Comprehensive Symptom Navigator

Common Cold

Symptoms:
runny nose; sneezing; sore throat; cough; mild fever; fatigue; congestion

Root Cause:
Viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, commonly caused by rhinoviruses.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms; no specific tests are usually required.

Treatment:
Rest, hydration, over-the-counter (OTC) symptom relief medications.

Medications:
Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ), antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine ), pain relievers (e.g., ibuprofen or acetaminophen ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common; adults average 2–3 colds per year.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, colder seasons, weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; most cases resolve within 7–10 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections such as sinusitis or ear infections (rare).

Sinusitis

Specialty: Internal Medicine

Category: Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
facial pain or pressure; nasal congestion; runny nose; headache; fever; tooth pain; postnasal drip

Root Cause:
Inflammation or infection of the sinuses, often caused by a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection or allergies.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical examination, imaging (e.g., CT scan) if chronic or recurrent.

Treatment:
Symptomatic relief for viral cases (hydration, nasal irrigation, decongestants), antibiotics for bacterial infections, surgery for severe chronic cases.

Medications:
Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone ), antibiotics (e.g., amoxicillin ) if bacterial, decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common, with millions of cases annually; can be acute or chronic.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Allergies, smoking, nasal polyps, previous respiratory infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Usually resolves in a few weeks with appropriate treatment; chronic cases may require long-term management.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinusitis, orbital cellulitis, brain abscess (rare).

Bronchiolitis

Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care

Category: Pediatric Emergencies

Sub-category: Respiratory Conditions

Symptoms:
runny nose; cough; wheezing; rapid breathing; retractions (chest wall pulling in); poor feeding; fever

Root Cause:
Inflammation and mucus build-up in the small airways (bronchioles), most commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation of symptoms; nasal swab tests for RSV may be used; chest X-rays only for severe cases.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, oxygen supplementation if needed, and suctioning of nasal secretions.

Medications:
No routine medications; bronchodilators or nebulized hypertonic saline may be used in selected cases.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 20–30% of infants under 1 year old, with higher rates during winter and spring.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Premature birth, age under 6 months, exposure to cigarette smoke, crowded living conditions, daycare attendance.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most recover with supportive care; severe cases may require hospitalization and oxygen therapy. Rarely leads to long-term respiratory issues.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory distress, hypoxia, dehydration, and secondary bacterial infections such as pneumonia.

Measles

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Vaccination-Preventable Diseases

Symptoms:
high fever; cough; runny nose; red, watery eyes; white spots inside the mouth (koplik spots); red blotchy rash that starts on the face and spreads downward

Root Cause:
Caused by the measles virus (a single-stranded RNA virus in the paramyxovirus family); spreads through respiratory droplets and is highly contagious.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation of symptoms (fever, rash, Koplik spots) and confirmed through laboratory tests like measles-specific IgM antibodies or reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Treatment:
Supportive care to manage symptoms, including hydration, fever control, and vitamin A supplementation to reduce the severity of complications.

Medications:
No antiviral medications for measles. Supportive treatment includes antipyretics (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen ) for fever, and vitamin A supplementation to prevent severe complications in children.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects millions globally, particularly in regions with low vaccination coverage. In 2022, over 9 million cases and 128,000 deaths were reported worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of vaccination, international travel to regions with outbreaks, immunosuppression, and malnutrition (especially vitamin A deficiency).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally excellent with proper supportive care, but complications like pneumonia, encephalitis, or death can occur, especially in children under 5 or individuals with weakened immunity.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
pneumonia; encephalitis; otitis media; diarrhea; subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

Whooping Cough (Pertussis)

Specialty: Pediatrics

Category: Infectious Diseases

Sub-category: Vaccination-Preventable Diseases

Symptoms:
severe coughing fits; whooping sound during inhalation; vomiting after coughing; exhaustion after coughing fits; runny nose; low-grade fever

Root Cause:
Caused by Bordetella pertussis (a gram-negative bacterium); highly contagious and spreads through respiratory droplets.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on clinical symptoms and confirmed with nasopharyngeal swab (culture or PCR) or serology.

Treatment:
Early antibiotic treatment (macrolides) to reduce severity and prevent transmission; supportive care includes hydration and oxygen if needed.

Medications:
Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., azithromycin , clarithromycin , erythromycin ) are prescribed to treat the infection and limit spread.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Remains common worldwide, with periodic outbreaks even in vaccinated populations due to waning immunity.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Lack of vaccination, waning immunity over time, close contact with infected individuals, and young age (infants are most at risk).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment, but severe complications can occur in infants.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
pneumonia; seizures; brain damage (encephalopathy); death in infants; rib fractures from severe coughing

Measles (Skin Manifestation)

Specialty: Dermatology

Category: Skin Disorders

Sub-category: Infectious Skin Diseases - Viral Infections

Symptoms:
red, blotchy rash starting on face and spreading downward; fever; cough; runny nose; koplik spots inside the mouth

Root Cause:
Viral infections caused by Measles Virus or Rubella Virus, transmitted via respiratory droplets.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation; PCR testing, serology for IgM antibodies.

Treatment:
Supportive care; prevention via vaccination.

Medications:
Supportive care (e.g., antipyretics like acetaminophen ). Vitamin A supplementation – for measles in malnourished children.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in vaccinated populations; outbreaks occur in areas with low vaccination coverage.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Unvaccinated status, close contact with infected individuals, and travel to endemic areas.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Self-limiting in most cases; complications are more common in malnourished or immunocompromised individuals.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia; Encephalitis; Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (rare)

Allergic Rhinitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
sneezing; nasal congestion; runny nose; itchy eyes, nose, or throat; watery eyes; postnasal drip

Root Cause:
An allergic reaction to airborne substances (allergens) such as pollen, dust mites, mold, or pet dander, leading to inflammation in the nasal passages.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on patient history and symptoms. Allergy testing (skin prick tests or blood tests for IgE antibodies) can confirm specific allergens.

Treatment:
First-line treatments include antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, and decongestants. Avoidance of known allergens is also critical. In some cases, immunotherapy (allergy shots) may be recommended.

Medications:
Antihistamines (e.g., cetirizine , loratadine ) are classified as H1 receptor antagonists and are used to alleviate symptoms like sneezing and itching. Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone , mometasone ) are anti-inflammatory agents used to reduce nasal inflammation and congestion. Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine , oxymetazoline ) are vasoconstrictors used for short-term relief of nasal congestion.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects around 10-30% of the global population, with a higher prevalence in urban areas.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of allergies, exposure to allergens, environmental factors such as pollution or damp conditions, and having other allergic conditions like asthma.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good with proper management, although symptoms can persist or worsen over time if left untreated.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Poorly controlled allergic rhinitis can lead to sinusitis, ear infections, or worsening of asthma symptoms. Chronic rhinitis may also cause sleep disturbances or fatigue.

Non-Allergic Rhinitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; runny nose; postnasal drip; sneezing; itchy nose or throat (less common than in allergic rhinitis)

Root Cause:
Chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa without an allergic component. Triggers may include irritants such as smoke, strong odors, weather changes, medications, or infections.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is clinical and based on ruling out other causes like allergies or infections. There are no specific tests for non-allergic rhinitis, but it may involve nasal endoscopy or imaging to exclude other conditions.

Treatment:
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with nasal corticosteroids, antihistamines (in cases of mild symptoms), and avoiding known irritants. Saline nasal sprays and antihistamine nasal sprays may also be used.

Medications:
Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone , budesonide ) and antihistamine nasal sprays (e.g., azelastine ) are used to reduce inflammation and nasal congestion. Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine ) may be used for short-term relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10-20% of the population, often in adults.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke, strong odors, or chemicals. Other contributing factors may include hormonal changes, medications, or previous viral infections.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally manageable with treatment, though symptoms can be chronic or recurrent.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If untreated, it may lead to sinusitis or interfere with sleep and daily activities. It may also contribute to the development of nasal polyps.

Vasomotor Rhinitis

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; runny nose; sneezing; postnasal drip; symptoms triggered by environmental factors like weather changes or odors

Root Cause:
Abnormal regulation of blood flow in the nasal vessels, often triggered by non-allergic factors such as temperature changes, strong smells, or irritants.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical diagnosis based on history and symptoms, with exclusion of allergic causes. A nasal endoscopy or imaging may be used to rule out other conditions.

Treatment:
Treatment involves nasal decongestants, nasal corticosteroids, and avoiding known triggers. Anticholinergic nasal sprays may be used to reduce symptoms.

Medications:
Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone , mometasone ) are used to reduce inflammation. Anticholinergic nasal sprays (e.g., ipratropium bromide ) can help control rhinorrhea (runny nose). Decongestants may provide temporary relief.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 10-15% of adults, particularly in those with a history of allergies or chronic nasal congestion.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke, pollution, or sudden temperature changes.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms may be chronic, but they are manageable with medications and lifestyle changes.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can lead to nasal obstruction, chronic sinusitis, or the development of nasal polyps.

Nasal Polyps

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; loss of sense of smell; runny nose; postnasal drip; facial pain or pressure; snoring; breathing difficulty through the nose

Root Cause:
Nasal polyps are benign growths that develop in the nasal and sinus linings due to chronic inflammation. They are often associated with conditions like chronic sinusitis, asthma, or allergic rhinitis.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is often made through physical examination, nasal endoscopy, or imaging (e.g., CT scan) to identify the size and location of the polyps.

Treatment:
Treatment includes nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone) to reduce inflammation and shrink polyps. In severe cases, oral corticosteroids, surgery (polypectomy), or biologic agents (e.g., dupilumab) may be used.

Medications:
Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone , mometasone ) are anti-inflammatory drugs used as first-line treatment. Oral corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) may be prescribed in severe cases to reduce inflammation. Biologic agents like dupilumab (a monoclonal antibody) can be used for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Nasal polyps affect approximately 4% of the population, with a higher prevalence in individuals with asthma, allergies, or chronic sinusitis.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, cystic fibrosis, aspirin sensitivity (Samter's triad), and a family history of nasal polyps.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With appropriate treatment, nasal polyps can be controlled, but they may recur after treatment or surgery.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
If untreated, nasal polyps can cause chronic sinus infections, sleep apnea, and loss of sense of smell. Severe polyps may lead to nasal obstruction and difficulty breathing.

Nasal irritation due to toxic fume exposure

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Environmental/Occupational Disorders

Symptoms:
burning sensation in the nose; nasal dryness; sneezing; nasal congestion; runny nose; nosebleeds; reduced sense of smell

Root Cause:
Direct irritation of the nasal mucosa caused by exposure to airborne irritants, such as industrial chemicals, solvents, or other toxic fumes. These substances may damage the protective mucous barrier or cause inflammation.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Patient history of exposure to known irritants. Nasal examination using rhinoscopy to identify inflammation, dryness, or crusting. Environmental or occupational assessment to confirm the presence of irritants. Allergy testing (to rule out co-existing allergic rhinitis). Nasal smear or biopsy in severe cases to examine for inflammation or damage.

Treatment:
Immediate removal from the source of exposure. Use of nasal saline sprays or irrigation to cleanse and soothe nasal passages. Humidification of the air in living or working spaces. Topical nasal corticosteroids for inflammation (if prescribed by a physician). Avoidance of smoking or secondary irritants to prevent exacerbation.

Medications:
Saline nasal sprays (non-medicated) to maintain nasal moisture. Corticosteroids such as fluticasone or mometasone , to reduce inflammation. Antihistamines like loratadine , if allergic rhinitis coexists. Decongestants (e.g., oxymetazoline ) may provide temporary relief but should not be used long-term. Lubricating ointments for nasal crusting.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
More common in industrial workers or individuals exposed to high levels of airborne toxins or irritants. Prevalence depends on occupational exposure and environmental regulations.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Working in industries with chemical exposure (e.g., manufacturing, cleaning, or painting). Prolonged exposure to polluted environments. Poor workplace ventilation. Smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Pre-existing respiratory or nasal conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good prognosis with early removal from exposure and proper care. Chronic exposure may lead to long-term complications such as persistent rhinitis or nasal atrophy.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic rhinitis or sinusitis. Development of occupational asthma or hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Nasal polyps or structural damage with prolonged exposure. Increased vulnerability to infections due to damaged mucosa.

Allergies to specific workplace allergens (occupational rhinitis)

Specialty: Nose and Throat

Category: Nasal Conditions

Sub-category: Environmental/Occupational Disorders

Symptoms:
sneezing; nasal congestion; runny nose; itchy nose; post-nasal drip; coughing; eye irritation

Root Cause:
An immune system response to specific allergens encountered in the workplace, such as dust, chemicals, mold, animal dander, or pollen. This leads to inflammation of the nasal passages (rhinitis).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Patient history of exposure to specific allergens in the workplace. Skin or blood tests to identify specific allergens causing the response. Nasal examination to check for signs of inflammation or discharge. Ruling out other causes, such as infections or non-allergic rhinitis.

Treatment:
Avoidance or reduction of exposure to the triggering allergens. Use of antihistamines (oral or nasal), such as loratadine or cetirizine. Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone) to reduce inflammation. Decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine) for temporary relief of nasal congestion. Immunotherapy (allergy shots) in some cases. Use of protective gear (e.g., masks, ventilators) in the workplace.

Medications:
Antihistamines, such as cetirizine or loratadine , to reduce symptoms like sneezing, itching, and nasal discharge. Intranasal corticosteroids, like fluticasone or budesonide , to reduce nasal inflammation. Decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine , for temporary relief of nasal congestion. Leukotriene inhibitors (e.g., montelukast ) may be prescribed if other treatments are insufficient. Immunotherapy (allergy shots) for long-term desensitization to specific allergens.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Occupational rhinitis affects a significant number of workers, especially in industries with high allergen exposure, such as farming, healthcare, construction, and food processing.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Working in environments with high levels of allergens (e.g., animal dander, chemicals, mold, dust). Family history of allergies or asthma. Having other allergic conditions, such as asthma or atopic dermatitis. Age (symptoms often develop in young adulthood).

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper management and avoidance of triggers, most individuals can manage symptoms effectively. If untreated, symptoms may worsen or develop into chronic rhinitis or asthma.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic rhinitis if exposure continues without treatment. Development of asthma or other allergic respiratory conditions. Nasal polyps may form in severe or long-standing cases. Impaired quality of life due to persistent symptoms.

Influenza

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
fever; chills; headache; muscle aches; fatigue; sore throat; cough; runny nose

Root Cause:
Influenza is a viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system. The virus causes inflammation of the airways, leading to systemic symptoms.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically clinical, but can be confirmed with rapid antigen tests or PCR.

Treatment:
Antiviral medications such as oseltamivir or zanamivir can reduce symptom duration if taken early. Supportive care includes hydration, rest, and fever management.

Medications:
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu ) and zanamivir (Relenza ) are neuraminidase inhibitors used to treat influenza . These medications shorten the duration of illness if started within 48 hours of symptom onset.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Influenza affects millions worldwide each year, with seasonal outbreaks occurring mostly during fall and winter.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young children, elderly adults, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic health conditions (e.g., asthma, diabetes) are at higher risk.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover within 1-2 weeks, but complications can occur, especially in high-risk populations.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can lead to pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus infections, and worsening of underlying chronic diseases.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

Specialty: Pulmonology

Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System

Sub-category: Viral Infections

Symptoms:
runny nose; cough; sneezing; wheezing; fever; decreased appetite; difficulty breathing in severe cases

Root Cause:
Caused by RSV, a highly contagious virus that infects the respiratory tract, particularly dangerous for infants and older adults.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation, rapid RSV antigen testing, or PCR tests.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, oxygen therapy, and in severe cases, mechanical ventilation.

Medications:
In severe cases, ribavirin (antiviral) may be used. For high-risk infants, palivizumab (monoclonal antibody) can be administered prophylactically. Symptomatic relief includes fever reducers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen .

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects most children by age 2; seasonal outbreaks in fall and winter. Severe cases more common in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prematurity, congenital heart disease, chronic lung disease, weakened immune systems, crowded living conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases resolve within 1-2 weeks; severe cases can require hospitalization.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, bronchiolitis, respiratory failure, and increased risk of asthma later in life.

Latex Allergy

Specialty: Allergies and Immunology

Category: Allergic Disorders

Sub-category: Skin Allergies

Symptoms:
itchy skin or hives upon contact with latex; runny nose; sneezing; difficulty breathing; anaphylaxis in severe cases

Root Cause:
Immune system reaction to proteins found in natural rubber latex.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick test, specific IgE blood test, and clinical history of reactions to latex products.

Treatment:
Avoidance of latex, antihistamines for mild reactions, and epinephrine for anaphylaxis.

Medications:
Epinephrine auto-injectors (e.g., EpiPen, Auvi-Q) and oral antihistamines (e.g., Diphenhydramine , Loratadine ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 1-6% of the general population, higher in healthcare workers and those with frequent latex exposure.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Healthcare workers, people with multiple surgeries, or spina bifida.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with strict latex avoidance; severe cases require emergency preparedness for anaphylaxis.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Anaphylaxis and cross-reactions with certain foods like bananas, avocados, and kiwis.

Dust Mite Allergy

Specialty: Allergies and Immunology

Category: Allergic Disorders

Sub-category: Environmental Allergies

Symptoms:
sneezing; nasal congestion; runny nose; itchy or watery eyes; coughing; wheezing; asthma exacerbations

Root Cause:
Allergic reaction to proteins found in dust mite feces, body parts, and secretions.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick test with dust mite allergen; blood test for specific IgE antibodies; evaluation of symptom history

Treatment:
Array

Medications:
Oral or intranasal antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Cetirizine , Fexofenadine , Azelastine ), intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone , Budesonide ), leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., Montelukast ), and allergy immunotherapy (e.g., Dust Mite Sublingual Tablets like Odactra ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 10-20% of people worldwide; a leading cause of perennial allergic rhinitis.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history of allergies; exposure to dusty environments; living in humid climates

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Symptoms can be well-managed with treatment and environmental controls.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinusitis; asthma exacerbations; reduced quality of life due to persistent symptoms

Mold Allergy

Specialty: Allergies and Immunology

Category: Allergic Disorders

Sub-category: Environmental Allergies

Symptoms:
sneezing; nasal congestion; runny nose; itchy or watery eyes; coughing; postnasal drip; wheezing; asthma exacerbations

Root Cause:
Allergic reaction to mold spores inhaled from the environment, triggering immune system responses.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick test with mold allergens; blood test for specific IgE antibodies; assessment of environmental exposure

Treatment:
Array

Medications:
Oral or intranasal antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Cetirizine , Fexofenadine ), intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone , Budesonide ), leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., Montelukast ), and environmental control measures.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects approximately 10% of the population; varies by region and exposure.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Living or working in damp or moldy environments; family history of allergies; asthma or other respiratory conditions

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with environmental control and medical treatment.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinusitis; asthma attacks; allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in severe cases

Animal Dander Allergy (e.g., Cat, Dog)

Specialty: Allergies and Immunology

Category: Allergic Disorders

Sub-category: Environmental Allergies

Symptoms:
sneezing; runny nose; nasal congestion; itchy or watery eyes; wheezing; asthma symptoms

Root Cause:
Immune system overreacts to proteins found in animal skin flakes (dander), saliva, or urine.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Skin prick test with dander allergens; blood test for specific IgE antibodies; assessment of symptoms and exposure

Treatment:
Array

Medications:
Oral or intranasal antihistamines (e.g., Loratadine , Cetirizine , Fexofenadine ), intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone , Budesonide ), leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., Montelukast ), and immunotherapy for specific allergens.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 10-20% of the population; more common in people with asthma or other allergies.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to pets; family history of allergies; existing respiratory conditions

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Manageable with treatment and allergen avoidance.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinusitis; asthma exacerbations

Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP)

Specialty: Allergies and Immunology

Category: Other Related Disorders

Sub-category: Chronic Inflammatory Disorders

Symptoms:
nasal congestion; loss of smell; runny nose; facial pain or pressure; recurrent sinus infections

Root Cause:
Persistent inflammation of the nasal and sinus mucosa, often involving Type 2 inflammation (elevated eosinophils and IgE).

How it's Diagnosed: videos
.Diagnosed via clinical exam, nasal endoscopy, and CT imaging.

Treatment:
Treated with intranasal corticosteroids, biologics (e.g., dupilumab), and sometimes surgical removal of polyps.

Medications:
Intranasal corticosteroids (e.g., Fluticasone ), leukotriene receptor antagonists (e.g., Montelukast ), and biologics (e.g., Dupilumab ).

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects up to 4% of the general population; higher in adults over 40 years.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Asthma; Aspirin sensitivity; Allergies; Cystic fibrosis; Smoking

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate management, but polyps may recur even after surgery.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic sinus infections; Asthma exacerbations; Obstructive sleep apnea

Human Metapneumovirus

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Symptoms:
cough; runny nose; fever; sore throat; shortness of breath; wheezing

Root Cause:
Viral infection of the respiratory tract caused by human metapneumovirus, particularly affecting children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing of nasal or throat swabs, viral cultures, or serological testing for specific antibodies.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, antipyretics, and oxygen therapy for severe cases.

Medications:
No specific antiviral therapy; ribavirin has been studied in severe cases, but its use is not standardized.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common cause of respiratory infections, particularly in winter and spring; contributes to 5-10% of pediatric hospitalizations for acute respiratory illness.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age extremes, daycare or school exposure, chronic respiratory or cardiovascular diseases, and immunosuppression.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally good, with most cases resolving spontaneously; severe outcomes possible in high-risk groups.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and secondary bacterial infections.

Enterovirus D68

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: Respiratory Viruses

Sub-category: Enteroviruses

Symptoms:
fever; cough; wheezing; shortness of breath; runny nose; muscle aches; acute flaccid myelitis (rare)

Root Cause:
Respiratory and occasionally neurological illness caused by Enterovirus D68, leading to inflammation in the respiratory tract or nervous system.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swabs or throat samples; clinical correlation with respiratory symptoms and neurological signs in rare cases.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including oxygen therapy for respiratory distress; mechanical ventilation in severe cases.

Medications:
No specific antiviral medications; supportive care includes bronchodilators for wheezing and corticosteroids for severe inflammation.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Seasonal outbreaks, particularly in children, with periodic spikes globally.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, asthma, or other chronic respiratory conditions; exposure to infected individuals in schools or daycare centers.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases resolve with supportive care; rare cases of acute flaccid myelitis may lead to long-term disability.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), respiratory failure, and secondary infections.

Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV) and Other Parainfluenza Viruses

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
fever; cough; runny nose; wheezing; difficulty breathing; sore throat

Root Cause:
HPIVs cause respiratory infections, primarily affecting the upper and lower respiratory tracts. They can cause croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, and confirmation can be made through PCR tests, viral cultures, or rapid antigen tests.

Treatment:
Treatment is symptomatic, including hydration, fever management, and respiratory support. In severe cases, supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation may be necessary.

Medications:
Antiviral drugs are not typically used. Supportive medications, such as bronchodilators (e.g., albuterol ) or corticosteroids (e.g., prednisone ) for inflammation, may be prescribed.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
HPIV is common, particularly in children under 5, and outbreaks occur annually, typically in the fall and winter months.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age (especially infants), weakened immune system, and preexisting respiratory conditions.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover without long-term complications, but the elderly and immunocompromised individuals may experience more severe disease.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can lead to pneumonia, respiratory distress, and other severe respiratory issues in vulnerable populations.

Pharyngoconjunctival Fever (PCF)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
sore throat; conjunctivitis (pink eye); fever; headache; cough; runny nose; mild swelling of lymph nodes

Root Cause:
Inflammation of the pharynx and conjunctiva caused by an adenovirus infection, often affecting children and adolescents.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is primarily clinical based on symptoms; laboratory tests, such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) or viral culture, can confirm adenovirus infection.

Treatment:
Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. This includes hydration, rest, and the use of over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen) for fever and discomfort.

Medications:
There are no specific antiviral medications for PCF, but over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be used to manage symptoms. These medications are classified as antipyretics and analgesics.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
PCF is common, particularly in school-aged children and during outbreaks. It occurs worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, crowded environments like schools and daycare centers, and weakened immune systems increase susceptibility.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The condition is typically self-limited and resolves within 1-2 weeks without complications.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Rare, but potential complications may include secondary bacterial infections like bacterial conjunctivitis or otitis media. In very rare cases, adenovirus can lead to more severe outcomes such as pneumonia or encephalitis.

Picornavirus Infections

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
fever; muscle aches; headache; sore throat; runny nose; cough; gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea)

Root Cause:
Picornaviruses (such as enteroviruses and rhinoviruses) cause a range of infections, affecting the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed by laboratory tests such as PCR or viral culture. Clinical evaluation is based on symptoms.

Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment is the main approach, including rest, hydration, and use of analgesics or antipyretics to alleviate fever and pain.

Medications:
Symptomatic treatment may include analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen ) and antipyretics (e.g., ibuprofen ) to manage fever and discomfort.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Picornavirus infections are common worldwide, especially in children.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, crowded living conditions, and compromised immune systems.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The infection is usually self-limiting and resolves within a week or two. Most individuals recover fully.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe complications are rare but may include meningitis, encephalitis, or respiratory failure, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Rhinovirus (RV) Infection (Common Cold)

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
sore throat; runny nose; cough; sneezing; congestion; mild fever; headache; fatigue

Root Cause:
Rhinovirus infects the upper respiratory tract, causing inflammation and an immune response.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and clinical evaluation. Testing may be performed to confirm the presence of rhinovirus.

Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to relieve symptoms such as pain and congestion.

Medications:
Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen (a pain reliever and fever reducer), ibuprofen (anti-inflammatory), and decongestants (pseudoephedrine ) can be prescribed to relieve symptoms. These medications fall under analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and decongestants.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common, with millions of cases each year worldwide, especially in the fall and winter months.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to infected individuals, weak immune system, crowded environments, and cold weather.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally self-limiting with recovery within 7-10 days. Severe cases are rare.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections like sinusitis, ear infections, and bronchitis; exacerbation of pre-existing respiratory conditions like asthma.

Roseola Infantum

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
high fever; rash that starts on the torso; irritability; swollen lymph nodes; runny nose; diarrhea

Root Cause:
Caused by Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), which leads to the sudden onset of fever followed by a rash.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is clinical, often based on the characteristic fever and rash pattern. Blood tests may confirm the presence of HHV-6.

Treatment:
Supportive care with fluids and fever-reducing medications. No specific antiviral treatment is required.

Medications:
Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are often used to control fever. These fall under analgesics and antipyretics.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects children aged 6 months to 2 years, with an estimated prevalence of 15-30% in this age group.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age (most common in infants and toddlers), weakened immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally mild with full recovery, but rare complications like febrile seizures may occur.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Febrile seizures, secondary infections.

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Specialty: Infectious Diseases

Category: COVID-19 Reinfections

Symptoms:
sore throat; cough; nasal congestion; runny nose; fever; fatigue; headache

Root Cause:
Infection of the nose, sinuses, throat, or larynx, typically caused by viruses like rhinovirus, coronavirus, or influenza.

How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical diagnosis based on symptoms; further testing may be done to identify the specific pathogen.

Treatment:
Supportive care, including rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications for symptom relief.

Medications:
Acetaminophen (analgesic), ibuprofen (anti-inflammatory), decongestants (pseudoephedrine ), and antihistamines (diphenhydramine ) can be used for symptom management.

Prevalence: How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Very common, with millions of cases annually worldwide.

Risk Factors: Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to infected individuals, crowded environments, weak immune system.

Prognosis: The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically self-limiting, with symptoms resolving in 7-10 days.

Complications: Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections like sinusitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia.