mucous membranes and tissues upon contact.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history of exposure, symptoms presentation, examination of affected tissues, arterial blood gases for respiratory compromise.

Treatment:
Removal from exposure, irrigation of affected skin or eyes with water, oxygen therapy for respiratory distress, supportive care.

Medications:
No specific antidote; symptomatic treatment includes bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ) and corticosteroids for severe airway inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sporadic cases, often in industrial settings or household cleaning accidents.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Industrial accidents, improper handling of ammonia-containing products, inadequate ventilation during cleaning.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment; severe exposure can lead to permanent respiratory damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chemical burns, reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS), pulmonary edema.

Cocaine overdose

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
chest pain; rapid heart rate; high blood pressure; agitation; seizures; hyperthermia; confusion; respiratory depression

Root Cause:
Excessive stimulation of the central nervous system and cardiovascular system due to toxic levels of cocaine, leading to dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin overload.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on symptoms, history of cocaine use, and toxicology screening (urine or blood tests).

Treatment:
Supportive care, sedation with benzodiazepines, cooling for hyperthermia, intravenous fluids, and treatment of cardiovascular complications.

Medications:
Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam or diazepam ) for agitation and seizures; antihypertensives like labetalol for severe hypertension; sodium bicarbonate for arrhythmias due to cocaine-induced acidosis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Cocaine-related overdoses account for thousands of emergency visits annually, with increasing trends in recent years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-dose cocaine use, concurrent use of other stimulants or alcohol, preexisting heart disease, and lack of access to timely medical care.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good if treated promptly, though delayed treatment or severe complications (e.g., cardiac arrest or stroke) can lead to long-term damage or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Stroke, myocardial infarction, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, and sudden death.

Methamphetamine toxicity

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
agitation; paranoia; tachycardia; hypertension; hyperthermia; seizures; hallucinations; chest pain

Root Cause:
Overstimulation of the central nervous system and cardiovascular system due to increased release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation and history of methamphetamine use; confirmed by urine or blood toxicology testing.

Treatment:
Supportive care, cooling measures for hyperthermia, sedation with benzodiazepines, intravenous fluids, and treatment for cardiovascular and neurological complications.

Medications:
Benzodiazepines (e.g., midazolam or lorazepam ) for agitation and seizures; antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol ) for psychosis if benzodiazepines are insufficient; antihypertensives like nitroprusside or labetalol for severe hypertension.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Methamphetamine use is rising globally, contributing significantly to emergency room visits and overdose deaths.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-dose use, mixing with other drugs, preexisting heart or psychiatric conditions, and chronic methamphetamine abuse.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With prompt treatment, outcomes are often favorable, but long-term neurological or cardiovascular damage is possible.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Stroke, myocardial infarction, rhabdomyolysis, kidney failure, and persistent psychosis.

MDMA (ecstasy) toxicity

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
hyperthermia; tachycardia; hypertension; jaw clenching; agitation; confusion; seizures; low sodium levels (hyponatremia)

Root Cause:
Excessive serotonin release, leading to serotonin syndrome and severe dehydration or hyponatremia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, history of MDMA use, and toxicology tests.

Treatment:
Cooling for hyperthermia, benzodiazepines for agitation or seizures, intravenous fluids for dehydration, and management of serotonin syndrome.

Medications:
Benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam ) for agitation and seizures; cyproheptadine for serotonin syndrome in severe cases; intravenous saline for correcting hyponatremia.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
MDMA-related toxicity is common among recreational users, particularly at music festivals or clubs.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High doses, mixing MDMA with other substances, prolonged dancing or lack of hydration, and underlying health conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable with prompt treatment; delayed care can lead to life-threatening complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Serotonin syndrome, severe dehydration, rhabdomyolysis, liver or kidney failure, and death.

Synthetic cannabinoids toxicity

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
confusion; anxiety; paranoia; seizures; hypertension; nausea; vomiting; chest pain

Root Cause:
Overactivation of cannabinoid receptors by synthetic chemicals, leading to unpredictable and exaggerated physiological and psychological effects.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
History of synthetic cannabinoid use, clinical symptoms, and toxicology testing (though specific detection is often limited).

Treatment:
Supportive care, benzodiazepines for agitation or seizures, antiemetics for nausea, and cardiovascular monitoring.

Medications:
Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam ) for agitation and seizures; antiemetics like ondansetron for nausea and vomiting.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Increasingly reported due to the availability of synthetic cannabinoids as a legal alternative to cannabis in some regions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Use of synthetic cannabinoids, mixing with other substances, and lack of knowledge about the specific chemical consumed.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases resolve with supportive care, but severe toxicity can lead to life-threatening complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Acute kidney injury, seizures, psychosis, and cardiac arrhythmias.

LSD and hallucinogen-related toxicity

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
hallucinations; anxiety; paranoia; tachycardia; hypertension; dilated pupils; nausea; psychosis

Root Cause:
Overactivation of serotonin receptors in the brain, leading to altered perception, mood, and cognition.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation and history of hallucinogen use; toxicology testing may help exclude other substances.

Treatment:
Supportive care, benzodiazepines for agitation or psychosis, and observation in a calm environment.

Medications:
Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam ) for severe agitation or psychosis; antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol ) if benzodiazepines are insufficient.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Hallucinogen use is less common than other recreational drugs but can lead to significant toxicity in high doses.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-dose use, preexisting mental health disorders, and polydrug use.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable with supportive care, but psychological complications may persist.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Persistent psychosis, hallucination-persisting perception disorder (HPPD), and traumatic injuries during hallucinations.

Synthetic opioids and novel psychoactive substances toxicity

Specialty: Toxicology

Category: Acute Poisoning

Sub-category: Chemical Poisoning

Symptoms:
respiratory depression; unconsciousness; pinpoint pupils; low blood pressure; bradycardia; cyanosis; seizures

Root Cause:
Potent opioid receptor activation, leading to severe respiratory and central nervous system depression.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, history of drug use, and toxicology screening.

Treatment:
Administration of naloxone (opioid antagonist), respiratory support, and intensive monitoring.

Medications:
Naloxone (opioid antagonist) to reverse respiratory depression; intravenous fluids for hypotension.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Synthetic opioid overdoses, particularly fentanyl, are a leading cause of drug-related deaths worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Use of high-potency opioids, lack of knowledge about drug potency, and mixing with other depressants.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt naloxone administration, though delays can result in fatal outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anoxic brain injury, cardiac arrest, and death.