Comprehensive Symptom Navigator™
Your health assistant, simplified.
Disclaimer: This is just an assistant. It should not be used for diagnosing patients without a doctor's discretion.
Symptoms:
Number of Conditions: 33
Influenza (Flu)
Specialty: Internal Medicine
Category: Respiratory Conditions
Symptoms:
fever; chills; muscle aches; cough; congestion; fatigue; sore throat
Root Cause:
Infection by influenza viruses (A, B, or C) affecting the respiratory system.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation; confirmed by rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) or PCR tests.
Treatment:
Supportive care (rest, fluids), antiviral medications for severe cases.
Medications:
Antivirals such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu ), zanamivir (Relenza ), peramivir (Rapivab ). These are neuraminidase inhibitors.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects 5–20% of the population annually, depending on the season.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age extremes, chronic illnesses, pregnancy, healthcare workers.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Usually resolves within 1–2 weeks, but complications can occur in vulnerable populations.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, bronchitis, exacerbation of chronic conditions, hospitalization.
Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever)
Specialty: Internal Medicine
Category: Infectious Diseases
Symptoms:
fever; sore throat; swollen lymph nodes; fatigue; enlarged spleen; headache; muscle aches
Root Cause:
Infection by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), spread through saliva ("kissing disease").
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical symptoms, blood tests (monospot test, EBV antibodies).
Treatment:
Supportive care (hydration, rest, symptom relief); avoid physical activity to prevent spleen rupture.
Medications:
Pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen , ibuprofen ) for fever and pain.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common in adolescents and young adults; about 90% of adults are infected with EBV by adulthood.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, sharing drinks or utensils.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent; symptoms resolve in 2–4 weeks, though fatigue may persist.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Spleen rupture, secondary infections, prolonged fatigue.
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Specialty: Emergency and Urgent Care
Category: Infectious Diseases
Sub-category: Other Infectious Emergencies
Symptoms:
sudden high fever; low blood pressure; vomiting; diarrhea; rash resembling sunburn; confusion; seizures; muscle aches; redness of eyes, throat, and mouth; organ failure
Root Cause:
Caused by toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, often associated with tampon use, wound infections, or surgical procedures.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical evaluation based on symptoms, blood cultures, and other laboratory tests to identify the bacterial toxin.
Treatment:
Immediate hospitalization, intravenous fluids to maintain blood pressure, antibiotics to target bacteria, and management of organ dysfunction.
Medications:
Intravenous antibiotics such as clindamycin and vancomycin (antibacterials). IV immunoglobulins may also be used to neutralize toxins.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an incidence of approximately 1–2 cases per 100,000 population annually.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Prolonged tampon use, post-surgical infections, open wounds, childbirth, or nasal packing.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment; however, untreated cases can be fatal.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Shock, organ failure, amputations due to necrosis, and death.
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP)
Specialty: Pulmonology
Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases
Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)
Symptoms:
cough; fever; fatigue; shortness of breath; weight loss; chills; muscle aches
Root Cause:
Inflammation and fibrosis of the small airways and alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, leading to the formation of fibrous tissue plugs in the bronchioles and alveolar ducts. The cause is unknown, but it may follow a respiratory infection or be associated with autoimmune diseases.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
HRCT showing characteristic pattern of consolidation or ground-glass opacities, lung biopsy showing organizing pneumonia with fibrous tissue, and exclusion of other causes.
Treatment:
Corticosteroids (prednisone) are the first-line treatment, with longer durations in cases of relapse.
Medications:
Prednisone (a corticosteroid) is prescribed to reduce inflammation. Immunosuppressants like azathioprine may be used in cases of steroid resistance or relapse.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, estimated incidence is about 1 per 100,000 people per year.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Previous respiratory infections, exposure to certain drugs, autoimmune conditions, or environmental factors like smoking.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally favorable with treatment; many patients recover with steroid therapy, but relapse can occur in some cases.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Relapse of disease, development of pulmonary fibrosis in severe cases, and chronic restrictive lung disease if untreated.
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP)
Specialty: Pulmonology
Category: Restrictive Lung Diseases
Sub-category: Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILD)
Symptoms:
shortness of breath; dry cough; fatigue; fever; unexplained weight loss; muscle aches
Root Cause:
Inflammation and fibrosis of the lung interstitial tissue without a clear cause, often associated with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or scleroderma.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
HRCT showing ground-glass opacities, pulmonary function tests showing restrictive pattern, and lung biopsy showing a homogeneous pattern of inflammation and fibrosis.
Treatment:
Corticosteroids (prednisone) are commonly used to reduce inflammation, with immunosuppressants like methotrexate or cyclophosphamide used for autoimmune-related cases.
Medications:
Prednisone (a corticosteroid) is used to control inflammation. Methotrexate , azathioprine , or mycophenolate mofetil may be used for autoimmune-related cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Relatively rare; no exact global prevalence but accounts for about 10-20% of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Autoimmune diseases, environmental exposures, and genetic predispositions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally better than IPF but still associated with variable progression. Patients may respond well to corticosteroids, but some may develop persistent or progressive fibrosis.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory failure, and associated autoimmune disease complications.
Influenza
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: COVID-19 Reinfections
Symptoms:
fever; chills; headache; muscle aches; fatigue; sore throat; cough; runny nose
Root Cause:
Influenza is a viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system. The virus causes inflammation of the airways, leading to systemic symptoms.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is typically clinical, but can be confirmed with rapid antigen tests or PCR.
Treatment:
Antiviral medications such as oseltamivir or zanamivir can reduce symptom duration if taken early. Supportive care includes hydration, rest, and fever management.
Medications:
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu ) and zanamivir (Relenza ) are neuraminidase inhibitors used to treat influenza . These medications shorten the duration of illness if started within 48 hours of symptom onset.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Influenza affects millions worldwide each year, with seasonal outbreaks occurring mostly during fall and winter.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young children, elderly adults, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic health conditions (e.g., asthma, diabetes) are at higher risk.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most individuals recover within 1-2 weeks, but complications can occur, especially in high-risk populations.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Can lead to pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus infections, and worsening of underlying chronic diseases.
COVID-19
Specialty: Pulmonology
Category: Infectious Diseases of the Respiratory System
Sub-category: Viral Infections
Symptoms:
fever; dry cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; loss of taste or smell; sore throat; muscle aches; headache; chills; nausea or vomiting; diarrhea
Root Cause:
Caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus. Transmitted through respiratory droplets, aerosols, and contaminated surfaces.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing, rapid antigen tests, and clinical evaluation of symptoms.
Treatment:
Supportive care, antiviral drugs, corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy in severe cases.
Medications:
Antiviral drugs such as remdesivir (RNA polymerase inhibitor) and paxlovid (combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir ) may be used. Severe cases may require corticosteroids like dexamethasone or monoclonal antibodies for immunomodulation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects populations globally; widespread outbreaks occurred in 2020-2021 with continued endemic cases.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Advanced age, obesity, chronic medical conditions (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease, COPD), immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Highly variable; mild cases recover in 1-2 weeks, while severe cases can lead to long-term complications or death.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), blood clots, multi-organ failure, "long COVID" (persistent symptoms).
Polyarteritis Nodasa
Specialty: Cardiovascular
Category: Vascular Diseases
Sub-category: Vasculitis
Symptoms:
fever; weight loss; abdominal pain; muscle aches; skin rashes; neuropathy; hypertension
Root Cause:
Necrotizing vasculitis affecting medium-sized arteries, leading to tissue ischemia and organ damage.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Biopsy of affected tissue; angiography; elevated ESR/CRP; hepatitis B serology (associated in some cases)
Treatment:
Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs for inflammation control. Treat underlying hepatitis B if present.
Medications:
Prednisone (corticosteroid), cyclophosphamide (immunosuppressant), and antiviral therapy if hepatitis B is involved.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Incidence is 2–9 per million annually; more common in men aged 40–60 years.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Hepatitis B infection; male sex; middle age
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Can be life-threatening without treatment but good with early intervention.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Renal failure; intestinal perforation; stroke; peripheral neuropathy
Ehrlichiosis
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Bacterial Infections
Sub-category: Tick-Borne Diseases
Symptoms:
fever; headache; malaise; muscle aches; nausea; rash (less common)
Root Cause:
Infection by Ehrlichia species, transmitted by ticks, causing intracellular bacterial infection of white blood cells.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests (PCR for Ehrlichia DNA, serology), complete blood count (CBC), and liver function tests.
Treatment:
Early initiation of antibiotic therapy and supportive care.
Medications:
Doxycycline (a tetracycline antibiotic) is the drug of choice.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Found primarily in areas with high tick populations, particularly in the southeastern and south-central United States.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Tick exposure, outdoor activities in endemic areas, and lack of tick precautions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Excellent with prompt treatment; delays can lead to severe or fatal complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory distress syndrome, organ failure, and secondary infections.
Listeria Monocytogenes Infection (Listeriosis)
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Bacterial Infections
Symptoms:
fever; muscle aches; nausea; diarrhea; stiff neck; confusion; loss of balance; convulsions
Root Cause:
Caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, typically through contaminated food. It invades host cells and can spread systemically, particularly affecting immunocompromised individuals.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, or stool cultures; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for Listeria DNA.
Treatment:
Antibiotic therapy, supportive care for severe infections, and prevention through proper food handling.
Medications:
Ampicillin (penicillin-class antibiotic) is the first-line treatment; in cases of penicillin allergy, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (sulfonamide-class antibiotic) can be used. For severe cases, combination therapy with gentamicin (aminoglycoside antibiotic) is recommended.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with approximately 0.1–10 cases per million people annually; more common in pregnant women, neonates, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Consuming contaminated food (e.g., unpasteurized dairy, processed meats), weakened immune system, pregnancy, newborn status.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with prompt treatment; however, untreated severe cases can lead to high mortality rates, especially in neonates and immunocompromised patients.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Meningitis, sepsis, miscarriage or stillbirth in pregnant women, encephalitis, and death in severe cases.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Bacterial Infections
Sub-category: Rickettsial Diseases
Symptoms:
fever; headache; rash (starting on wrists and ankles); muscle aches; nausea; vomiting; confusion
Root Cause:
Caused by infection with Rickettsia rickettsii, transmitted by tick bites.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Clinical presentation, serological testing, and PCR.
Treatment:
Immediate administration of doxycycline; treatment is started empirically based on suspicion.
Medications:
Doxycycline (tetracycline antibiotic); chloramphenicol (alternative for pregnant women in certain cases).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic in the Americas, particularly in the southeastern United States.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to tick-infested areas, lack of protective clothing during outdoor activities.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with early treatment; delayed diagnosis can lead to severe complications or death.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Multi-organ failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), or long-term neurological deficits.
Trench Fever
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Bacterial Infections
Symptoms:
recurrent fever; headache; muscle aches; bone pain (particularly in the shins); rash; fatigue
Root Cause:
Caused by Bartonella quintana, transmitted through body lice; bacteria infect endothelial cells and red blood cells.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests to detect Bartonella quintana using PCR, serology, or culture; clinical history of exposure to lice.
Treatment:
Antibiotics such as doxycycline or erythromycin; supportive care for symptoms like fever and pain.
Medications:
Doxycycline (tetracycline class, broad-spectrum antibiotic); erythromycin (macrolide class, bacteriostatic antibiotic). Combination with gentamicin is sometimes recommended in severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in developed nations but persists in settings with poor hygiene; seen among homeless populations and in war-torn areas.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Poor sanitation, exposure to lice, homelessness, military service in unsanitary conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Typically good with treatment; symptoms can resolve within weeks, but chronic relapses may occur without appropriate care.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Endocarditis, chronic bacteremia, or recurrent episodes if untreated.
Typhus
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Bacterial Infections
Sub-category: Rickettsial Diseases
Symptoms:
high fever; severe headache; rash; muscle aches; confusion or delirium in severe cases
Root Cause:
Caused by Rickettsia species (e.g., R. prowazekii); transmitted by lice, fleas, or mites.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Serologic tests, PCR, or biopsy of rash.
Treatment:
Antibiotics like doxycycline; supportive care for symptoms.
Medications:
Doxycycline (tetracycline class, broad-spectrum antibiotic); chloramphenicol (broad-spectrum antibiotic, alternative for severe cases).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare in developed countries; outbreaks occur in areas of war or poor sanitation.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to lice or fleas, overcrowding, unsanitary conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with treatment; severe cases may lead to death without antibiotics.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Organ failure, severe dehydration, or neurological issues in untreated cases.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; loss of taste or smell; muscle aches; sore throat; headache; congestion or runny nose; nausea or vomiting; diarrhea
Root Cause:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causing inflammation, immune response dysregulation, and damage to lung and other organ tissues.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through a combination of clinical symptoms, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antigen tests, chest imaging (e.g., chest X-rays or CT scans showing ground-glass opacities), and blood tests indicating inflammation or coagulopathy.
Treatment:
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and supporting organ function. Includes antiviral medications, corticosteroids, anticoagulation therapy, and supportive care (e.g., oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation if needed). Vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis are also key preventive measures.
Medications:
Antiviral medications - Remdesivir (nucleotide analog), Paxlovid (combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavir ), and molnupiravir (nucleoside analog). Corticosteroids - Dexamethasone is used to reduce inflammation in severe cases. Anticoagulants - Low-molecular-weight heparin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) to prevent thromboembolism. Immunomodulators - Tocilizumab (IL-6 receptor antagonist) or baricitinib (JAK inhibitor) in severe inflammatory cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
A global pandemic affecting hundreds of millions of people since its emergence in late 2019. Prevalence varies by region, vaccination rates, and public health measures.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Older age, comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, immunosuppression, and being unvaccinated or undervaccinated.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The majority of cases are mild to moderate, with recovery expected in a few weeks. Severe or critical cases can lead to long-term complications or death. Prognosis is improved with early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and vaccination.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), thromboembolic events (e.g., pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis), myocarditis, long COVID (persistent symptoms lasting weeks to months), kidney injury, neurological complications, and secondary infections.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Symptoms:
fever; muscle aches; headache; cough; difficulty breathing; rapidly progressive respiratory failure
Root Cause:
Severe viral infection caused by hantavirus, transmitted through inhalation of aerosolized rodent urine, feces, or saliva.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Serology for hantavirus antibodies, reverse transcription PCR, clinical history of rodent exposure, and imaging studies showing pulmonary edema.
Treatment:
Supportive care, including mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress and fluid management.
Medications:
No specific antiviral medications; ribavirin is being studied for potential use in some cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, primarily in rural areas of the Americas with exposure to rodent habitats.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to rodent droppings, occupational risks (e.g., farming, construction), and camping or hiking in endemic regions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Mortality rate is around 35-50%; early supportive care improves outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, hypotensive shock, and multi-organ failure.
Legionnaires' Disease
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Symptoms:
high fever; chills; cough (productive or dry); shortness of breath; muscle aches; headache; diarrhea; nausea; confusion or mental changes in severe cases
Root Cause:
Caused by infection with Legionella bacteria, commonly Legionella pneumophila. Infection occurs through inhalation of aerosolized water droplets contaminated with the bacteria.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves chest X-rays to detect pneumonia, urine antigen tests for Legionella species, sputum culture, and PCR tests. Blood tests may show abnormalities indicating infection.
Treatment:
Treated primarily with antibiotics that target Legionella, supportive care for symptoms such as oxygen therapy for breathing difficulties, and hydration for fluid balance.
Medications:
Antibiotics - Fluoroquinolones (e.g., levofloxacin , ciprofloxacin ), macrolides (e.g., azithromycin ), or tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline ) are commonly prescribed. These are bactericidal or bacteriostatic medications effective against Legionella.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Infrequent but can occur sporadically or in outbreaks, especially in settings with poorly maintained water systems. Affects approximately 1-2 cases per 100,000 people annually in the U.S.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Age over 50, smoking, chronic lung disease, weakened immune system, history of recent travel (hotels or cruise ships with poor water system maintenance).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early treatment with antibiotics results in recovery in most cases; however, severe cases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, may lead to complications and higher mortality rates (10-15%).
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, septic shock, multi-organ failure, long-term lung scarring, and secondary bacterial infections.
Psittacosis (Parrot Fever)
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Symptoms:
fever; chills; headache; dry cough; muscle aches; shortness of breath; nausea; vomiting; fatigue
Root Cause:
Zoonotic infection caused by Chlamydia psittaci, typically transmitted through inhalation of dried droppings, secretions, or dust from infected birds.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis involves serologic testing for C. psittaci antibodies, PCR testing, and chest imaging to confirm pneumonia.
Treatment:
Antibiotic therapy is the primary treatment, often combined with supportive care for symptom relief.
Medications:
Antibiotics - Tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline ) are the treatment of choice. Macrolides (e.g., azithromycin ) may be used as an alternative.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, primarily affecting individuals in close contact with birds, such as pet owners, veterinarians, and bird handlers.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to infected birds, handling bird droppings, or working in environments with birds.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good with appropriate treatment; most patients recover fully. Untreated cases can lead to severe complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Endocarditis, myocarditis, respiratory failure, and multi-organ dysfunction in severe cases.
Viral Pneumonia
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; muscle aches; chills; headache
Root Cause:
Lung infection caused by viruses, such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or coronaviruses, leading to inflammation of lung tissues and impaired oxygen exchange.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR or antigen testing for the causative virus, chest X-ray or CT scan showing diffuse infiltrates, and blood tests for markers of inflammation.
Treatment:
Supportive care, including oxygen therapy, hydration, fever management, and antivirals in some cases.
Medications:
Antivirals - Oseltamivir for influenza , ribavirin for RSV in severe cases. Supportive medications - Antipyretics and bronchodilators for symptom relief.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common during viral outbreaks, such as seasonal influenza epidemics. RSV is particularly prevalent in young children and older adults.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, advanced age, chronic diseases (e.g., asthma, COPD, heart disease), smoking, and immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases are mild and self-limiting. Severe cases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, can lead to high mortality.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Respiratory failure, bacterial superinfection, ARDS, and chronic respiratory problems.
Malaria Organism-Specific Therapy
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Parasitic Infections
Symptoms:
fever; chills; sweating; headache; nausea; vomiting; muscle aches; anemia
Root Cause:
Infection caused by specific Plasmodium species (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, or P. knowlesi). Treatment tailored to the infecting species, drug resistance, and location.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Microscopy, species-specific rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and PCR.
Treatment:
Therapy varies by species; includes addressing blood-stage parasites and dormant liver stages (P. vivax and P. ovale).
Medications:
P. falciparum - Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs, e.g., artemether-lumefantrine). P. vivax - Chloroquine or ACTs for blood-stage; primaquine or tafenoquine for liver-stage hypnozoites. P. malariae and P. ovale - Similar to P. vivax protocols. P. knowlesi - Treated with ACTs or chloroquine .
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Regional variations; P. falciparum most common in Africa, P. vivax predominant outside sub-Saharan Africa.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Traveling or living in endemic areas, lack of preventive measures (e.g., bed nets, prophylaxis).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Effective treatment reduces mortality; early diagnosis critical. Untreated cases can lead to severe complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe malaria, organ failure, cerebral malaria, hypoglycemia.
Toxoplasmosis
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Parasitic Infections
Symptoms:
mild flu-like symptoms; swollen lymph nodes; muscle aches; fever
Root Cause:
Caused by Toxoplasma gondii, transmitted through undercooked meat, cat feces, or congenital infection.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Blood tests for antibodies, PCR tests, and imaging for severe cases.
Treatment:
Treatment depends on severity and includes antiparasitic and antibiotic combinations.
Medications:
Pyrimethamine (antimalarial), sulfadiazine (antibiotic), and folinic acid for combination therapy.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 30% of the global population is exposed; prevalence varies by region.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Contact with cat feces, undercooked meat, and weakened immune system.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good in healthy individuals; severe or congenital cases may lead to long-term complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Encephalitis, vision problems, and severe outcomes in immunocompromised individuals.
Tick-Borne Diseases
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Infectious Diseases
Sub-category: Vector-Borne Diseases
Symptoms:
fever; rash; joint pain; muscle aches; neurological symptoms like headaches or paralysis; fatigue
Root Cause:
Diseases transmitted by tick bites, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Babesiosis, caused by bacteria, viruses, or protozoa.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Based on history of tick exposure, clinical signs, serological tests (e.g., ELISA, Western blot), or PCR testing.
Treatment:
Antibiotics such as doxycycline, amoxicillin, or ceftriaxone for bacterial infections. Supportive care for viral causes.
Medications:
Antibiotics (doxycycline for most tick-borne bacterial diseases; ceftriaxone for severe cases like neuroborreliosis). Antimalarials (atovaquone for Babesiosis). These are antimicrobial agents.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Incidence varies by region; Lyme disease affects approximately 300,000 people annually in the U.S.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to wooded or grassy areas, improper clothing, lack of tick repellents, and outdoor activities.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Early treatment results in excellent outcomes, but delayed diagnosis can lead to chronic symptoms or severe complications.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic fatigue, arthritis, neurological disorders, or cardiovascular issues in untreated cases.
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Viral Infections
Symptoms:
high fever; cough; difficulty breathing; muscle aches; conjunctivitis; diarrhea; neurological symptoms in severe cases
Root Cause:
Caused by avian influenza viruses, primarily H5N1 and H7N9 subtypes, transmitted from infected birds to humans.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing, viral culture, or antigen detection from respiratory specimens.
Treatment:
Antiviral medications like oseltamivir or zanamivir. Supportive care may include oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation in severe cases.
Medications:
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu ) and zanamivir (Relenza ), which are neuraminidase inhibitors classified as antiviral agents.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Sporadic; occurs in regions with close contact between humans and infected birds.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Contact with infected poultry, live bird markets, and poor biosecurity measures.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
High mortality rate, especially in H5N1 cases (about 60% case fatality rate). Early treatment improves outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, and death.
B Virus (Macacine Herpesvirus 1, Herpes B)
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Viral Infections
Symptoms:
fever; chills; muscle aches; lesions at the exposure site; neurological symptoms (headache, confusion, ataxia)
Root Cause:
A rare zoonotic infection transmitted from macaque monkeys, caused by herpesvirus simiae.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing of lesion samples or cerebrospinal fluid, serological testing.
Treatment:
Antiviral therapy with acyclovir, valacyclovir, or ganciclovir; immediate wound cleaning is critical.
Medications:
Acyclovir , valacyclovir , and ganciclovir ; these are classified as antiviral agents targeting herpesviruses.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare; mostly reported in individuals handling macaques in research or zoos.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Monkey bites, scratches, or exposure to infected bodily fluids.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Potentially fatal if untreated; timely antiviral therapy can be life-saving.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Encephalitis, permanent neurological damage, and death.
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs)
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Viral Infections
Symptoms:
fever; fatigue; muscle aches; bleeding from mucosal surfaces; hypotension; multi-organ failure
Root Cause:
Caused by a group of viruses (e.g., Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever) leading to vascular instability and coagulopathy.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosed via clinical history, serology (ELISA), PCR, and viral culture; biosafety precautions are critical during testing.
Treatment:
Supportive care (fluid replacement, oxygen therapy), antivirals like ribavirin for specific types (e.g., Lassa fever); experimental treatments may be used for others (e.g., monoclonal antibodies for Ebola).
Medications:
Ribavirin (antiviral for Lassa fever) and monoclonal antibodies like Inmazeb (antibodies for Ebola virus).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Regional outbreaks in endemic areas; specific prevalence varies by virus and location.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to infected animals or humans, travel to endemic areas, healthcare work without adequate PPE.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
High mortality rates (up to 90% for some viruses like Ebola) without treatment; early supportive care improves outcomes.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Organ failure, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), long-term sequelae like fatigue or neurological symptoms.
COVID-19 Reinfections
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: COVID-19 Reinfections
Symptoms:
fever; cough; shortness of breath; fatigue; loss of taste or smell; headaches; muscle aches
Root Cause:
Reinfections occur when an individual contracts SARS-CoV-2 again after recovery, potentially due to waning immunity or new variants evading immunity.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or antigen tests confirming a new infection, with prior documented infection and recovery. Whole-genome sequencing can differentiate reinfection from prolonged viral shedding.
Treatment:
Supportive care, antivirals (e.g., remdesivir), monoclonal antibodies, and symptomatic management depending on severity.
Medications:
Antivirals like remdesivir , nirmatrelvir /ritonavir (Paxlovid ), monoclonal antibodies (e.g., sotrovimab , bebtelovimab ).
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Becoming more common globally as new variants emerge; varies by region and vaccination status.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Waning immunity, lack of vaccination, exposure to highly transmissible variants, immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most reinfections are mild, especially in vaccinated individuals; severe outcomes are rare but possible in high-risk populations.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe respiratory disease, long COVID, organ dysfunction in severe cases.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Viral Infections
Symptoms:
fever; fatigue; sore throat; swollen glands; jaundice; muscle aches
Root Cause:
CMV is a herpesvirus that establishes lifelong latent infection and can reactivate, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
CMV DNA PCR, antigenemia assay, and tissue biopsy with characteristic histopathological findings.
Treatment:
Antiviral therapy for symptomatic or immunocompromised patients. Supportive care for mild cases.
Medications:
Ganciclovir and valganciclovir (antiviral agents). Foscarnet or cidofovir may be used for resistant cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Approximately 50–80% of adults worldwide are seropositive for CMV.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Immunosuppression (e.g., organ transplantation, HIV), close contact with infected bodily fluids, congenital infection.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Good for immunocompetent individuals; potentially severe in immunocompromised patients.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Congenital CMV, CMV retinitis, pneumonitis, hepatitis, and gastrointestinal ulcers.
Echovirus Infection
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Enteroviruses
Sub-category: Non-Polio Enteroviruses
Symptoms:
fever; rash; sore throat; gastrointestinal discomfort; meningitis (in severe cases); muscle aches; upper respiratory symptoms
Root Cause:
Viral infection affecting various tissues, leading to mild to severe systemic manifestations, often targeting the gastrointestinal or central nervous system.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing of stool, throat swabs, cerebrospinal fluid (in meningitis cases), or blood samples; serology for antibody detection.
Treatment:
Symptomatic management, including fever reducers, hydration, and pain relievers; hospitalization in severe cases (e.g., aseptic meningitis).
Medications:
No specific antiviral medications; symptomatic treatments include acetaminophen or ibuprofen (antipyretics) and IV fluids for severe dehydration.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Common worldwide; outbreaks can occur in daycare centers, schools, and crowded environments.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age (infants and children), poor hygiene, crowded living conditions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases are self-limiting and resolve without complications; severe cases of meningitis or myocarditis may require prolonged care.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis-like illness in newborns.
Enterovirus D68
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Respiratory Viruses
Sub-category: Enteroviruses
Symptoms:
fever; cough; wheezing; shortness of breath; runny nose; muscle aches; acute flaccid myelitis (rare)
Root Cause:
Respiratory and occasionally neurological illness caused by Enterovirus D68, leading to inflammation in the respiratory tract or nervous system.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR testing of nasopharyngeal swabs or throat samples; clinical correlation with respiratory symptoms and neurological signs in rare cases.
Treatment:
Supportive care, including oxygen therapy for respiratory distress; mechanical ventilation in severe cases.
Medications:
No specific antiviral medications; supportive care includes bronchodilators for wheezing and corticosteroids for severe inflammation.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Seasonal outbreaks, particularly in children, with periodic spikes globally.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Young age, asthma, or other chronic respiratory conditions; exposure to infected individuals in schools or daycare centers.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Most cases resolve with supportive care; rare cases of acute flaccid myelitis may lead to long-term disability.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), respiratory failure, and secondary infections.
Human Cowpox Infection
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: Viral Infections
Sub-category: Zoonotic Infections
Symptoms:
skin lesions; fever; headache; muscle aches; fatigue; swollen lymph nodes; blistering rash
Root Cause:
Infection with the cowpox virus, a zoonotic poxvirus primarily transmitted from animals (particularly rodents or cats) to humans through direct contact.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and confirmed with PCR or viral culture of the lesion.
Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment; in severe cases, antiviral drugs like tecovirimat (a smallpox drug) may be used.
Medications:
Tecovirimat (a drug used to treat orthopoxvirus infections like smallpox and cowpox) and cidofovir (an antiviral). Supportive care may include analgesics and wound care.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with most cases occurring in people with direct contact with infected animals.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Animal exposure, particularly handling infected rodents or pets with cowpox lesions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally self-limiting, with most people recovering fully; however, complications can arise if untreated.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections, scarring, or prolonged skin lesions in immunocompromised individuals.
Monkeypox (Mpox)
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: COVID-19 Reinfections
Symptoms:
fever; headache; lymphadenopathy; rash progressing from macules to pustules; fatigue; muscle aches
Root Cause:
Zoonotic viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus, closely related to the smallpox virus.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
PCR for monkeypox DNA from lesion samples, electron microscopy, or viral culture.
Treatment:
Supportive care, antivirals such as tecovirimat, and prevention of secondary infections.
Medications:
Tecovirimat (antiviral) is FDA-approved for treatment. Cidofovir and brincidofovir are alternatives in severe cases.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Endemic in parts of Central and West Africa; sporadic outbreaks reported globally.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Contact with infected animals, human-to-human transmission via respiratory droplets or skin lesions, and immunosuppression.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Favorable in most cases; higher risk of severe outcomes in immunocompromised individuals or young children.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections, pneumonia, encephalitis, and corneal infection leading to vision loss.
Picornavirus Infections
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: COVID-19 Reinfections
Symptoms:
fever; muscle aches; headache; sore throat; runny nose; cough; gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea)
Root Cause:
Picornaviruses (such as enteroviruses and rhinoviruses) cause a range of infections, affecting the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed by laboratory tests such as PCR or viral culture. Clinical evaluation is based on symptoms.
Treatment:
Symptomatic treatment is the main approach, including rest, hydration, and use of analgesics or antipyretics to alleviate fever and pain.
Medications:
Symptomatic treatment may include analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen ) and antipyretics (e.g., ibuprofen ) to manage fever and discomfort.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Picornavirus infections are common worldwide, especially in children.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Close contact with infected individuals, crowded living conditions, and compromised immune systems.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
The infection is usually self-limiting and resolves within a week or two. Most individuals recover fully.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe complications are rare but may include meningitis, encephalitis, or respiratory failure, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
Poxviruses
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: COVID-19 Reinfections
Symptoms:
fever; chills; rash (often pimple-like or fluid-filled); fatigue; muscle aches
Root Cause:
Poxviruses (including smallpox, monkeypox) cause skin rashes and systemic infections through direct contact or respiratory transmission.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is made through clinical evaluation and confirmed with PCR or viral culture.
Treatment:
Treatment is symptomatic, and in some cases, antiviral medications (e.g., tecovirimat for monkeypox) may be used.
Medications:
Tecovirimat , an antiviral medication, is used for treating monkeypox . It is classified as an antiviral medication.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Smallpox has been eradicated; however, monkeypox remains a concern in certain regions, particularly in central and West Africa.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Direct contact with infected animals, people, or contaminated surfaces, as well as compromised immune systems, increase risk.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Smallpox has been eradicated, and monkeypox is typically self-limiting, with most patients recovering within a few weeks.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Secondary bacterial infections, pneumonia, and in severe cases, death, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
Thogotoviruses/Bourbon Virus
Specialty: Infectious Diseases
Category: COVID-19 Reinfections
Symptoms:
fever; fatigue; muscle aches; headache; nausea; vomiting; rash
Root Cause:
Caused by the Bourbon virus, transmitted by ticks; results in systemic viral infection and immune response.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis is confirmed by PCR testing or serology to detect Bourbon virus antibodies.
Treatment:
Supportive care, including hydration, pain management, and fever control. No specific antiviral treatment.
Medications:
Acetaminophen (analgesic) and ibuprofen (anti-inflammatory) can be used to alleviate symptoms.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Extremely rare, with only a handful of cases reported in the United States.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Tick exposure, rural areas, outdoor activities in tick-endemic regions.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Generally mild to moderate disease; however, severe cases may lead to organ failure.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Organ failure, septic shock, death in severe cases.