Comprehensive Symptom Navigator

Common Cold

Symptoms:
runny nose; sneezing; sore throat; cough; mild fever; fatigue; congestion

Root Cause:
Viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, commonly caused by rhinoviruses.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms; no specific tests are usually required.

Treatment:
Rest, hydration, over-the-counter (OTC) symptom relief medications.

Medications:
Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ), antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine ), pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen or acetaminophen ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common; adults average 2–3 colds per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, colder seasons, weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; most cases resolve within 7–10 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections such as sinusitis or ear infections (rare).

Influenza (Flu)

Specialty: Internal Medicine

Category: Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
fever; chills; muscle aches; cough; congestion; fatigue; sore throat

Root Cause:
Infection by influenza viruses (A, B, or C) affecting the respiratory system.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation; confirmed by rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) or PCR tests.

Treatment:
Supportive care (rest, fluids), antiviral medications for severe cases.

Medications:
Antivirals such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu ), zanamivir (Relenza ), peramivir (Rapivab ). These are neuraminidase inhibitors.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 5–20% of the population annually, depending on the season.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age extremes, chronic illnesses, pregnancy, healthcare workers.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Usually resolves within 1–2 weeks, but complications can occur in vulnerable populations.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, bronchitis, exacerbation of chronic conditions, hospitalization.

Tonsillitis

Specialty: Internal Medicine

Category: Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
sore throat; difficulty swallowing; fever; swollen and red tonsils; white patches on tonsils; bad breath

Root Cause:
Infection and inflammation of the tonsils, typically caused by viruses (e.g., adenovirus) or bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus pyogenes).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Throat examination, rapid strep test, throat culture.

Treatment:
Viral cases

Medications:
Antibiotics such as penicillin or amoxicillin for bacterial cases; OTC pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common in children; less frequent in adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Frequent exposure to infections, close contact with infected individuals, weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; most cases resolve in 7–10 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Peritonsillar abscess, airway obstruction (in severe cases), rheumatic fever (if untreated strep infection).

Laryngitis

Specialty: Internal Medicine

Category: Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
hoarseness; loss of voice; sore throat; dry throat; cough

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the larynx, often due to viral infections, overuse of the voice, or irritants (e.g., smoke).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms; laryngoscopy may be used for chronic or severe cases.

Treatment:
Resting the voice, hydration, treating the underlying cause (e.g., antibiotics for bacterial infection).

Medications:
Antibiotics (if bacterial, though rare), OTC pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen , corticosteroids for severe inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common; acute laryngitis occurs frequently in individuals who use their voice excessively or have respiratory infections.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Overuse of the voice, smoking, GERD, respiratory infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; acute cases typically resolve in a few days to weeks.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic laryngitis, vocal cord damage (rare), persistent hoarseness requiring specialist evaluation.

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs)

Specialty: Internal Medicine

Category: Infectious Diseases

Symptoms:
runny or stuffy nose; sore throat; cough; sneezing; mild fever; fatigue; headache

Root Cause:
Viral infections affecting the nasal passages, sinuses, pharynx, or larynx, commonly caused by rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, or adenoviruses.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical history and symptoms; no specific tests unless bacterial complications are suspected.

Treatment:
Supportive care (rest, hydration, symptomatic relief).

Medications:
OTC decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ), pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen , acetaminophen ), throat lozenges.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common; adults experience 2–4 episodes annually, while children have more frequent infections.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, colder seasons, weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; most cases resolve within 7–10 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Sinusitis, otitis media, secondary bacterial infections.

Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever)

Specialty: Internal Medicine

Category: Infectious Diseases

Symptoms:
fever; sore throat; swollen lymph nodes; fatigue; enlarged spleen; headache; muscle aches

Root Cause:
Infection by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), spread through saliva ("kissing disease").

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical symptoms, blood tests (monospot test, EBV antibodies).

Treatment:
Supportive care (hydration, rest, symptom relief); avoid physical activity to prevent spleen rupture.

Medications:
Pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen , ibuprofen ) for fever and pain.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in adolescents and young adults; about 90% of adults are infected with EBV by adulthood.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, sharing drinks or utensils.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; symptoms resolve in 2–4 weeks, though fatigue may persist.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spleen rupture, secondary infections, prolonged fatigue.

Strep Throat

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Common Pediatric Infections

Symptoms:
sore throat; painful swallowing; fever; swollen tonsils; white patches or streaks on the tonsils; swollen lymph nodes; headache; nausea or vomiting (in children)

Root Cause:
Bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Rapid antigen detection test (RADT); throat culture for confirmation.

Treatment:
Antibiotic therapy to reduce symptoms and prevent complications, along with supportive care for symptom relief.

Medications:
Penicillin or amoxicillin (beta-lactam antibiotics) are the first-line treatments. In penicillin-allergic individuals, macrolides (e.g., azithromycin ) or cephalosporins may be prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in school-aged children; peaks during late fall and early spring.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, crowded environments (e.g., schools), young age (5–15 years).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with prompt treatment; symptoms typically resolve within 3–5 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, peritonsillar abscess, or scarlet fever.

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Viral Infections

Symptoms:
fever; painful sores in the mouth; rash with blisters on the hands, feet, and buttocks; loss of appetite; irritability in infants; sore throat

Root Cause:
Viral infection commonly caused by coxsackievirus A16 or enterovirus 71.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical diagnosis based on characteristic rash and oral ulcers; PCR testing in atypical cases.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration and pain relief.

Medications:
No specific antiviral treatment; symptomatic management with acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever and pain. Topical anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine ) can be used for mouth sores.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in children under 5 years; outbreaks occur worldwide, especially in daycare settings.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, close contact with infected individuals, poor hygiene.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; most children recover fully within 7–10 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare complications include viral meningitis, encephalitis, or dehydration due to difficulty swallowing.

Pharyngeal or Laryngeal Pathology

Specialty: Ear

Category: Ear Pain (Otalgia)

Sub-category: Referred Otalgia (Pain Referred to the Ear)

Symptoms:
sore throat; hoarseness; difficulty swallowing; ear pain; neck pain; swollen lymph nodes; cough

Root Cause:
Infections, tumors, or structural abnormalities in the pharynx or larynx causing referred pain to the ear through shared neural pathways.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, imaging studies (e.g., CT or MRI), laryngoscopy, biopsy (if a tumor is suspected), and throat culture for infections.

Treatment:
Depends on the cause; antibiotics or antivirals for infections, surgical resection for tumors, or speech therapy for vocal strain.

Medications:
Antibiotics like penicillin for bacterial infections; antivirals for viral infections; corticosteroids like prednisone for inflammation; proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like omeprazole for reflux-associated laryngeal issues.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Pharyngeal infections like pharyngitis are very common; laryngeal cancer is less common, with approximately 13,000 cases diagnosed annually in the U.S.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, alcohol use, GERD, vocal strain, and exposure to environmental irritants.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good for infections with appropriate treatment; varies for cancer depending on stage and type but improves with early detection.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic pain, airway obstruction, voice changes, and in severe cases, metastasis of tumors.

Viral Sinusitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; clear nasal discharge; sneezing; headache; mild facial pain or pressure; cough; sore throat

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the sinuses due to a viral infection, often following a cold or upper respiratory viral infection (e.g., rhinovirus, influenza).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically clinical, with a history of a viral upper respiratory infection. Nasal cultures are generally not required unless there is a concern for bacterial superinfection.

Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment includes decongestants, nasal saline irrigation, and pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen). Antibiotics are not used unless bacterial infection is suspected.

Medications:
Symptomatic relief can be achieved with decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ) and pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen ). Nasal saline irrigation may also be used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Viral sinusitis is common, with most individuals experiencing it at least once in their lifetime, especially during cold and flu season.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Upper respiratory viral infections, smoking, allergies, and anatomical nasal blockages.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally resolves on its own within 7-10 days; however, symptoms can linger. Complications are rare unless bacterial sinusitis develops.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can lead to bacterial superinfection, chronic sinusitis, or ear infections.

Laryngitis (acute or chronic)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Throat (Pharyngeal and Laryngeal) Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
hoarseness; loss of voice; sore throat; dry cough; throat irritation; difficulty swallowing

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the larynx, often due to viral or bacterial infections, irritants (like smoking), or overuse of the voice.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical presentation; laryngoscopy may be used for chronic cases to assess vocal cord damage.

Treatment:
Acute laryngitis often resolves with rest, hydration, and avoiding irritants. Chronic cases may require voice therapy, avoiding irritants, and addressing underlying causes (e.g., acid reflux, chronic infections).

Medications:
In acute cases, symptoms can be managed with over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen , ibuprofen ). If bacterial infection is suspected, antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, amoxicillin ) may be prescribed. In chronic cases, corticosteroids may be used for inflammation reduction.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common; acute laryngitis affects approximately 7% of the population annually, while chronic laryngitis is less frequent but can be seen in smokers, singers, and those with GERD.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, excessive alcohol use, viral infections, voice overuse (e.g., singing, shouting), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Acute laryngitis typically resolves within 1-2 weeks with proper care. Chronic laryngitis may persist or worsen if underlying conditions are not addressed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic laryngitis can lead to vocal cord damage, chronic hoarseness, or even voice loss. In rare cases, it may be associated with throat cancer, particularly in smokers.

Pharyngitis (Viral - e.g., Adenovirus, EBV)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Throat (Pharyngeal and Laryngeal) Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
sore throat; fever; fatigue; swollen lymph nodes; headache; cough

Root Cause:
Viral infections, such as adenovirus and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cause inflammation of the pharynx.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and rapid tests for common viral infections (e.g., rapid strep test can help rule out bacterial causes). Throat swabs and blood tests may be used to confirm EBV.

Treatment:
Supportive care such as rest, hydration, pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen), and throat lozenges. EBV infection may require antiviral medications in severe cases.

Medications:
Over-the-counter analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen , ibuprofen ) for pain relief. In severe cases of EBV, antiviral drugs like acyclovir may be prescribed, though they are rarely used unless complications arise.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in children and young adults. EBV is the cause of infectious mononucleosis, which affects approximately 1 in 4 young adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, weakened immune system, age (most common in children and young adults).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good; viral pharyngitis resolves within a week or two. EBV-related mononucleosis can last longer but usually improves with supportive care.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare but can include secondary bacterial infections, such as a streptococcal infection, and complications from EBV, such as splenomegaly or hepatitis.

Pharyngitis (Bacterial - e.g., Streptococcal Pharyngitis)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Throat (Pharyngeal and Laryngeal) Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
sore throat; fever; red and swollen tonsils; white patches on the tonsils; painful swallowing; headache

Root Cause:
Bacterial infection caused by Group A Streptococcus (GAS), leading to inflammation of the throat.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Throat culture or rapid antigen test to identify the presence of Streptococcus bacteria.

Treatment:
Antibiotics (usually penicillin or amoxicillin) to treat the bacterial infection and prevent complications.

Medications:
Antibiotics such as penicillin, amoxicillin , or cephalosporins. Pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen may also be prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Streptococcal pharyngitis is most common in children, especially between the ages of 5-15. It is more common in the winter and early spring months.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, being in crowded environments (e.g., schools), age (children more susceptible), weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with prompt antibiotic treatment. If untreated, it can lead to complications like rheumatic fever or kidney problems.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, glomerulonephritis, or peritonsillar abscess.

Acute Tonsillitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Throat (Pharyngeal and Laryngeal) Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
sore throat; fever; swollen tonsils; difficulty swallowing; bad breath; ear pain

Root Cause:
Acute inflammation of the tonsils, often caused by viral or bacterial infections.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination and throat culture or rapid strep test to confirm if a bacterial infection is present.

Treatment:
Viral tonsillitis is treated with supportive care, while bacterial tonsillitis requires antibiotics (e.g., penicillin).

Medications:
For bacterial cases, antibiotics such as penicillin or amoxicillin are prescribed. Pain relievers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be used for comfort.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in children and young adults; more frequent in colder months.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, age (children are more prone), weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically resolves within a week with treatment. Chronic or recurrent cases may require tonsillectomy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Abscess formation (peritonsillar abscess), difficulty breathing, or spread of the infection to nearby areas.

Benign throat tumors (e.g., vocal cord nodules, papillomas)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Trauma and Injury

Sub-category: Tumors and Growths

Symptoms:
hoarseness or voice changes; throat pain or discomfort; chronic cough; difficulty breathing (in severe cases); sore throat; laryngitis or loss of voice

Root Cause:
Vocal cord nodules are caused by repetitive vocal strain or irritation leading to the formation of small, non-cancerous growths. Papillomas are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, leading to wart-like growths in the throat.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Laryngoscopy (direct visualization of the vocal cords). Microlaryngoscopy (to examine the vocal cords more closely, often under anesthesia). Biopsy (if there’s any suspicion of malignancy)

Treatment:
Voice rest or speech therapy to reduce vocal strain. Surgical removal of nodules or papillomas (using laryngoscopy or microdebriders). Laser surgery for papillomas. For papillomas, possible recurrence and need for multiple surgeries.

Medications:
Steroid inhalers or oral steroids (to reduce inflammation of the vocal cords). These medications are corticosteroids, which reduce swelling and irritation. Antiviral medications may be used in cases of HPV-induced papillomas (e.g., cidofovir , an antiviral agent).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Vocal cord nodules are common, especially in individuals who use their voice extensively (teachers, singers, etc.). Papillomas are less common but are more prevalent in children due to congenital HPV infections.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Vocal abuse (e.g., shouting, speaking for long periods). Smoking and alcohol use. Viral infections, particularly HPV for papillomas. Genetic predisposition (in some cases of recurrent papillomas).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Nodules often resolve with proper voice rest or treatment, though recurrences are possible if vocal strain continues. Papillomas can recur and may require multiple surgeries, but generally do not lead to cancer.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Permanent voice changes or loss of voice (if not treated properly). Breathing difficulties (in severe cases of papillomas or large nodules). Chronic laryngeal inflammation or irritation.

GERD with Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Trauma and Injury

Sub-category: Functional and Neurological Disorders

Symptoms:
heartburn; hoarseness; sore throat; chronic cough; throat clearing; dysphagia (difficulty swallowing); regurgitation of acid into the mouth

Root Cause:
Stomach acid or other digestive enzymes reach the larynx and pharynx, irritating the mucosal lining and causing inflammation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Patient history and symptom review. Laryngoscopy to visualize damage to the throat. 24-hour pH monitoring (for acid levels). Barium swallow or endoscopy for structural abnormalities.

Treatment:
Lifestyle changes (e.g., weight loss, avoiding large meals before bedtime). Medications such as PPIs or H2 blockers. Surgery in severe cases (e.g., Nissen fundoplication).

Medications:
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for acid suppression (e.g., omeprazole , pantoprazole ). H2 blockers (e.g., ranitidine) to reduce stomach acid. Antacids for symptom relief (e.g., calcium carbonate).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Around 20% of adults experience GERD symptoms; LPR is found in 10-50% of GERD patients.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, certain foods (e.g., spicy, fatty, or acidic foods), pregnancy, hiatal hernia.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically manageable with medications and lifestyle changes, but severe or untreated GERD/LPR can lead to esophageal damage.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic laryngitis, esophageal stricture, Barrett's esophagus, aspiration pneumonia, vocal cord damage.

Diphtheria affecting the throat

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Throat (Pharyngeal and Laryngeal) Conditions

Sub-category: Neurological Disorders Affecting the Throat

Symptoms:
sore throat; fever; swollen lymph nodes; difficulty swallowing; pseudomembrane in the throat; difficulty breathing; hoarseness; weakness

Root Cause:
Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which produces a toxin that damages the tissues in the throat, causing a membrane to form, and potentially interfering with airway function.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through clinical examination and confirmed by throat culture, PCR testing for the bacteria, and the presence of the characteristic pseudomembrane.

Treatment:
Antitoxin is administered to neutralize the diphtheria toxin. Antibiotics, such as penicillin or erythromycin, are used to eliminate the bacteria.

Medications:
Antitoxin (passive immunization), Penicillin (first-line antibiotic), Erythromycin (alternative antibiotic). These are classified as immunosuppressive agents (antitoxin) and antibacterial agents (penicillin, erythromycin ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Worldwide, but largely preventable with vaccination. More common in under-vaccinated regions, especially in developing countries.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of vaccination, close contact with infected individuals, travel to endemic regions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With prompt treatment, the prognosis is good. However, untreated diphtheria can be fatal due to airway obstruction or toxin spread to other organs.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Airway obstruction, heart failure (due to myocarditis), kidney failure, nerve damage (e.g., cranial neuropathy), and death if not treated.

Actinomycosis of the pharynx

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Throat (Pharyngeal and Laryngeal) Conditions

Sub-category: Rare Infections

Symptoms:
sore throat; fever; difficulty swallowing; swelling or abscess formation; pus drainage

Root Cause:
Caused by Actinomyces bacteria, often following trauma or surgery to the pharynx, leading to a chronic infection with abscess formation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through cultures, biopsy, or imaging studies that show abscess formation.

Treatment:
Treatment involves long-term antibiotics, typically penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics.

Medications:
Penicillin (a beta-lactam antibiotic) is commonly used for treating actinomycosis. Alternative antibiotics like doxycycline or clindamycin may be prescribed for penicillin-allergic patients.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, but more common in immunocompromised individuals or those with poor oral hygiene.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor oral hygiene, recent dental work or trauma to the mouth or throat, immunocompromised states.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate antibiotic therapy, the prognosis is generally favorable, though chronic or recurrent infections can occur.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can cause chronic abscess formation, tissue scarring, and fistulas if left untreated.

Lemierre’s syndrome

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Throat (Pharyngeal and Laryngeal) Conditions

Sub-category: Rare Infections

Symptoms:
sore throat; fever; neck pain; swelling in the neck; difficulty swallowing; sepsis; embolism in the lungs; pleuritic chest pain

Root Cause:
Caused by an infection with Fusobacterium necrophorum, typically following a throat infection (such as tonsillitis or pharyngitis), which leads to septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and septic embolism.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made based on clinical presentation, blood cultures, imaging (CT scan), and possibly throat culture.

Treatment:
Requires intravenous antibiotics (such as penicillin and metronidazole) and sometimes surgery to drain abscesses or remove infected tissue.

Medications:
Penicillin (a beta-lactam), Metronidazole (an antibiotic with anaerobic coverage), and sometimes Clindamycin (a lincosamide antibiotic) are used to treat the infection.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare but has increased in incidence over the past few decades, primarily in young, otherwise healthy individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Recent history of throat infection (such as tonsillitis or pharyngitis), young age (adolescents and young adults), immunocompromised states.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With prompt treatment, the prognosis can be good, but if untreated, it can lead to significant complications like sepsis or organ failure.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Septic embolism to the lungs (pulmonary embolism), septic shock, deep vein thrombosis, and death if not promptly treated.

Influenza

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
fever; chills; headache; muscle aches; fatigue; sore throat; cough; runny nose

Root Cause:
Influenza is a viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system. The virus causes inflammation of the airways, leading to systemic symptoms.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically clinical, but can be confirmed with rapid antigen tests or PCR.

Treatment:
Antiviral medications such as oseltamivir or zanamivir can reduce symptom duration if taken early. Supportive care includes hydration, rest, and fever management.

Medications:
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu ) and zanamivir (Relenza ) are neuraminidase inhibitors used to treat influenza . These medications shorten the duration of illness if started within 48 hours of symptom onset.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Influenza affects millions worldwide each year, with seasonal outbreaks occurring mostly during fall and winter.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young children, elderly adults, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic health conditions (e.g., asthma, diabetes) are at higher risk.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover within 1-2 weeks, but complications can occur, especially in high-risk populations.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can lead to pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus infections, and worsening of underlying chronic diseases.

COVID-19

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Sub-category: Viral Infections

Symptoms:
fever; dry cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; loss of taste or smell; sore throat; muscle aches; headache; chills; nausea or vomiting; diarrhea

Root Cause:
Caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus. Transmitted through respiratory droplets, aerosols, and contaminated surfaces.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing, rapid antigen tests, and clinical evaluation of symptoms.

Treatment:
Supportive care, antiviral drugs, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy in severe cases.

Medications:
Antiviral drugs such as remdesivir (RNA polymerase inhibitor) and paxlovid (combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir ) may be used. Severe cases may require corticosteroids like dexamethasone or monoclonal antibodies for immunomodulation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects populations globally; widespread outbreaks occurred in 2020-2021 with continued endemic cases.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, obesity, chronic medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease, COPD), immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly variable; mild cases recover in 1-2 weeks, while severe cases can lead to long-term complications or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), blood clots, multi-organ failure, "long COVID" (persistent symptoms).

Tracheobronchitis

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Disorders of the Airway

Symptoms:
cough; fever; sore throat; wheezing; shortness of breath; chest discomfort

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, often due to viral or bacterial infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and confirmed with a chest X-ray or sputum culture if a bacterial infection is suspected.

Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications (e.g., acetaminophen for fever). Antibiotics may be required if a bacterial infection is diagnosed.

Medications:
Antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin or azithromycin ) may be prescribed if bacterial infection is identified. Bronchodilators and corticosteroids may help alleviate symptoms of wheezing and inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in the winter months and in individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic respiratory conditions.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to respiratory infections, smoking, weakened immune system, and pre-existing lung conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically resolves with appropriate treatment, but can take longer in people with underlying lung diseases.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, or exacerbation of pre-existing respiratory conditions.

Chronic Cough

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Other Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
persistent cough lasting more than 8 weeks; dry or productive cough; wheezing; shortness of breath; sore throat; fatigue

Root Cause:
Chronic cough is often a symptom of an underlying condition such as asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), post-nasal drip, or chronic bronchitis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on a thorough medical history, physical examination, and ruling out other conditions with tests like chest X-rays, pulmonary function tests, and possibly endoscopy or pH monitoring for GERD.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, such as managing asthma with inhalers, controlling GERD with antacids or proton pump inhibitors, or using decongestants or antihistamines for post-nasal drip.

Medications:
Medications may include bronchodilators like albuterol (a beta-agonist), inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone ), antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine ), proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole ), or cough suppressants like dextromethorphan (a non-opioid antitussive). These medications fall into categories of bronchodilators, corticosteroids, antihistamines, proton pump inhibitors, and antitussives.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10-20% of the adult population. Chronic cough is a common reason for medical visits.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Smoking, allergies, asthma, exposure to environmental irritants, respiratory infections, GERD.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis depends on the underlying cause; with appropriate treatment, most cases resolve or improve significantly. If the underlying cause is not treated, the cough may persist.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If untreated, chronic cough can lead to sleep disturbances, rib fractures, urinary incontinence, or headaches.

Esophagitis

Specialty: Gastrointestinal

Category: Esophageal Disorders

Sub-category: Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders

Symptoms:
pain or difficulty swallowing; chest pain; heartburn; regurgitation; nausea; vomiting; sore throat

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the esophageal lining caused by acid reflux, infections, medications, or allergies.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Endoscopy with biopsy, barium swallow studies, and laboratory tests for infectious causes.

Treatment:
Addressing the underlying cause, acid suppression therapy, treating infections with appropriate medications, and dietary modifications.

Medications:
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like pantoprazole for acid suppression; antifungals like fluconazole for fungal infections; antivirals like acyclovir for herpes esophagitis; corticosteroids for eosinophilic esophagitis.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common; varies depending on the underlying cause (e.g., GERD-related esophagitis affects millions).

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
GERD, immunosuppression, prolonged medication use, food allergies, and certain infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with appropriate treatment; untreated cases can lead to complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Strictures, ulcers, bleeding, and perforation in severe cases.

Xerostomia (Dry Mouth)

Specialty: Dental and Oral Health

Category: Salivary Gland Disorders

Sub-category: Other Salivary Gland Conditions

Symptoms:
dry or sticky feeling in the mouth; difficulty chewing, swallowing, or speaking; bad breath; sore throat; cracked lips; altered sense of taste; increased risk of dental cavities

Root Cause:
Reduced or absent saliva production caused by salivary gland dysfunction, dehydration, certain medications, or underlying conditions (e.g., diabetes, Sjögren’s syndrome).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, saliva flow measurement, imaging (sialography, ultrasound), and sometimes lab tests to assess underlying conditions.

Treatment:
Address underlying causes, maintain oral hygiene, stimulate saliva production, and use saliva substitutes.

Medications:
Pilocarpine (a cholinergic agonist to stimulate salivary glands), cevimeline (muscarinic agonist). Both medications help to increase saliva production.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, especially in older adults; prevalence varies between 10–30%.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Aging, medication use (antihistamines, antidepressants, diuretics), radiation therapy to the head/neck, autoimmune diseases (e.g., Sjögren's syndrome).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally manageable with proper treatment; chronic dry mouth can increase the risk of dental complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Increased risk of dental caries, gum disease, oral infections (e.g., candidiasis), and difficulty eating or speaking.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Chronic Diseases and Multimorbidity

Sub-category: Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Disorders

Symptoms:
heartburn; regurgitation; chest pain; difficulty swallowing; chronic cough; sore throat; acidic taste in mouth

Root Cause:
A malfunctioning lower esophageal sphincter (LES) allows stomach acid to reflux into the esophagus, causing irritation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical history, symptoms, and may involve tests like endoscopy, 24-hour pH monitoring, or esophageal manometry.

Treatment:
Lifestyle changes (diet modification, weight loss, elevating the head of the bed), proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 blockers, antacids, and sometimes surgery (fundoplication).

Medications:
Proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole ), H2 blockers (e.g., ranitidine), antacids (e.g., calcium carbonate), and prokinetic agents (e.g., metoclopramide ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 20-30% of the adult population in the United States.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Obesity, pregnancy, smoking, alcohol use, hiatal hernia, and certain foods (spicy foods, citrus, etc.).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Chronic condition with a potential for symptom control, though complications like esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus can develop.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Esophagitis, strictures, Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, respiratory problems (e.g., asthma, pneumonia).

Xerostomia (dry mouth)

Specialty: Senior Health and Geriatrics

Category: Sensory Disorders

Sub-category: Oral and Dental Health

Symptoms:
dryness in the mouth; difficulty swallowing; sore throat; cracked lips; difficulty speaking; bad breath; altered taste

Root Cause:
Xerostomia occurs due to a decrease in saliva production, often caused by medications, radiation therapy, dehydration, or autoimmune diseases like Sjögren's syndrome.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
A diagnosis is made through a clinical evaluation, including a physical examination, patient history, and sometimes sialography or salivary flow tests.

Treatment:
Treatment includes salivary substitutes, improving hydration, using medications to stimulate saliva production (e.g., pilocarpine), and managing underlying conditions like autoimmune diseases.

Medications:
Medications prescribed for xerostomia include pilocarpine (classified as a cholinergic agent) and cevimeline (also a cholinergic agent). These drugs stimulate saliva production. Saliva substitutes are also available over-the-counter.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Xerostomia affects 10-30% of the population, with higher prevalence in older adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, certain medications (e.g., antihistamines, antidepressants, diuretics), radiation therapy to the head or neck, and autoimmune diseases like Sjögren's syndrome.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Prognosis can vary; while xerostomia may improve if the underlying cause is treated, it may become a chronic condition if not managed.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Complications include increased risk of dental decay, difficulty speaking and swallowing, oral infections, and discomfort.

Oropharyngeal Cancer

Specialty: Oncology

Category: Solid Tumors

Sub-category: Head and Neck Cancers

Symptoms:
sore throat; difficulty swallowing; ear pain; lump in the neck; unexplained weight loss; voice changes; mouth sores that don’t heal

Root Cause:
Malignant growths in the oropharynx, often associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, imaging (CT/MRI), biopsy, panendoscopy.

Treatment:
Surgery (if localized), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination, especially for HPV-positive cases.

Medications:
Chemotherapy drugs like Cisplatin , 5-FU, and Docetaxel ; immunotherapy agents like Pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1 antibody) may be used in advanced stages.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Increasing incidence, especially in younger populations due to HPV-related cancers.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
HPV infection, tobacco use, alcohol use, poor oral hygiene.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
5-year survival rates vary, with HPV-related cancers having a better prognosis than HPV-negative cancers.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Difficulty swallowing, voice changes, metastasis to distant organs, radiation side effects.

Laryngeal Cancer

Specialty: Oncology

Category: Solid Tumors

Sub-category: Head and Neck Cancers

Symptoms:
hoarseness; sore throat; pain when swallowing; difficulty breathing; persistent cough; lump in the neck

Root Cause:
Malignant tumor in the larynx, often associated with tobacco and alcohol use.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Laryngoscopy, biopsy, imaging (CT/MRI), neck ultrasound.

Treatment:
Surgery (partial laryngectomy or total laryngectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, voice rehabilitation post-surgery.

Medications:
Cisplatin , Docetaxel , and 5-FU are common chemotherapy agents; targeted therapies like Cetuximab (EGFR inhibitor) may also be used.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in men aged 50-70, often linked to smoking and alcohol consumption.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, exposure to asbestos, HPV infection.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early-stage cancers have a good prognosis (around 80-90% survival rate); later stages have a poorer prognosis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Difficulty swallowing, speech loss, airway obstruction, metastasis.

Diphtheria

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Sub-category: Respiratory Diseases

Symptoms:
sore throat; low-grade fever; difficulty breathing; thick, gray membrane over throat and tonsils; swollen neck (bull neck)

Root Cause:
Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which releases a toxin that inhibits protein synthesis in cells.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Throat swab culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for toxin genes, and clinical presentation.

Treatment:
Administration of diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Isolation of the patient to prevent spread.

Medications:
Antibiotics like penicillin (beta-lactam) or erythromycin (macrolide) are typically prescribed to eradicate the bacteria.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination, but endemic in certain low-resource settings.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of vaccination, close contact with infected individuals, and living in unsanitary conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early treatment; however, severe cases can lead to long-term complications or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Airway obstruction, myocarditis, nerve damage, and systemic toxin effects.

Group A Streptococcal (GAS) Infections

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Symptoms:
sore throat; fever; red rash (scarlet fever); swollen lymph nodes; skin infections; muscle pain

Root Cause:
Caused by Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, which produce toxins leading to localized or systemic infections.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Throat culture, rapid antigen detection tests (RADT), and blood tests for severe infections.

Treatment:
Antibiotics are the mainstay, with supportive care for symptoms. Surgical intervention may be required for necrotizing fasciitis.

Medications:
Penicillin or amoxicillin (beta-lactam antibiotics) as first-line treatment. For penicillin-allergic patients, macrolides such as azithromycin or clindamycin can be prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Widespread globally, affecting millions annually. Common in children and can lead to outbreaks in schools or communities.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, crowded living conditions, breaks in the skin.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with early treatment. Complications can arise if untreated, such as rheumatic fever or post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, toxic shock syndrome, and necrotizing fasciitis.

Haemophilus Influenzae Infections

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; stiff neck; altered mental status; ear pain; sore throat; swelling in the face

Root Cause:
Caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae, which can lead to respiratory infections, meningitis, or sepsis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid analysis (in meningitis cases), sputum cultures, and imaging for complications such as pneumonia.

Treatment:
Antibiotics targeting H. influenzae, supportive care for respiratory distress or meningitis symptoms, and vaccination for prevention.

Medications:
Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporins), or amoxicillin-clavulanate (beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor). Rifampin may be used for prophylaxis in close contacts of cases with invasive disease.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Reduced significantly in countries with widespread vaccination, but still prevalent in unvaccinated populations. Non-typeable H. influenzae remains a common cause of respiratory infections.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of vaccination, immunocompromised state, young age (infants), chronic pulmonary conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with prompt treatment, though complications can lead to increased morbidity and mortality.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia, epiglottitis, and hearing loss (from meningitis).

Mycoplasma Infections (Mycoplasma pneumoniae)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Sub-category: Atypical Pneumonia

Symptoms:
persistent dry cough; fever; sore throat; fatigue; headache; mild chest pain

Root Cause:
Caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a bacterium lacking a cell wall, making it resistant to many antibiotics and leading to atypical pneumonia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation, chest X-ray, PCR for Mycoplasma DNA, or serologic testing for antibodies.

Treatment:
Antibiotic therapy effective against atypical organisms and symptomatic relief.

Medications:
Azithromycin (macrolide antibiotic), doxycycline (tetracycline-class antibiotic), or levofloxacin (fluoroquinolone antibiotic).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Responsible for 10–30% of community-acquired pneumonia cases; more common in younger populations, such as school-aged children and young adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact in crowded settings (e.g., schools, dormitories), weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with treatment; most patients recover within a few weeks.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe pneumonia, encephalitis, hemolytic anemia, and skin rashes like Stevens-Johnson syndrome.

Bacterial Pharyngitis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: HEENT Infections

Symptoms:
sore throat; fever; difficulty swallowing; swollen lymph nodes; red throat with or without exudates

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the pharynx caused by bacterial pathogens, most commonly Group A Streptococcus (GAS).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Rapid antigen detection test (RADT) for GAS; throat culture as the gold standard.

Treatment:
Antibiotic therapy to eradicate the infection, reduce symptoms, and prevent complications.

Medications:
Penicillin V or amoxicillin is the first-line treatment. For penicillin-allergic patients, alternatives include azithromycin or clindamycin (macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics, respectively).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
GAS causes 20-30% of pharyngitis in children and 5-15% in adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, young age, crowded living conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with prompt treatment; untreated infections may lead to complications like rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, peritonsillar abscess.

Herpangina

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: HEENT Infections

Symptoms:
sore throat; fever; painful ulcers in the mouth and throat; difficulty swallowing

Root Cause:
Viral infection, most commonly caused by coxsackievirus A, leading to ulcerative lesions in the posterior oral cavity.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination based on characteristic oral lesions and history of fever.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, pain relief, and antipyretics.

Medications:
Analgesics like ibuprofen or acetaminophen ; topical anesthetics like viscous lidocaine for oral pain.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in children under 10, especially during summer and early fall.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, close contact in daycare or school settings.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; resolves in 7-10 days with supportive care.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare but can include dehydration and febrile seizures.

Viral Pharyngitis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: HEENT Infections

Symptoms:
sore throat; fever; cough; congestion; hoarseness; fatigue

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the pharynx caused by viral pathogens like rhinovirus, adenovirus, or Epstein-Barr virus.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms; throat swab to rule out bacterial infections.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, analgesics, and rest.

Medications:
Analgesics like ibuprofen or acetaminophen ; throat lozenges for symptom relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely common, especially during cold and flu seasons.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact, crowded environments, weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; symptoms resolve in 5-7 days with supportive care.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare but can include secondary bacterial infections or progression to lower respiratory tract infections.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; loss of taste or smell; muscle aches; sore throat; headache; congestion or runny nose; nausea or vomiting; diarrhea

Root Cause:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causing inflammation, immune response dysregulation, and damage to lung and other organ tissues.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through a combination of clinical symptoms, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antigen tests, chest imaging (e.g., chest X-rays or CT scans showing ground-glass opacities), and blood tests indicating inflammation or coagulopathy.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting organ function. Includes antiviral medications, corticosteroids, anticoagulation therapy, and supportive care (e.g., oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation if needed). Vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis are also key preventive measures.

Medications:
Antiviral medications - Remdesivir (nucleotide analog), Paxlovid (combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir ), and molnupiravir (nucleoside analog). Corticosteroids - Dexamethasone is used to reduce inflammation in severe cases. Anticoagulants - Low-molecular-weight heparin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) to prevent thromboembolism. Immunomodulators - Tocilizumab (IL-6 receptor antagonist) or baricitinib (JAK inhibitor) in severe inflammatory cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
A global pandemic affecting hundreds of millions of people since its emergence in late 2019. Prevalence varies by region, vaccination rates, and public health measures.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, immunosuppression, and being unvaccinated or undervaccinated.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The majority of cases are mild to moderate, with recovery expected in a few weeks. Severe or critical cases can lead to long-term complications or death. Prognosis is improved with early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and vaccination.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), thromboembolic events (e.g., pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis), myocarditis, long COVID (persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months), kidney injury, neurological complications, and secondary infections.

Human Metapneumovirus

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
cough; runny nose; fever; sore throat; shortness of breath; wheezing

Root Cause:
Viral infection of the respiratory tract caused by human metapneumovirus, particularly affecting children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing of nasal or throat swabs, viral cultures, or serological testing for specific antibodies.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, antipyretics, and oxygen therapy for severe cases.

Medications:
No specific antiviral therapy; ribavirin has been studied in severe cases, but its use is not standardized.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common cause of respiratory infections, particularly in winter and spring; contributes to 5-10% of pediatric hospitalizations for acute respiratory illness.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age extremes, daycare or school exposure, chronic respiratory or cardiovascular diseases, and immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good, with most cases resolving spontaneously; severe outcomes possible in high-risk groups.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and secondary bacterial infections.

Emergent Management of Gonorrhea

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Symptoms:
urethral discharge; painful urination; vaginal discharge; rectal pain; sore throat; pelvic or abdominal pain

Root Cause:
Infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative diplococcus.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
NAAT of urine, endocervical, or urethral swabs; culture for antibiotic susceptibility.

Treatment:
Immediate antibiotic therapy tailored to resistant strains.

Medications:
Ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporin) combined with Azithromycin or Doxycycline to cover potential coinfections.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common globally; increased antibiotic resistance is a growing concern.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unprotected sex, multiple partners, MSM (men who have sex with men) population.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with prompt treatment; resistant strains may require alternative regimens.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, epididymitis, disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI).

Gonorrhea

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Symptoms:
painful urination; abnormal discharge from the penis or vagina; rectal pain; sore throat; pelvic pain

Root Cause:
Caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which infects mucous membranes.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
NAAT of urine, endocervical, or urethral swabs; culture for resistant strains.

Treatment:
Dual antibiotic therapy to address resistance.

Medications:
Ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporin) and Azithromycin (macrolide antibiotic); alternatives include Doxycycline .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common, with millions of cases worldwide annually.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unprotected sexual contact, multiple partners, previous STDs.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with treatment; untreated infections may cause severe complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
PID, infertility, epididymitis, DGI, neonatal conjunctivitis.

Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections

Symptoms:
pharyngitis with rash; sore throat; fever; skin lesions resembling scarlet fever; lymphadenopathy

Root Cause:
Bacterial infection caused by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, often affecting the upper respiratory tract or skin.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Throat swabs or skin lesion cultures; confirmed by microbiological identification of A. haemolyticum.

Treatment:
Antibiotics targeting A. haemolyticum, such as macrolides or penicillin derivatives.

Medications:
Erythromycin or clindamycin (macrolide class); penicillin (beta-lactam antibiotics) if the organism is susceptible.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Uncommon; estimated to account for 0.5–2.5% of bacterial pharyngitis cases, especially in adolescents and young adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Adolescence, compromised immune system, close contact with infected individuals.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with appropriate antibiotic treatment; symptoms usually resolve without complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare but may include post-infectious skin eruptions, abscess formation, or septicemia.

Scarlet Fever

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Bacterial Infections

Symptoms:
fever; red, sandpaper-like rash; sore throat; strawberry tongue; swollen lymph nodes

Root Cause:
Infection with Streptococcus pyogenes producing erythrogenic toxin.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical features; throat culture or rapid strep test to confirm streptococcal infection.

Treatment:
Antibiotics to eradicate the bacteria and prevent complications.

Medications:
Penicillin or amoxicillin (beta-lactam antibiotics); azithromycin (macrolide) for penicillin-allergic individuals.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Less common in developed countries due to antibiotic use; outbreaks still occur.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Recent strep throat infection, close contact with infected individuals.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with antibiotic treatment; resolves within 1–2 weeks.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rheumatic fever, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, or abscess formation.

Adenovirus

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Viral Infections

Symptoms:
fever; sore throat; conjunctivitis (pink eye); respiratory symptoms (cough, runny nose); gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting); urinary symptoms in severe cases (hemorrhagic cystitis)

Root Cause:
Caused by adenoviruses, which are non-enveloped DNA viruses that can infect various tissues, leading to respiratory, gastrointestinal, and ocular symptoms.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, PCR testing of bodily fluids (e.g., throat swabs, stool samples), viral culture, or antigen detection.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, antipyretics for fever, and symptomatic management. Severe cases may require antiviral therapy.

Medications:
In severe cases, cidofovir (a nucleotide analog antiviral) may be used. This medication is classified as an antiviral agent.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common; adenovirus infections are widespread and account for approximately 5-10% of respiratory infections in children and various other conditions in adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, immunosuppression, crowded living conditions, close contact with infected individuals.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good for healthy individuals; immunocompromised patients are at higher risk for severe complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bronchitis, pneumonia, encephalitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and disseminated infection in immunocompromised individuals.

Coxsackieviruses

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
fever; sore throat; rash; blisters on hands, feet, and inside the mouth; chest pain; fatigue

Root Cause:
Coxsackieviruses are part of the enterovirus family, causing infections that affect the skin, respiratory tract, and sometimes the heart or central nervous system.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation of symptoms, throat swabs, stool samples, or cerebrospinal fluid testing for viral culture or PCR.

Treatment:
Supportive care including hydration, antipyretics for fever, and pain relievers for sore throat and muscle aches.

Medications:
No specific antiviral therapy; symptomatic treatments include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or acetaminophen for fever and pain.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common globally; most cases occur in children, particularly under 10 years old.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, poor hygiene, crowded living conditions, and seasonal peaks in summer and fall.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good; most infections resolve without complications. Severe cases involving the heart or CNS are rare but may require hospitalization.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Myocarditis, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and hand-foot-and-mouth disease.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Viral Infections

Symptoms:
fever; fatigue; sore throat; swollen glands; jaundice; muscle aches

Root Cause:
CMV is a herpesvirus that establishes lifelong latent infection and can reactivate, especially in immunocompromised individuals.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
CMV DNA PCR, antigenemia assay, and tissue biopsy with characteristic histopathological findings.

Treatment:
Antiviral therapy for symptomatic or immunocompromised patients. Supportive care for mild cases.

Medications:
Ganciclovir and valganciclovir (antiviral agents). Foscarnet or cidofovir may be used for resistant cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 50–80% of adults worldwide are seropositive for CMV.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Immunosuppression (e.g., organ transplantation, HIV), close contact with infected bodily fluids, congenital infection.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good for immunocompetent individuals; potentially severe in immunocompromised patients.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Congenital CMV, CMV retinitis, pneumonitis, hepatitis, and gastrointestinal ulcers.

Echovirus Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Enteroviruses

Sub-category: Non-Polio Enteroviruses

Symptoms:
fever; rash; sore throat; gastrointestinal discomfort; meningitis (in severe cases); muscle aches; upper respiratory symptoms

Root Cause:
Viral infection affecting various tissues, leading to mild to severe systemic manifestations, often targeting the gastrointestinal or central nervous system.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing of stool, throat swabs, cerebrospinal fluid (in meningitis cases), or blood samples; serology for antibody detection.

Treatment:
Symptomatic management, including fever reducers, hydration, and pain relievers; hospitalization in severe cases (e.g., aseptic meningitis).

Medications:
No specific antiviral medications; symptomatic treatments include acetaminophen or ibuprofen (antipyretics) and IV fluids for severe dehydration.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide; outbreaks can occur in daycare centers, schools, and crowded environments.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age (infants and children), poor hygiene, crowded living conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases are self-limiting and resolve without complications; severe cases of meningitis or myocarditis may require prolonged care.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis-like illness in newborns.

Enteroviruses

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Non-Polio Enteroviruses

Sub-category: General Infections

Symptoms:
fever; rash; sore throat; gastroenteritis; viral meningitis; conjunctivitis; myalgia

Root Cause:
Widespread viral infections affecting the gastrointestinal, respiratory, or central nervous systems depending on the strain.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing of stool, cerebrospinal fluid, or throat swabs; serological tests for specific antibodies.

Treatment:
Symptomatic care, including hydration, antipyretics, and analgesics; severe cases may require hospitalization for meningitis or myocarditis.

Medications:
Supportive treatments such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever and pain; no specific antivirals available for most strains.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Highly prevalent worldwide, particularly in children and during summer-fall seasons.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, crowded living conditions, exposure to contaminated water or surfaces.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good, with most infections resolving spontaneously; complications may occur in immunocompromised individuals.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Viral meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and neonatal infections.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Infectious Mononucleosis

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Viral Infections

Symptoms:
fatigue; fever; sore throat; swollen lymph nodes; splenomegaly; rash

Root Cause:
EBV infection targets B lymphocytes, causing an immune response that leads to widespread inflammation and systemic symptoms.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Monospot test, EBV serology (antibody testing), complete blood count (CBC) with atypical lymphocytosis.

Treatment:
Supportive care (hydration, rest, antipyretics). Corticosteroids in severe cases of airway obstruction.

Medications:
No specific antiviral therapy; symptomatic treatment includes NSAIDs like ibuprofen or acetaminophen for fever and sore throat.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 90–95% of the global population at some point in life; symptomatic mono occurs primarily in adolescents and young adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, immunosuppression, and young age (15–25 years).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent in most cases, with symptoms resolving within 2–4 weeks; fatigue may persist longer.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Splenic rupture, secondary bacterial infections, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, and rarely, lymphoma.

H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Respiratory Infections

Sub-category: Seasonal Influenza Variants

Symptoms:
fever; cough; sore throat; runny or stuffy nose; myalgia; fatigue; chills; headache

Root Cause:
A strain of influenza A virus that causes respiratory infection with potential for severe pulmonary complications.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs), PCR for influenza RNA, clinical presentation during outbreak seasons.

Treatment:
Antiviral therapy (e.g., oseltamivir or zanamivir), supportive care (hydration, rest, antipyretics).

Medications:
Oseltamivir (neuraminidase inhibitor), zanamivir (neuraminidase inhibitor), antipyretics like acetaminophen or ibuprofen .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Responsible for the 2009 pandemic; seasonal outbreaks continue.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young children, elderly individuals, pregnant women, and those with chronic medical conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent in mild cases with timely treatment; severe cases can result in hospitalization or death.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), secondary bacterial infections, and multi-organ failure in severe cases.

Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV) and Other Parainfluenza Viruses

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; runny nose; wheezing; difficulty breathing; sore throat

Root Cause:
HPIVs cause respiratory infections, primarily affecting the upper and lower respiratory tracts. They can cause croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, and confirmation can be made through PCR tests, viral cultures, or rapid antigen tests.

Treatment:
Treatment is symptomatic, including hydration, fever management, and respiratory support. In severe cases, supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation may be necessary.

Medications:
Antiviral drugs are not typically used. Supportive medications, such as bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ) or corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) for inflammation, may be prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
HPIV is common, particularly in children under 5, and outbreaks occur annually, typically in the fall and winter months.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age (especially infants), weakened immune system, and preexisting respiratory conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover without long-term complications, but the elderly and immunocompromised individuals may experience more severe disease.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can lead to pneumonia, respiratory distress, and other severe respiratory issues in vulnerable populations.

Pharyngoconjunctival Fever (PCF)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
sore throat; conjunctivitis (pink eye); fever; headache; cough; runny nose; mild swelling of lymph nodes

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the pharynx and conjunctiva caused by an adenovirus infection, often affecting children and adolescents.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily clinical based on symptoms; laboratory tests, such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) or viral culture, can confirm adenovirus infection.

Treatment:
Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. This includes hydration, rest, and the use of over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen) for fever and discomfort.

Medications:
There are no specific antiviral medications for PCF, but over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be used to manage symptoms. These medications are classified as antipyretics and analgesics.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
PCF is common, particularly in school-aged children and during outbreaks. It occurs worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, crowded environments like schools and daycare centers, and weakened immune systems increase susceptibility.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The condition is typically self-limited and resolves within 1-2 weeks without complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare, but potential complications may include secondary bacterial infections like bacterial conjunctivitis or otitis media. In very rare cases, adenovirus can lead to more severe outcomes such as pneumonia or encephalitis.

Picornavirus Infections

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
fever; muscle aches; headache; sore throat; runny nose; cough; gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea)

Root Cause:
Picornaviruses (such as enteroviruses and rhinoviruses) cause a range of infections, affecting the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed by laboratory tests such as PCR or viral culture. Clinical evaluation is based on symptoms.

Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment is the main approach, including rest, hydration, and use of analgesics or antipyretics to alleviate fever and pain.

Medications:
Symptomatic treatment may include analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen ) and antipyretics (e.g., ibuprofen ) to manage fever and discomfort.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Picornavirus infections are common worldwide, especially in children.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, crowded living conditions, and compromised immune systems.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The infection is usually self-limiting and resolves within a week or two. Most individuals recover fully.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe complications are rare but may include meningitis, encephalitis, or respiratory failure, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
sore throat; runny nose; cough; sneezing; congestion; mild fever; headache; fatigue

Root Cause:
Rhinovirus infects the upper respiratory tract, causing inflammation and an immune response.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and clinical evaluation. Testing may be performed to confirm the presence of rhinovirus.

Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to relieve symptoms such as pain and congestion.

Medications:
Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen (a pain reliever and fever reducer), ibuprofen (anti-inflammatory), and decongestants (pseudoephedrine ) can be prescribed to relieve symptoms. These medications fall under analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and decongestants.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common, with millions of cases each year worldwide, especially in the fall and winter months.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to infected individuals, weak immune system, crowded environments, and cold weather.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally self-limiting with recovery within 7-10 days. Severe cases are rare.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections like sinusitis, ear infections, and bronchitis; exacerbation of pre-existing respiratory conditions like asthma.

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
sore throat; cough; nasal congestion; runny nose; fever; fatigue; headache

Root Cause:
Infection of the nose, sinuses, throat, or larynx, typically caused by viruses like rhinovirus, coronavirus, or influenza.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms; further testing may be done to identify the specific pathogen.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications for symptom relief.

Medications:
Acetaminophen (analgesic), ibuprofen (anti-inflammatory), decongestants (pseudoephedrine ), and antihistamines (diphenhydramine ) can be used for symptom management.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common, with millions of cases annually worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to infected individuals, crowded environments, weak immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically self-limiting, with symptoms resolving in 7-10 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections like sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

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