Comprehensive Symptom Navigator

Depression

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Adult

Symptoms:
persistent sadness; loss of interest in activities; fatigue; sleep disturbances; changes in appetite or weight; difficulty concentrating; feelings of worthlessness; suicidal thoughts

Root Cause:
Imbalance in brain neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine), genetic predisposition, and environmental triggers (e.g., trauma, stress).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation using criteria from the DSM-5, standardized depression scales, and assessment of duration/severity of symptoms.

Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy), lifestyle modifications, medications, and in severe cases, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

Medications:
Antidepressants such as SSRIs (e.g., sertraline , fluoxetine ), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine , duloxetine ), tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline ), or atypical antidepressants (e.g., bupropion ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects over 280 million people worldwide; more common in women than men.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, stressful life events, chronic illness, substance use disorders, and hormonal changes (e.g., postpartum depression).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Varies; with proper treatment, many individuals experience significant improvement. Recurrence is common without long-term management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of suicide, substance abuse, poor physical health, and impaired relationships or job performance.

Anxiety Disorders

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Adult

Symptoms:
excessive worry; restlessness; fatigue; difficulty concentrating; irritability; muscle tension; sleep disturbances

Root Cause:
Overactivation of the brain's fear and stress response systems, often influenced by genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation through interviews and questionnaires like the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7).

Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), lifestyle modifications (e.g., mindfulness, exercise), and medications.

Medications:
Antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (e.g., sertraline , escitalopram ) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., venlafaxine ). Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam , clonazepam ) may be used short-term for severe symptoms.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 18.1% of adults in the U.S. are affected annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, childhood adversity, chronic stress, comorbid mental health conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, most individuals experience significant symptom improvement; untreated, symptoms may persist and worsen over time.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of depression, substance use disorders, and chronic physical health problems such as cardiovascular disease.

Insomnia

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Psychosomatic

Symptoms:
difficulty falling asleep; difficulty staying asleep; waking up too early; non-restorative sleep; daytime fatigue; irritability; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Hyperarousal of the central nervous system due to stress, anxiety, depression, or disrupted circadian rhythm.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation through patient history, sleep diaries, and questionnaires like the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI); sometimes polysomnography if a sleep disorder is suspected.

Treatment:
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), relaxation techniques, sleep hygiene improvements, and, when necessary, medication.

Medications:
Medications prescribed may include sedative-hypnotics (e.g., zolpidem , eszopiclone ), melatonin receptor agonists (e.g., ramelteon ), or orexin receptor antagonists (e.g., suvorexant ). Antidepressants such as trazodone may also be used in cases involving comorbid depression or anxiety.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 10–30% of adults globally, with chronic insomnia affecting around 10%.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic stress, mental health disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression), poor sleep hygiene, irregular work schedules, and medical conditions such as chronic pain or gastrointestinal disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly treatable with behavioral interventions and/or medication; however, chronic insomnia can persist if underlying causes are not addressed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of mental health disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety), cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and reduced quality of life.

Stress-Related Disorders

Specialty: Internal Medicine

Category: Neurological and Mental Health Conditions

Symptoms:
emotional distress; sleep disturbances; physical symptoms (e.g., headaches, muscle tension); irritability; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Prolonged activation of the stress response system leading to physical and emotional symptoms.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history, ruling out other medical conditions.

Treatment:
Stress management techniques, therapy, medications for symptom relief.

Medications:
Anxiolytics (e.g., buspirone ), antidepressants (e.g., sertraline ), beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol for physical symptoms).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common; varies by individual susceptibility and environmental factors.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic stressors, poor coping mechanisms, history of trauma.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; symptoms resolve when stress is managed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Depression, anxiety, cardiovascular disease.

Sleep Apnea

Specialty: Internal Medicine

Category: Miscellaneous

Symptoms:
loud snoring; episodes of stopped breathing during sleep; gasping or choking upon waking; daytime fatigue; morning headaches; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Repeated obstruction of the airway during sleep (obstructive sleep apnea) or failure of the brain to signal breathing muscles (central sleep apnea).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Sleep study (polysomnography), home sleep apnea tests for simpler cases.

Treatment:
Weight management, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, oral appliances, surgery in severe cases.

Medications:
No primary medication; stimulants (e.g., modafinil ) may be prescribed for residual daytime sleepiness in treated patients.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 9–38% of adults; more common in men and individuals with obesity.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, large neck circumference, alcohol use, smoking, family history.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; untreated cases lead to significant health risks.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, daytime accidents due to fatigue.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Growth and Development Disorders

Sub-category: Behavioral Disorders

Symptoms:
inattention; impulsivity; hyperactivity; difficulty concentrating; trouble organizing tasks; forgetfulness

Root Cause:
Neurodevelopmental disorder caused by differences in brain structure and function, often involving dysregulation of dopamine pathways.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on DSM-5 criteria, behavioral rating scales, and reports from parents, teachers, and caregivers.

Treatment:
Behavioral therapy, parent training programs, classroom interventions, and medications when needed.

Medications:
Stimulant medications (e.g., methylphenidate , amphetamines) and non-stimulants (e.g., atomoxetine , guanfacine , clonidine ). Stimulants are the most commonly prescribed and are classified as central nervous system (CNS) stimulants.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect 5-10% of children globally.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of ADHD, low birth weight, prenatal exposure to tobacco, alcohol, or drugs, and adverse early life experiences.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms often improve with age, but many individuals continue to experience challenges into adulthood. With treatment, most children can function well in school and daily life.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Poor academic performance, low self-esteem, increased risk of substance abuse, and difficulties in relationships.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Psychiatric and Behavioral Conditions

Sub-category: Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Symptoms:
excessive worry about various aspects of life; difficulty controlling worry; restlessness; fatigue; difficulty concentrating; irritability; muscle tension; sleep disturbances

Root Cause:
Overactivity in brain circuits responsible for fear and worry, influenced by genetic predisposition, environmental stressors, and chemical imbalances.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interview and observation based on DSM-5 criteria; questionnaires like the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7).

Treatment:
Psychotherapy (especially cognitive-behavioral therapy), relaxation techniques, medications, and lifestyle adjustments such as regular physical activity.

Medications:
SSRIs like fluoxetine or escitalopram and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like duloxetine . Benzodiazepines may be used short-term for acute anxiety episodes but are not recommended for long-term use in children.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 0.9%-1.9% of children and adolescents worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of anxiety or depression, exposure to stressful events, temperament (e.g., behavioral inhibition), and overprotective parenting.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, symptoms can be managed effectively, though GAD often requires ongoing monitoring and intervention due to its chronic nature.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Academic or social difficulties, depression, sleep disorders, and physical health problems like chronic headaches or stomachaches.

Concussion and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Trauma and Injuries

Sub-category: Blunt Trauma

Symptoms:
headache; confusion; dizziness; nausea; vomiting; temporary loss of consciousness; difficulty concentrating; memory problems; sleep disturbances; mood changes

Root Cause:
Disruption in normal brain function due to a direct blow, jolt, or penetrating injury to the head causing mechanical damage to brain tissue.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), neurological exam, imaging studies (CT scan or MRI).

Treatment:
Rest, symptom management, physical and cognitive rehabilitation, and monitoring for complications.

Medications:
Pain relievers (acetaminophen ), anti-nausea medications, and sometimes anticonvulsants (e.g., phenytoin ) or diuretics (e.g., mannitol ) to reduce intracranial pressure.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Millions of cases worldwide annually, with mild TBI (concussion) being the most common.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Sports injuries, motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most mild TBIs resolve with proper care; severe TBIs may result in lasting neurological deficits or disability.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Post-concussion syndrome, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), seizures, and long-term cognitive or psychological impairments.

Noise-Induced Tinnitus

Specialty: Ear

Category: Tinnitus (Ringing in the Ears)

Sub-category: Subjective Tinnitus (Perceived Only by the Patient)

Symptoms:
ringing, buzzing, or humming in the ears; difficulty concentrating; sleep disturbances; irritability

Root Cause:
Damage to the hair cells in the cochlea caused by exposure to loud sounds, leading to aberrant neural signals in the auditory pathway.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed based on history and audiometry.

Treatment:
Treated with hearing protection, sound therapy, and counseling.

Medications:
Antianxiety medications such as alprazolam (benzodiazepine) may be prescribed to reduce stress and improve tolerance. Antidepressants like amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant) can help manage associated anxiety or depression. Ginkgo biloba (herbal supplement) is sometimes used for its potential benefits in improving circulation, although evidence is mixed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10–15% of the population; noise-induced cases are common among individuals exposed to occupational or recreational loud sounds.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic exposure to loud sounds, occupational noise (construction, music industry), use of personal audio devices at high volumes, lack of hearing protection.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms can be managed effectively for most patients, but the condition is often chronic. Early intervention with hearing protection can prevent progression.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic tinnitus can lead to sleep disturbances, emotional distress, anxiety, depression, and reduced quality of life.

Central Sleep Apnea (CSA)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Sleep-Related Respiratory Disorders

Symptoms:
interrupted breathing during sleep; frequent awakenings; excessive daytime sleepiness; morning headaches; difficulty concentrating; irritability; dry mouth upon waking

Root Cause:
Reduced or absent respiratory drive from the brainstem, leading to insufficient breathing effort during sleep.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Polysomnography (sleep study) to detect absence of airflow without respiratory effort and evaluation of patient history and symptoms.

Treatment:
Addressing underlying conditions (e.g., heart failure, opioid use), supplemental oxygen, adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV), and CPAP in select cases.

Medications:
For CSA due to opioid use, reducing or discontinuing opioids may help. Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) may be prescribed to stimulate breathing in certain cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Less common than OSA; prevalence varies but can occur in up to 5% of patients undergoing polysomnography for sleep complaints.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Heart failure, stroke, opioid use, high-altitude exposure, and certain neurological conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Depends on the underlying cause; treating the root condition often improves CSA. Persistent CSA may lead to worsened cardiovascular outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Heart arrhythmias, worsened heart failure, hypoxemia, and impaired quality of life.

Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Sleep-Related Respiratory Disorders

Sub-category: Hypoventilation Syndromes

Symptoms:
daytime sleepiness; fatigue; shortness of breath; headaches (especially in the morning); difficulty concentrating; loud snoring; interrupted sleep

Root Cause:
Impaired breathing due to excess weight causing mechanical and metabolic effects that disrupt normal respiratory function, leading to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and reduced oxygen (O2) levels.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, arterial blood gas analysis to detect hypercapnia, overnight polysomnography to assess sleep-disordered breathing, and ruling out other causes of hypoventilation (e.g., lung disease).

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on weight loss through lifestyle changes, bariatric surgery if indicated, and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (e.g., CPAP or BiPAP) during sleep to improve breathing.

Medications:
Medications such as acetazolamide (a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) may be used to stimulate breathing and reduce CO2 levels in select cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
OHS affects approximately 0.15–0.3% of the general population and 10–20% of individuals with severe obesity.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Severe obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m²), sleep apnea, male gender, advancing age, and underlying respiratory disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, symptoms and quality of life can improve significantly. However, untreated OHS can lead to severe complications and increased mortality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary hypertension, right-sided heart failure (cor pulmonale), systemic hypertension, and increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Liver Disorders

Sub-category: Neurological Manifestations of Liver Disease

Symptoms:
confusion; difficulty concentrating; personality changes; disorientation; sleep disturbances; tremors (asterixis); slurred speech; lethargy; in severe cases, coma

Root Cause:
Build-up of toxins like ammonia in the bloodstream due to the liver's inability to properly detoxify them, often secondary to liver dysfunction or portal-systemic shunting.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical assessment, blood tests (elevated ammonia levels), liver function tests, and imaging studies to rule out other causes of altered mental status.

Treatment:
Reducing ammonia production and absorption using dietary protein restriction, lactulose (to acidify the colon and reduce ammonia absorption), and antibiotics like rifaximin (to reduce ammonia-producing gut bacteria).

Medications:
Lactulose (a non-absorbable sugar that traps ammonia in the colon), rifaximin (a gut-specific antibiotic), and sometimes neomycin or metronidazole (alternative antibiotics for reducing ammonia production).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common among individuals with advanced liver disease, with approximately 30-45% of cirrhotic patients developing some form of hepatic encephalopathy.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced liver disease, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, gastrointestinal bleeding, infections, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and high-protein diets.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Reversible with treatment in early stages, but recurrent episodes are common unless the underlying liver dysfunction is addressed. Severe or untreated cases may lead to permanent brain damage or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent episodes, progressive cognitive impairment, reduced quality of life, coma, and increased mortality.

Post-Traumatic Headache

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Headaches and Pain Syndromes

Symptoms:
headache following a head injury; dizziness; nausea; sensitivity to light and sound; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Result of trauma to the head or neck, leading to nerve irritation, vascular changes, or muscle strain.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Headache onset within 7 days of trauma or regaining consciousness; imaging if symptoms suggest intracranial injury.

Treatment:
Symptomatic management, physical therapy, and psychological support.

Medications:
NSAIDs, triptans, or amitriptyline for chronic cases; muscle relaxants if tension is a factor.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common after concussions or mild traumatic brain injuries, affecting up to 50% of cases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Severity of initial injury, previous headache history, psychological stress.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Often resolves within weeks to months; some cases become chronic.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cognitive difficulties, depression, or chronic pain syndromes.

HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND)

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Infections and Inflammatory Diseases

Symptoms:
cognitive impairment; memory loss; difficulty concentrating; mood changes; motor dysfunction; behavioral changes

Root Cause:
Chronic neuroinflammation and direct effects of HIV infection in the brain leading to neuronal damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, neuropsychological testing, exclusion of other causes (e.g., opportunistic infections, substance use); MRI for structural changes.

Treatment:
Optimized antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control HIV replication and prevent further neurocognitive decline.

Medications:
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) that penetrates the CNS effectively, such as dolutegravir , abacavir , or emtricitabine-tenofovir combinations.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Estimated to affect 25–50% of people living with HIV, with varying severity.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced HIV/AIDS, poor adherence to ART, comorbidities like substance abuse or depression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Mild forms are manageable with ART, but severe forms can lead to significant disability if untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progressive cognitive decline, functional impairment, increased risk of dementia.

Concussion

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries

Symptoms:
headache; confusion; dizziness; nausea; vomiting; blurred vision; sensitivity to light and noise; memory loss; difficulty concentrating; fatigue

Root Cause:
A mild traumatic brain injury caused by a sudden impact or jolt to the head, leading to temporary disruption of brain function.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation (patient history, symptom analysis, and physical examination), neurocognitive testing, imaging tests like CT or MRI (if severe symptoms or risk of complications).

Treatment:
Rest, gradual return to activities, symptom management, cognitive and physical rehabilitation if needed.

Medications:
Pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen for headaches. Prescription medications, such as amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant) or topiramate (antiepileptic), may be used for post-concussion headaches or migraines.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common; estimated 1.6–3.8 million concussions occur annually in the U.S. related to sports and recreational activities.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Participation in contact sports, history of previous concussions, motor vehicle accidents, falls, younger age (children and adolescents).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good, with most people recovering fully within weeks to months; symptoms may persist longer in post-concussion syndrome.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Post-concussion syndrome, second impact syndrome, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), persistent cognitive or emotional problems.

Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries

Symptoms:
loss of consciousness; vegetative state; persistent headaches; memory loss; difficulty concentrating; mood changes; motor and sensory deficits

Root Cause:
Widespread shearing and tearing of axons in the brain due to rapid acceleration or deceleration, typically seen in severe traumatic brain injuries.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed using advanced imaging techniques like MRI (particularly DTI) and clinical evaluation of symptoms.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including maintaining oxygenation, managing intracranial pressure, physical rehabilitation, and occupational therapy.

Medications:
No specific medications to repair axonal injury, but medications like amantadine (for arousal) or methylphenidate (for cognitive function) are used to support recovery. Antiepileptic drugs can prevent seizures.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in severe traumatic brain injuries, particularly in motor vehicle accidents and falls.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-impact trauma, motor vehicle accidents, falls, and sports injuries.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis varies; severe cases may lead to persistent vegetative states or death, while milder cases may have partial recovery with long-term rehabilitation.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic neurological deficits, cognitive and behavioral changes, seizures, and reduced quality of life.

Cognitive Impairments (Mild Cognitive Impairment, MCI)

Specialty: Neurology

Category: Cognitive Disorders

Symptoms:
memory problems; difficulty concentrating; decision-making difficulties; language issues; visuospatial deficits

Root Cause:
Early decline in cognitive function without significant impairment in daily activities; often due to neurodegenerative processes.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Neuropsychological testing, clinical evaluation, brain imaging, and biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease.

Treatment:
Cognitive stimulation therapy, physical exercise, and management of cardiovascular risk factors.

Medications:
Cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil , rivastigmine ) may be prescribed off-label to manage symptoms.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 10-20% of people aged 65 and older.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age, family history of dementia, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and low educational attainment.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
10-15% of cases progress to dementia each year; others remain stable or improve with intervention.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to Alzheimer's disease or other dementias, reduced quality of life, and increased caregiver burden.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Chronic Diseases and Multimorbidity

Sub-category: Respiratory Diseases

Symptoms:
loud snoring; excessive daytime sleepiness; waking up with a dry mouth or sore throat; morning headaches; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Repeated episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, leading to reduced oxygen levels and disrupted sleep.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Polysomnography (sleep study) to monitor breathing patterns and oxygen levels during sleep, home sleep apnea tests.

Treatment:
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, lifestyle changes (weight loss, sleep position), oral appliances, surgery in severe cases.

Medications:
No specific medications for sleep apnea, but sedatives or nasal decongestants may be prescribed in some cases to help with symptoms.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 2-9% of adults, with higher prevalence in older adults and those with obesity.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, age, family history, male gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, nasal congestion.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatable with CPAP therapy, but untreated sleep apnea can lead to serious cardiovascular complications and poor quality of life.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Cardiovascular diseases (e.g., hypertension, heart attack), stroke, daytime fatigue, cognitive impairments, and metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes).

Depression (Late-life depression)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Mental Health Disorders

Sub-category: Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Symptoms:
persistent sadness; loss of interest in daily activities; fatigue; irritability; difficulty concentrating; feelings of worthlessness; sleep disturbances; weight changes; thoughts of death or suicide

Root Cause:
Biochemical changes in the brain, often exacerbated by aging, social isolation, chronic illness, or loss of loved ones.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis through a clinical evaluation including patient history, physical exam, and standardized depression screening tools (e.g., Geriatric Depression Scale).

Treatment:
Psychotherapy (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Interpersonal Therapy), antidepressant medications, social support, exercise, and lifestyle changes.

Medications:
Antidepressants such as SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine , sertraline ), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine ), or tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline ). These medications help correct the chemical imbalances in the brain associated with depression.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10-20% of older adults, though this number may vary depending on the population studied.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age-related changes in brain chemistry, chronic medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease), medication side effects, bereavement, isolation, and a family history of depression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper treatment, symptoms often improve, but relapse is possible, especially if underlying health issues are not addressed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of cognitive decline, disability, suicide, and poorer outcomes in managing other health conditions.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Mental Health Disorders

Sub-category: Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Symptoms:
excessive worry about a variety of topics; restlessness; fatigue; difficulty concentrating; muscle tension; sleep disturbances; irritability

Root Cause:
Dysfunctional regulation of anxiety in the brain, often linked to neurotransmitter imbalances or chronic stress.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interview, patient history, and assessment using standardized anxiety questionnaires (e.g., GAD-7).

Treatment:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), relaxation techniques, lifestyle changes, medication.

Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., sertraline ), SNRIs (e.g., duloxetine ), or benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam ) for short-term relief. These medications help regulate mood and anxiety levels.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Around 4-6% of the general population, with a higher prevalence in older adults due to stressors of aging and chronic illness.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, chronic medical conditions, prolonged stress, previous mental health issues.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatment can significantly reduce symptoms, but GAD may be chronic, requiring ongoing management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Impaired daily functioning, poor quality of life, increased risk for depression, and physical health problems such as cardiovascular issues due to chronic stress.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) from falls

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Falls, Mobility, and Frailty

Sub-category: Falls and Injuries

Symptoms:
headache; dizziness; nausea or vomiting; loss of consciousness; confusion; memory problems; difficulty concentrating; changes in mood or personality

Root Cause:
Injury to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head, often from falls, which may result in contusions, concussions, or more severe brain damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, physical examination, and imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs to detect brain injury.

Treatment:
Treatment varies based on the severity of the injury, ranging from observation and rest to surgical intervention for severe brain injury.

Medications:
Medications for TBI may include pain relievers (acetaminophen or ibuprofen ), anticonvulsants if seizures are present, and antidepressants if mood disorders develop. Antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron ) may be used for nausea.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
TBI is a leading cause of injury-related morbidity in older adults, especially those with balance issues or frailty.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (especially over 65), previous history of TBI, frailty, falls, anticoagulant use, and environmental hazards.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Recovery from TBI can range from full recovery to long-term cognitive and physical impairments, depending on the severity of the injury. Older adults often have a slower recovery process.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Long-term complications can include cognitive impairment, memory loss, post-concussion syndrome, and an increased risk of dementia or other neurological disorders. There may also be an increased risk of recurrent falls.

Whiplash injury

Specialty: Trauma and Injuries

Category: Neck Injuries

Symptoms:
neck pain; stiffness; headaches; dizziness; fatigue; numbness in the arms; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Sudden acceleration-deceleration of the neck, often due to rear-end vehicle collisions, leading to strain on muscles, ligaments, and discs in the neck.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies (X-rays, MRI, or CT scans) to rule out fractures or other structural damage.

Treatment:
Rest, ice or heat therapy, analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen), muscle relaxants (e.g., cyclobenzaprine), physical therapy, and cervical collars in some cases.

Medications:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen , for pain and inflammation; muscle relaxants like methocarbamol for muscle spasms; and analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Whiplash injury is common, with an estimated 2-3 million cases annually in the United States, mostly due to rear-end car collisions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
High-speed collisions, being in a rear-seated position during a crash, older age, and previous neck injuries.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most people recover within a few weeks to months, but some experience chronic pain or long-term neck problems.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic neck pain, headaches, dizziness, and, in some cases, post-concussion syndrome or nerve damage.

Megaloblastic Anemia

Specialty: Hematology

Category: Red Blood Cells and Disorders

Symptoms:
fatigue; pale or yellowish skin; shortness of breath; weakness; irritability; numbness or tingling in hands and feet; difficulty concentrating; glossitis (swollen, red tongue); loss of appetite

Root Cause:
A defect in DNA synthesis caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate, leading to the production of abnormally large and immature red blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests showing macrocytosis (large red blood cells), hypersegmented neutrophils, low vitamin B12 or folate levels, elevated homocysteine, and possibly elevated methylmalonic acid (specific for B12 deficiency). A bone marrow biopsy may confirm megaloblastic changes.

Treatment:
Treatment depends on the underlying deficiency. Supplementation of vitamin B12 (oral or intramuscular injections) or folate, along with dietary modifications to include foods rich in these nutrients.

Medications:
Vitamin B12 supplements (cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin ) — classified as vitamin therapy. Folic acid supplements — also classified as vitamin therapy. Combination therapy with both vitamin B12 and folic acid if the deficiency is unclear.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Varies by region; more common in areas with dietary deficiencies or high rates of malabsorption disorders (e.g., pernicious anemia). Common among older adults and populations with limited access to fortified foods.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
dietary deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate; alcoholism; pregnancy; pernicious anemia; gastrointestinal surgeries (e.g., gastrectomy); malabsorption conditions (e.g., celiac disease, Crohn's disease); medications interfering with vitamin absorption (e.g., methotrexate, metformin, proton pump inhibitors)

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate supplementation and treatment of the underlying cause, symptoms typically resolve, and prognosis is excellent. Untreated cases can lead to irreversible neurological damage in vitamin B12 deficiency.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
irreversible neurological damage; infertility; cardiovascular risks due to elevated homocysteine levels; increased susceptibility to infections; peripheral neuropathy; cognitive decline or memory issues

Bipolar Disorder

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Adult

Sub-category: Mood Disorders

Symptoms:
manic episodes; depressive episodes; mood swings; irritability; elevated self-esteem; decreased need for sleep; racing thoughts; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Dysregulation of brain neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine, serotonin) and structural differences in mood regulation areas of the brain.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical interviews, mood assessments, and DSM-5 criteria evaluation.

Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, psychoeducation) and mood-stabilizing medications.

Medications:
Mood stabilizers like lithium , anticonvulsants like valproate or lamotrigine , atypical antipsychotics like quetiapine or olanzapine , and antidepressants (with caution).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 2.8% of U.S. adults annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, stressful life events, substance abuse, early childhood trauma.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatment can help manage symptoms effectively; untreated, episodes can become more severe and frequent.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of suicide, substance use disorders, and social/occupational impairments.

Nicotine Addiction

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Addiction

Symptoms:
cravings for nicotine; irritability; anxiety; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; increased appetite

Root Cause:
Nicotine activates dopamine release in the brain, leading to dependence and reinforcement of smoking or vaping behaviors.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Behavioral and clinical assessment, including patient-reported symptoms and standardized questionnaires (e.g., Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence).

Treatment:
Behavioral counseling, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and medications to reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.

Medications:
Bupropion (antidepressant) and varenicline (nicotine receptor partial agonist) are commonly used. Nicotine gum, patches, and lozenges are NRT options.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Around 12.5% of adults in the U.S. smoke cigarettes, with declining prevalence due to public health measures.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, early exposure, peer pressure, co-occurring psychiatric conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Success rates for quitting are higher with combined therapy approaches; however, relapse is common without sustained support.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and stroke.

Substance-Induced Mood Disorder

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Addiction

Symptoms:
depressed mood; irritability; euphoria; mania; anxiety; sleep disturbances; fatigue; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Mood disturbances caused by substance use or withdrawal, altering brain chemistry and neurotransmitter systems (e.g., serotonin, dopamine).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Temporal relationship between substance use and mood changes, clinical history, and ruling out primary mood disorders.

Treatment:
Discontinuation of the offending substance, symptomatic treatment for mood symptoms, psychotherapy, and supportive care.

Medications:
Antidepressants (e.g., SSRIs like sertraline for depressive symptoms), mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium or valproate for manic symptoms), and benzodiazepines (short-term for severe agitation or anxiety). Antidepressants regulate serotonin; mood stabilizers balance mood; benzodiazepines act as sedatives.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Prevalence varies depending on the substance; mood disorders are common in 30–50% of individuals with substance use disorders.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic substance use, genetic predisposition to mood disorders, co-occurring mental health conditions, and withdrawal episodes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Mood symptoms generally resolve with sustained abstinence and treatment, but recurrence is likely with relapse.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Suicidal ideation, worsening of substance use, social and occupational dysfunction, and increased risk of developing a primary mood disorder.

Dysthymic Disorder (Persistent Depressive Disorder)

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Adult

Symptoms:
chronic low mood; fatigue; poor self-esteem; difficulty concentrating; sleep disturbances; feelings of hopelessness; reduced appetite or overeating

Root Cause:
Chronic dysregulation in serotonin and other neurotransmitters, often combined with genetic predisposition and environmental stressors.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on DSM-5 criteria requiring low mood for at least two years in adults, with additional depressive symptoms.

Treatment:
Combination of psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy), antidepressant medications, and lifestyle interventions.

Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine , sertraline ), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine ), or atypical antidepressants like bupropion are commonly prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 1.5-2% of the population; more common in women.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of depression, chronic stress, trauma, personality disorders, and comorbid mental health conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, symptoms can improve, but the disorder often requires long-term management. Without treatment, it may lead to major depressive episodes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Impaired relationships, occupational difficulties, increased risk of major depressive disorder and substance abuse.

Menopause and Mood Disorders

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Adult

Symptoms:
irritability; depression; anxiety; mood swings; fatigue; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Hormonal changes during menopause, particularly fluctuations and declines in estrogen and progesterone levels, influence brain function and mood regulation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation of symptoms, medical history, and ruling out other conditions; sometimes confirmed through hormonal testing.

Treatment:
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy), lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, stress management).

Medications:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sertraline or fluoxetine are often prescribed for mood symptoms. Hormone replacement therapy with estrogen or a combination of estrogen and progesterone can also help stabilize mood. Benzodiazepines may be used cautiously for acute anxiety.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 20%-25% of menopausal individuals experience clinically significant mood symptoms.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of depression or anxiety, stressful life events, lack of social support, and sleep disturbances.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Mood symptoms often improve with effective treatment, and the severity typically decreases over time as hormonal fluctuations stabilize post-menopause.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic depression, anxiety disorders, reduced quality of life, and potential relationship or work-related difficulties.

Screening Tests for Depression

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Adult

Symptoms:
persistent sadness; loss of interest in activities; fatigue; difficulty concentrating; changes in appetite or sleep; feelings of worthlessness

Root Cause:
Screening tools like the PHQ-9 or Beck Depression Inventory identify depressive symptoms associated with mood disorders.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Use of standardized questionnaires and clinical interviews by mental health professionals.

Treatment:
Referral for psychotherapy, antidepressant medications, or both based on the severity of symptoms.

Medications:
SSRIs (e.g., sertraline , fluoxetine ), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine , duloxetine ), or atypical antidepressants (e.g., bupropion ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Depression is one of the most common mental health disorders, affecting 5–10% of adults annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, chronic illness, stress, and substance abuse.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early identification improves outcomes; untreated depression can worsen or become chronic.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Suicide, impaired relationships, decreased productivity, and exacerbation of medical conditions.

Acute Stress Disorder

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Emergency

Symptoms:
intrusive memories; dissociation; avoidance of reminders; sleep disturbances; irritability; difficulty concentrating; hypervigilance

Root Cause:
An intense response to a traumatic event, involving excessive activation of the stress response system.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on DSM-5 criteria, including exposure to a traumatic event, presence of specific symptoms, and duration between 3 days and 1 month. Psychological assessments and clinical interviews are often used.

Treatment:
Psychotherapy, especially cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), is the primary treatment. Techniques such as trauma-focused CBT may be used to address symptoms.

Medications:
Medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), including sertraline or paroxetine , may be prescribed to manage acute anxiety or depression. Benzodiazepines (e.g., lorazepam ) can be used short-term for severe anxiety but with caution due to the risk of dependency.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occurs in about 13-21% of individuals exposed to trauma, depending on the nature of the event.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of prior trauma, lack of social support, pre-existing mental health disorders, and severity of the traumatic event.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good prognosis with early intervention; most cases resolve within a few weeks. If untreated, may progress to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic PTSD, anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse, and impaired daily functioning.

Depression and Suicide

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Psychiatric Disorders

Sub-category: Mood Disorders

Symptoms:
persistent sadness; anhedonia (loss of interest); fatigue; changes in appetite or sleep; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; difficulty concentrating; suicidal ideation

Root Cause:
Imbalances in neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine), genetic predisposition, and environmental factors (e.g., trauma, stress).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on DSM-5 criteria, using tools like the PHQ-9 or Beck Depression Inventory for assessment. Suicide risk is assessed via interviews or standardized scales (e.g., Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale).

Treatment:
Psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy), medications, lifestyle modifications, and crisis intervention for suicide risk.

Medications:
Antidepressants such as SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine , sertraline ), SNRIs (e.g., venlafaxine ), and atypical antidepressants like bupropion . In severe cases, ketamine or esketamine may be used for rapid symptom relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Major depressive disorder affects approximately 5% of the global population, with suicide being the second leading cause of death in individuals aged 15–29 years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, history of trauma or abuse, chronic illness, substance abuse, lack of social support, or significant life stressors.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With treatment, prognosis is generally favorable; however, recurrent episodes are common. Early intervention improves outcomes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Suicide, self-harm, substance abuse, relationship issues, or occupational impairment.

Vascular Dementia

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Geriatric

Symptoms:
memory loss; confusion; difficulty concentrating; mood changes; slowed thinking; difficulty with planning and organization

Root Cause:
Reduced blood flow to the brain due to stroke, small vessel disease, or other vascular conditions leading to brain damage.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Neuropsychological testing, brain imaging (MRI, CT), medical history, and assessment of vascular risk factors.

Treatment:
Managing vascular risk factors (e.g., blood pressure, cholesterol), cognitive rehabilitation, and supportive therapies.

Medications:
Antihypertensives (e.g., ACE inhibitors), antiplatelet drugs (e.g., Aspirin ), and sometimes cholinesterase inhibitors or Memantine for cognitive symptoms.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Second most common type of dementia, accounting for 10-20% of dementia cases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, atrial fibrillation, and history of stroke or heart disease.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Progressive condition; life expectancy varies based on severity and comorbid conditions.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Recurrent strokes, increased disability, and caregiver burden.

Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder (BRSD)

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Sleep-Related Disorders

Sub-category: Respiratory Disorders

Symptoms:
loud snoring; gasping or choking during sleep; daytime fatigue; morning headaches; difficulty concentrating

Root Cause:
Obstruction of upper airways (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea) or reduced respiratory drive (e.g., central sleep apnea).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Sleep studies (polysomnography), evaluating oxygen levels, breathing patterns, and sleep stages.

Treatment:
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) machines, lifestyle changes (weight loss), and positional therapy.

Medications:
Modafinil or armodafinil (stimulants to reduce daytime fatigue); acetazolamide for central sleep apnea.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 3–7% of adult males and 2–5% of adult females; prevalence increases with age and obesity.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, large neck circumference, male gender, alcohol consumption, and family history of sleep disorders.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Treatable, though untreated cases increase the risk of cardiovascular complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and cognitive impairments.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

Specialty: Mental Health and Psychology

Category: Psychosomatic

Symptoms:
severe mood swings; irritability; depression; anxiety; difficulty concentrating; sleep disturbances; fatigue; physical symptoms like bloating and breast tenderness

Root Cause:
An abnormal response to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, potentially linked to serotonin sensitivity.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on a detailed history of symptoms occurring in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and disappearing with menstruation, confirmed by daily symptom tracking for at least two cycles.

Treatment:
Lifestyle changes, psychotherapy (such as CBT), and medication.

Medications:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, such as fluoxetine or sertraline ) are commonly prescribed to alleviate mood symptoms. Hormonal therapies like oral contraceptives (specifically those containing drospirenone ) can help regulate hormonal fluctuations.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 3-8% of menstruating women.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
History of depression or anxiety, family history of mood disorders, and high stress levels.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, symptoms can be effectively managed, improving quality of life.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of major depressive disorder, interpersonal conflicts, and reduced occupational or social functioning.

HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: HIV and Neurology

Symptoms:
memory impairment; difficulty concentrating; slowed mental processing; behavioral changes; motor dysfunction

Root Cause:
Direct viral effects, chronic immune activation, and inflammation in the central nervous system due to HIV infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Neuropsychological testing, MRI or CT to rule out other causes, and clinical assessment of cognitive and functional impairment.

Treatment:
Effective ART, cognitive rehabilitation, and management of contributing factors like depression and substance use.

Medications:
Antiretrovirals with good CNS penetration (e.g., efavirenz or dolutegravir ) and adjunctive medications for symptomatic management, such as antidepressants or psychostimulants.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 15%-50% of people living with HIV, depending on disease stage and ART status.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Low CD4 count, high viral load, aging, co-infections, and substance abuse.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Variable; early ART initiation improves outcomes, but cognitive deficits may persist in some cases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Progression to dementia, reduced quality of life, and functional dependency.