Condition Lookup
Sub-Category:
Other Metabolic Conditions
Number of Conditions: 2
Hyperuricemia and Gout (Endocrine-Related)
Specialty: Diabetes and Endocrinology
Category: Metabolic Disorders
Sub-category: Other Metabolic Conditions
Symptoms:
severe joint pain, often in the big toe; redness and swelling of affected joints; warmth and tenderness in joints; limited range of motion; tophi (deposits of uric acid crystals) in chronic cases
Root Cause:
Excess uric acid in the blood due to overproduction or underexcretion of uric acid, often associated with metabolic dysfunctions. Uric acid crystals deposit in joints and tissues, causing inflammation and pain.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Diagnosis includes blood tests to measure uric acid levels, synovial fluid analysis to identify uric acid crystals, and imaging (X-ray, ultrasound, or dual-energy CT) to detect crystal deposits.
Treatment:
Lifestyle changes such as dietary modifications (low-purine diet), weight loss, and limiting alcohol intake; medications for acute attacks and long-term management.
Medications:
Medications include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or naproxen for pain, colchicine for acute attacks, and corticosteroids for severe inflammation. Long-term management may involve uricosuric agents like probenecid to increase uric acid excretion or xanthine oxidase inhibitors like allopurinol and febuxostat to reduce uric acid production.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Affects about 4% of adults globally, more common in men and postmenopausal women.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Family history, obesity, high-purine diet, excessive alcohol consumption, certain medications (e.g., diuretics), chronic kidney disease, and metabolic syndrome.
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
With proper management, acute attacks can be controlled, and long-term complications prevented. However, untreated hyperuricemia may lead to chronic gout, joint damage, and kidney stones.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Chronic gout, joint deformities, kidney stones, and uric acid nephropathy.
Lipodystrophy (Abnormal Fat Distribution)
Specialty: Diabetes and Endocrinology
Category: Metabolic Disorders
Sub-category: Other Metabolic Conditions
Symptoms:
loss of subcutaneous fat in some areas; accumulation of fat in other areas (e.g., face, neck, abdomen); insulin resistance; high triglycerides; muscle hypertrophy in affected areas; leptin deficiency symptoms like excessive hunger and metabolic dysfunction
Root Cause:
A disorder in fat metabolism resulting in abnormal fat distribution, caused by genetic mutations, autoimmune conditions, or certain medications (e.g., antiretroviral therapy). This affects adipose tissue function, leading to insulin resistance and metabolic complications.
How it's Diagnosed: videos
Physical examination, blood tests (lipid profile, insulin resistance markers, leptin levels), genetic testing for hereditary forms, and imaging studies like MRI or CT for fat distribution analysis.
Treatment:
Lifestyle interventions like diet and exercise; leptin replacement therapy (metreleptin) for leptin-deficient cases; treatment of metabolic complications (e.g., diabetes, dyslipidemia) with medications.
Medications:
Metreleptin , a leptin analog, is used for leptin deficiency. Insulin sensitizers like metformin and thiazolidinediones can improve insulin resistance. Statins or fibrates manage dyslipidemia. Omega-3 fatty acids are used for hypertriglyceridemia.
Prevalence:
How common the health condition is within a specific population.
Rare, with an estimated prevalence of 1-4 cases per million people; more common in women for some forms.
Risk Factors:
Factors or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
Genetic predisposition, autoimmune disorders, prolonged use of certain medications (e.g., HIV antiretroviral therapy).
Prognosis:
The expected outcome or course of the condition over time.
Management can mitigate metabolic complications, but patients require lifelong monitoring. Prognosis depends on the severity of associated metabolic issues.
Complications:
Additional problems or conditions that may arise as a result of the original condition.
Severe insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, pancreatitis from hypertriglyceridemia, and liver steatosis or cirrhosis.